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Division of Chemical and Energy Engineering

Online Examination
SECTION A
Question 1
(A)
Given 1% of fatalities given so from table of fatalities
1% =2.67
Now 𝑌 = −35.9 + 1.85 × ln(∑𝐶𝑖2𝑇𝑖),
2.67 = −35.9 + 1.85 × ln((1000)2+(2000)2+(300)2 +(150)2)
1.135 x 109 = (5112500) =Ti
Ti = 222 minutes
The exposure time is 222 minutes .
(b)
Estimate the maximum exposure or evacuation time to result in a 1% fatality.
For 1% fatality P= 2.67
We get this value from table that evaporate percentage to prohibits
Therefore
From using prohibits equation
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2.67 = -8.29 + 0.92 ln (2000ppm)2 × T

11.913 = ln(4000000T)
T= 45555 minutes
(d)
For 50% fatalities , P=5
Probit’s equation
5 = -8.29 + 0.92 ln (c2)×(30 min)
0.92ln( c2)×(30 min) =13.29
ln (c2)×(30 min) = 14.44
(c2)×(30 min) = e14.44
C = (187787.649)1/2
C = 655.344 ppm
(d)
For 50% fatalities , P=5
Probit’s equation
5 = -8.29 + 0.92 ln (c2)×(30 min)
0.92ln( c2)×(30 min) =13.29
ln (c2)×(30 min) = 14.44
(c2)×(30 min) = e14.44
C = 278.2507
(E)
TLV for ammonia is 15 ppm
Temperature = 25 0C
Pressure = 1.01325 x 105 Pa
Since we know the equation
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Cppm = concentration in ppm

T
=0.08255 mg /m3
PM
Now cppm =25ppm =0.08205 x TLV(mg/m 3) x298 /1 x17
Thus after solving equation the TLV for ammonia is 17.38 mg /m 3

Question 3
The system has the following failure configuration

a)
Probability of the top event P(T)
The probability of the top event is determined starting from the lower-most level and
working upwards.
Gate B is an AND gate influenced by events 1 and 2. Hence the probability of B , P(B) is
P(B) = P (1) P(2)
= 0.1 x 0.2
= 0.02
Gate C is an OR gate influenced by events 3 and 4. Hence the probability of C , P(C) is
P(C) = P(3) + P(4) –P(3) P(4)
=0.4 + 0.3 – (0.4)(0.3)
= 0.58
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Gate A is an AND gate influenced by gates B and C . Hence the probability of A , P(A)
is
P(A) = P(B) P(C)
= 0.02 x 0.58
=0.0116
Since A is the top most gate it is the top event and its probability is the probability P(T)
of the event
There fore the probability of the top event P(T) is 0.0116
(b)
The probability of an event in the above tree is that failure . Hence , the reliabilities of
the event are the complement of the failure event .This is expresses as R = 1-P
R (1) = 0.9 R(2) = 0.8
R (3) = 0.6 R (4) = 0.7
R (B) = 0.98 R (C) = 0.42
R (A) = 0.9984
Therefore the reliability of the top event is 0.9984
(C)
The equation for determining failure rate is
R=e−u
For the first moment , t = 1 thus

e−u= 0.998
U =-ln(0.9884)
=0.0117
(C)
1
MTBF =
U
1
=
0.0117
=85.47 years
(D)
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The minimum cut sets are thee events that lead to the top event .Since Gate B directly
leads to Gate A and the top event , its events 1 and 2 are included. Also , Gates B and
A are AND gates , requiring both 1 and 2
There fore the cut sets are
1,2.3
1,2,4

SECTION B

Question 5
(a)
i) The troposphere is represented by the letter A. This sphere begins at the earth's
surface and ranges between 8 and 14.5 kilometers (5 to 9 miles). B is the Stratosphere,
which rises to 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the troposphere. C Mesosphere: This
sphere begins somewhere above the stratosphere and extends upwards. This sphere
reaches a height of 85 kilometers (53 miles).
ii) Ozone pollution has reached the stratosphere. The Stratosphere removes ultraviolet
radiation's ultraviolet rays.
iii) Troposphere is the lowest region of the atmosphere. It protects us from harmful
Ultraviolet and infrared radiations and hence troposphere is the region from which IR
radiations are most strongly reflected.
iv)The three lowest region of the earths atmosphere are
 Region A is troposphere
 Region B is stratosphere
 Region C is mesosphere
Troposphere is the first layer above the surface of earth and contains half of the earth
atmosphere. Stratosphere is the layer of the ozone layer and it absorbs harmful rays
from the sun and saves the earth. The mesosphere layer occupying the region above
the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. The concentration of CO 2 decreases at
the elevation increases , due to decrease in pressure at high altitudes.

