Water Supply Engineering

Chapter 4
Water Hydraulics, Transmission, & Auxiliaries
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
For steady incompressible flow Force exerted by fluid on plane area

Bernoulli’s Equation

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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Force exerted by fluid on plane area

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Transmission System
Supply conduits, or aqueducts, transport water from the source of supply to the co
mmunity.

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Transmission System
Supply conduits, or aqueducts, transport water from the source of supply to the co
mmunity.

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Hydraulic Design of Supply Conduits
Mainly two things are considered
1. Resistance to flow in relation to available and needed heads or pressures.
2. Required and allowable velocities of flow relative to cost, scour, and sediment transport.
• Surface Resistance

For laminar flow Transition zone

Turbulent flow (smooth pipes) Turbulent flow (rough pipes)

Practical shortcomings of Darcy’s Weisbach equation?

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Continued….
• Exponential Equations for Surface Resistance
• Chezy equation
• Mannings equation

• Hazen-Williams formula is most widely used in the United States to express flow relations in p
ressure conduits or conduits flowing full.

• Manning formula in free-flow conduits or conduits not flowing full

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Continued…
Hydraulic Transients
• Transient pressures when valves are opened or closed or when pumps are started or stopped.

• Examples

• Water hammer
• Surge

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Capacity and Size of Conduits
Options
1. a structure of full size or
2. duplicate lines staggered in time of construction.

• size is determined by hydraulic and economic considerations

• For Gravity System

• controlling hydraulic factors are
• available heads
• allowable velocities

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Multiple Lines

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Structural Requirements
• Internal pressure equal to the full head of water to which the conduit can be subjected Unbalanced pre
ssures at bends, contractions, and closures.

• Water hammer or increased internal pressure caused by sudden reduction in the velocity of the water
—by the rapid closing of a gate or shutdown of a pump, for example.

• External loads in the form of backfill and traffic

• Their own weight between external supports (piers or hangers)

• Temperature-induced expansion and contraction.

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Appurtenances

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Appurtenances
1. Gate Valves
• placed at major summits of pressure conduits (a) because summits identify the sections of line that ca
n be drained by gravity and (b) because pressures are least at these points, making for cheaper valves
and easier operation
• Gravity conduits are commonly provided with gate chambers
2. Blowoffs
• In pressure conduits, small, gated takeoffs, known as blowoff or scour valves, are provided at low poi
nts in the line.
3. Air valves
• Rigid pipes and pressure conduits are equipped with air valves at all high points. The valves automati
cally remove (a) air displaced while the line is being filled (b) avoid vacuum creation when pipe is dr
ained.
4. Check Valves
• Allows flow only in one direction
5. Insulation joints; expansion joints; Manholes
6. Pressure Reducing Valves
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References
• Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. Fair, Geyer, and Okun's, water and
wastewater engineering: Water supply and wastewater removal. John Wiley and
Sons, 2010.

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