Water Supply Engineering

CV361-Lecture 2
Thursday, 25th Feb, 2021
Design Capacity
Selecting the initial or design capacity depends upon:
1. Design period
2. Design Population
3. Design flows
4. Design area
5. Design hydrology

Needs interpretation skills, sound judgement and experience.

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1. Design Period
Depends on
• Useful life of component structures and equipment
• Ease of expansion of works
• Population growth trends
• Rate of interest (bonded indebtedness)
• Performance of works during early years.

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Continued…

Source: Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence

K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply
and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.
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3. Design Flows
Depends on water consumption/demand
1. Climate
2. Standards of living
3. Type of residences
4. Extent of sewerage
5. Type of mercantile, commercial, and industrial activity
6. Water pricing
7. Use of private supplies
8. Water quality for domestic and industrial purposes
9. Distribution-system pressure
10. Completeness of metering
11. Systems management

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Continued…

Source: Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence

K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply
and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.

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Continued…
A. Domestic consumption
50% of the water drawn in urban areas is for domestic water use.
Breakdown

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Continued…
B. Commercial and industrial water demand

In absence of any data, the quant

ity of water demand for industrial
purposes can be taken as 20–25
% of the total demand of the city

Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental

engineering principles and practices.
D. Khawar Rehman Pearson India Education Services, 2017. 8
Continued…
B. Commercial and industrial water demand

Source: Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence

K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply
and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.
D. Khawar Rehman 9
Continued…

Source: Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence

K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply
and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.
D. Khawar Rehman 10
Continued….
C. Public Use Demand
• Usually provision of 5% of total
water demand is fixed for this.

Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental

engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Continued….
D. Fire demand

Height, bulk, area, congestion, fire resistan

ce, type of construction, and building occu
pancy determine the rate at which water sh
ould be made available at neighboring hydr
ants

• Needed fire flow (NFF): Defined as the water flow rate, measured at a residual pressure
of 20 psi (138 kPa) and for a given duration, which is required for fighting a fire in a specific
building.

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Continued…

Source: Varandani, N.
S. Environmental engineering
principles and practices.
Pearson India Education
Services, 2017.

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Continued…
For residential cities, following values can be adopted

Source: Varandani, N.
S. Environmental engineering
principles and practices.
Pearson India Education
Services, 2017.

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Continued….
E. Losses and Wastes
• Unaccounted for water (UAW)
• water is lost and wasted due to
• Unauthorized connections,
• leakage in distribution system,
• hydrant flushing,
• major line breakage
• defective pipe joints, faulty valves and fittings,
• open public and private taps kept running when not in use

Generally, an allowance of 25% of the total

water demand is made for this purpose.

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Continued…

Source: Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence

K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply
and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.
D. Khawar Rehman 16
Summary: Approximate water usage

Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental

engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Variations in Demand
The water demand may vary from season to season, on daily basis and even on hourly basis.
Affects component sizing

Mathematically

• Variations are usually expressed as ratios to the average demand.

• If data not available

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Per capita demand

Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental

engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Per capita demand

Source: Varandani, N.
S. Environmental
engineering principles
and practices. Pearson
India Education Services,
2017.

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Design Population
Population influenced by
social & economic changes
education, employment; least predictable: industry/commerce
Data sources
Official census or enumerations

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Population Growth
S-shaped growth curve in absence of
industrial/commercial activities
1st order chemical reaction

• y is the population at time t,

• L is the saturation or maximum population
• k is a growth or rate constant: dimension 1/t.
For arc ec
For arc ad
For arc de

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Logistic Curve Method (Verhulst Eqn.)

Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental

engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Logistic Curve Method (Mc Lean Eqn.)

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 Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental
engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Population Growth
1. Geometric Progression (curve ad):
For arc ec
For arc ad
For arc de

2. Arithmetic progression (curve de):

3. First-order progression (curve ec)

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 Source: Varandani, N. S. Environmental
engineering principles and practices.
Pearson India Education Services, 2017.

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Population Growth
4. Ratio and Correlation Method
Population growth rate of any given study area can be
projected into the future by relating its growth to a larger area

Explain the steps and drawback

5. Graphical Method
• Very simple method of predicting the population as it
involves plotting of population versus time which results in
a curve.
• The curve is smoothly extended to forecast the future
population
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Population Growth
6. Incremental Increase Method

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Example of Incremental Increase Method

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Population Growth
Short-Term Population Estimates
Needed for
• computing per capita water consumption and wastewater release,
• for calculating the annual birth and general death rates per 1,000 inhabitants, or specific disease and
death rates per 100,000 inhabitants.
For years between censuses or after the last census, estimates are usually interpolated or
extrapolated as arithmetic or geometric progressions

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References
• Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.
• Varandani, N. S. Environmental engineering principles and practices. Pearson India
Education Services, 2017.

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