(b)
Data
Wave length of the UV radiation = 300 x10-9m
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Speed of the light (c) = 3 x 108 m/s

Planks constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J/s
Required
Energy =?
Solution :
So energy of photon absorb by 1 mole of compound A is given by
J m
hc (6.626 x 10−34 ) x (3 x 108 )
E=
λ
= s s
−9
300 x 10 m
=6.626 x 10-19 J
Now 1 mole contain = 6.022 x 1023 molecule
Therefore energy of photon absorbed by 1 mole of compound A is given by
E = 6.626 x 10-19 x 6.022 x 1023 = 39.9017 x104 J

(C)
Hard water is added from the top of the column containing Ca + ions and it is passed
through a bed of an ion-exchanger resin that is plastic beads with covalently bound
anionic groups COO- or SO3-2. These anions are attached to Na+ ion. Ca+ ions in hard
water are attached to the anionic groups and displace lower charged Na + ion comes
from the bottom of the column.
(d)
It is generally agreed that carbon monoxide is removed from the atmosphere by
reaction with hydroxyl radical HO-

(e)
A)
Acidity and alkalinity are measured using a pH scale for which 7.0 is neutral. The lower
a substance's pH (less than 7), the more acidic it is; the higher a substance's pH
(greater than 7), the more alkaline it is. Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6; it is slightly
acidic because carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves into it forming weak carbonic acid. Acid
rain usually has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4. When acid deposition is washed into lakes
and streams, it can cause some to turn acidic. The Long-Term Monitoring (LTM)
Network measures and monitors surface water chemistry at over 280 sites to provide
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valuable information on aquatic ecosystem health and how water bodies respond to
changes in acid-causing emissions and acid deposition.
B)
Acidic deposition is comprised of sulfuric and nitric acid derived from sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides, respectively, and ammonium resulting from emissions of
ammonia.Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides originating from human activities are
largely emitted to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, while ammonia is mostly
the result of agricultural activities. Once these compounds enter an ecosystem, they can
acidify soil and surface waters, bringing about a series of biogeochemical and
ecological changes, discussed below. The term acidic deposition encompasses all
forms of acid and acidifying compounds that are transported from the atmosphere to the
Earth surface, including substances in gases, particles, rain, snow, cloudwater, and fog.
Acidic deposition occurs as wet deposition which includes rain, snow, sleet or hail; as
dry deposition, which includes atmospheric particles or gases; or as cloud or fog
deposition, which is more common at high elevations and in coastal areas.Sulfuric and
nitric acids lower the pH of rain, snow, soil, lakes, and streams. In 1964-65 when the
first measurements of the pH of bulk deposition were made at Hubbard Brook, values
ranged from 4.0 to 4.3, with an annual volume weighted value of 4.2. These values
were 8 to 16 times more acidic than background conditions (pH ~ 5.2). In 2016-17, bulk
deposition at Hubbard Brook had an annual average pH value of 5.1, which is only
slightly more acidic than background conditions. These higher pH values reflect
declines in emissions and acid deposition over the past five decades.Note that the
acidity of precipitation is not only determined by the acidic pollutants (sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides) but rather reflects a balance between concentrations of acidic
pollutants and acid neutralizing bases, such as calcium and magnesium derived from
airborne soil particles and ammonia from agricultural emissions. At many locations in
Asia, high concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in precipitation are not accompanied by
low pH due to pH buffering from high concentrations of calcium and ammonia.
C)
The harmful effect of acid rain is considered as one of the most serious environmental
problems in the modern globalized world. The effects of acid rain have reached
dramatically mainly in the industrialized countries which fall on global ecology. It
becomes a major local ecological problem in most of the countries of the world.
International concern about acid rain has increased recently because of global
ecological pollutions, such as fish kills, dying forests, dead of lakes and other marshes,
and damage to monuments and other historic artifacts. Acid rain also creates various
health problems of the human body like eye, nose, and throat irritations, and lung
disorders, such as dry coughs, asthma, headaches, and bronchitis. The excess
presence of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in rainwater is the main cause of acid
rain. Emissions of these gases have increased in the atmosphere due to human
activities, such as combustion of fossil fuels in thermal power plants, burnable wastes,
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automobiles, and airplanes. Some developed countries have taken steps to reduce the
emission of the gases that cause acid rain. To reduce and protect global acid rain it is
necessary to identify the causes and control strategies of it. An attempt has been taken
here to reduce the acid rain for the welfare of the global ecology.
D)
Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral); however, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has
a pH of about 5.6 (acidic).[Recall from Experiment that pH is a measure of the hydrogen
ion (H+) concentration.] The acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence of
three substances (CO2, NO, and SO2) found in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the
atmosphere). As is those gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) is present in the greatest
concentration and therefore contributes the most to the natural acidity of rainwater.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid . Carbonic acid then dissociates
to give the hydrogen ion (H+) and the hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-) . The ability of
H2CO3 to deliver H+ is what classifies this molecule as an acid, thus lowering the pH of
a solution.
f)
A greenhouse gas absorbs the outgoing radiation energy that is radiant energy whereas
a non-green house gas does not absorb radiant energy , as it is transparent to radiation.
g)
CH4 methane is a greenhouse gas whereas argon is an inert molecule , unable to
absorb the radiant energy .CH4 is a tetrahedral molecule with 4 C-H equivalent bond ,
absorbs radiant energy to dissociate the C-H bond. Thus its an effective green house
gas. Argon being a mono atomic gas is transparent to infrared radiation.
Question 6
(a)
i) The solubility of CO2 (gas) in the ocean would decreases with increases in temperature
of the water.
(ii) As the temperature of the ocean increase , solubility of carbon dioxide gas
decreases, thus more of carbon dioxide will be released to the atmosphere, increased
concentration od CO2 in the atmosphere will absorbs greater outgoing radiation.Hence
there will be increase in global warming
(b)
Water in the ocean heats up due to energy obtained from sun’s rays , and when it attain
sufficient temperature to boil it evaporates. Most of it condense back as liquid
(clouds),from ice which again melts on ground to from water and finally return to ocean.
(c)
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The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission in fact found

that the disaster was “manmade,” as its causes were all foreseeable. The report also
found that the plant was incapable of withstanding an earthquake or tsunami. Japanese
regulators were found to have failed to require plant owners to meet the most basic
safety requirements, such as assessing the probability of damage, preparing for
containing collateral damage from such a disaster, and developing evacuation plans.
The original plans separated the piping systems for two reactors in the isolation
condenser from each other. However, the application for approval of the construction
plan showed the two piping systems connected outside the reactor. The changes were
not noted, in violation of regulations. After the tsunami, the isolation condenser should
have taken over the function of the cooling pumps, by condensing the steam from the
pressure vessel into water to be used for cooling the reactor. However, the condenser
did not function properly. The fukushima daiichi accident On March 11, 2011, a multiunit
accident occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi plant on the northeastern Japanese
coastline. At 2:46 p.m., a large magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck 180 km off the eastern
coast, resulting in an automatic shutdown of units 1, 2, and 3, which were operating at
the time. The earthquake caused damage to the nearby electric power system resulting
in the loss of offsite power, but onsite diesel generators were started to supply
equipment such as decay heat removal systems for these three BWRs. Approximately
an hour after the earthquake, a tsunami 14 to 15 m in height inundated the plant site.
The resulting flooding rendered the emergency diesel generators and other required
electrical switchgear inoperable. With the loss of both onsite and offsite power, the plant
experienced a station blackout. At this point, only the Unit 3 dc batteries were supplying
its instrumentation and control systems, but sufficient power for large equipment such
as pumps was not available. Although the fission process had ceased when the plant
scrammed, the fission product decay heat requires large heat removal systems. The
details and timing of the following events differ from unit to unit, but the overall loss of
cooling sequence is similar. Figure 21.10 depicts the inverted light bulb-shaped primary
containment for the BWR systems in Units 1 to 4, which began operation in the 1970s.
Unit 1 incorporates a passive isolation condenser (IC) system, but it was turned off prior
to the arrival of the tsunami. Units 2 and 3 feature a reactor core isolation cooling
(RCIC) system. The RCIC pump is driven by steam from the reactor to provide makeup
water when the normal cooling water supply is unavailable. Liquid water from the
toroidal wet well is pumped into the reactor, while the vapor exiting the reactor through
the RCIC turbine is condensed in the wet well to suppress pressure. However, the
requisite batteries for this system to function will eventually be depleted. In addition, this
closed system has no capability of dissipating its heat beyond ambient heat loss
mechanisms.
(d)
Use density of the gasoline to calculated ita mass in grams
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0.70 g
(5.000 x 103 mL)( ) = 3500 g
mL
To calculate the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide ,we must write a balanced chemical
equation for the combustion of octane
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) -> 16 CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
Use the equation and calculate the yield
1 mole of octane 16 mole of CO 2 44 g of co 2
3500 g of octane( )( )( )
114.2 g of octane 2 mol octane 1mole of co 2
10788.09 gram of carbon dioxide is produced on every 0.5 litre.
(e)
Some of the nanoparticles which are have Sp2 hybridized carbon .
 Double Wall Carbon Nanotube
 Graphene
 GRAPHITE nanoparticles
 Single walled carbon Nano horn
 Fullerene
 carbon Dots