Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE) : Village Report (VR)

Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE)
Village Report (VR)
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement of RLLE of the MBA in Rural Management
Village: Nakhnol
Gram Panchayat: Nikach
Block: Ramgarh
District: Alwar
State: Rajasthan
Submitted By
Akash Bharadwaj (UR17044)
Arman Kumar Mohapatra (UR18059)
Guided By
Prof. Gautam Prateek
Xavier School of Rural Management (XSRM)

Xavier University Bhubaneswar (XUB)
Village Report – Nakhnol,Raj.
Certificate
This is to certify that the Village Report of Buranabad submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the degree of ‘Masters in Business Administration-Rural Management
(MBA-RM), of the Xavier School of Rural Management, Xavier University Bhubaneswar, is
a record of the bonafide original academic writing work carried by Mr. Akash Bharadwaj and
Mr. Arman Kumar Mohapatra under the guidance of Prof. Gautam Prateek.
The published part has been fully acknowledged. All assistance and help received during the
study have been duly acknowledged by the author, under the able guidance of guide. No part
of the academic writing has been plagiarized and submitted for any other degree.
Name of Student/s:
Sign of Student/s:
Date:
Name of Guide:
Sign of Guide:
Date:
Contents
Page 1 of 46
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................4
Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................5
List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................... 6
Abstract...……………………………………………….…………………………………….7
Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Objective of Study.............................................................................................................. 9
1.2. Scope of Study..................................................................................................................09
Chapter 2: Methodology........................................................................................................10
Chapter 3: Demography........................................................................................................11
3.1. Caste..................................................................................................................................11
3.2. Religion.............................................................................................................................11
3.3. Age....................................................................................................................................12
3.4. Gender...............................................................................................................................13
3.5. Literacy Rate ....................................................................................................................13
3.6. Mobility.............................................................................................................................14
3.7. Disease Breakthrough....................................................................................................... 14
3.8. Economic Category...........................................................................................................14
Chapter 4: Infrastructure..................................................................................................... 15
4.1. Physical Infrastructure......................................................................................................15
4.1.1. Roads......................................................................................................................... 15
4.1.2. Electricity...................................................................................................................15
4.1.3. Drinking Water..........................................................................................................15
4.1.4. Sanitation...................................................................................................................16
4.1.5. Houses....................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.6. Transportation Facility.............................................................................................. 17
4.1.7. Telecommunication...................................................................................................17
4.1.8. Cultivable Land......................................................................................................... 17
4.2. Social Infrastructure..........................................................................................................17
4.2.1. School .......................................................................................................................17
4.2.2. Health Facility........................................................................................................... 18
4.2.3. Anganwadi.................................................................................................................18
4.2.4. Panchayat...................................................................................................................18
4.2.5. Temple.......................................................................................................................18
Page 2 of 46
Chapter 5: Livelihood............................................................................................................19
5.1. Capital...............................................................................................................................19
5.1.1. Social Capital.............................................................................................................19
5.1.2. Human Capital...........................................................................................................19
5.1.3. Natural Capital...........................................................................................................19
5.1.4. Financial Capital........................................................................................................20
5.1.5. Physical Capital......................................................................................................... 20
5.2. Livelihood Options People Undertake .............................................................................21
5.2.1. Agriculture................................................................................................................ 22
5.2.2. Milk Selling.............................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 6: Market................................................................................................................. 25
6.1. Geography and Products Profile....................................................................................... 25
6.2. Mandi Auction.................................................................................................................. 25
Chapter 7: Migration.............................................................................................................27
Chapter 8: Governance......................................................................................................... 28
8.1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA)...................28
8.2. Ration Card.......................................................................................................................28
8.3. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)...................... 28
8.4. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadhak Yojna ...............................................................................28
Chapter 9: Culture.................................................................................................................29
9.1. Marriage as an Institution................................................................................................. 29
9.2. Status of Women...............................................................................................................29
9.3. Language...........................................................................................................................29
9.4. Festivals............................................................................................................................ 29
9.5. Food Style.........................................................................................................................30
9.6. Dressing style....................................................................................................................30
References...............................................................................................................................31
Annexure I: Video Description...............................................................................................32
Annexure II: PRA...................................................................................................................34

Annexure III: Pictures............................................................................................................37
Annexure IV: Questionnaire...................................................................................................38
Page 3 of 46
List of Figures
Figure 1: Buranabad Village, Ujjain.................................................................................... 8
Figure 2: Percentage break-up based on caste....................................................................11
Figure 3: Percentage of religion break-up..........................................................................12
Figure 4: Percentage break-up based on both caste and religion....................................... 12
Figure 5: Age group of People........................................................................................... 13
Figure 6: Percentage of Gender Composition.................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Literacy rates of population above 15 years.......................................................14
Figure 8: Economic Category.............................................................................................14
Figure 9: Type of Road......................................................................................................15
Figure 10: Toilet Availability.............................................................................................16
Figure 11: Types of Houses................................................................................................16
Figure 12: Income Level....................................................................................................20
Figure 13: Percentage of assets present in the households................................................20
Figure 14: Asset Pentagon.................................................................................................21
Figure 15: Framework showing different livelihood options in Nakhnol.........................21
Figure 16: Distribution of Primary Occupation.................................................................22
Figure 17: Percentage of cultivated crops......................................................................... 22
Figure 18: Percentage of population showing Access to Farmland.................................. 23
Figure 19: Percentage of area cultivated by the crop........................................................ 23
Figure 20: Percentage of Population Migrating................................................................ 27
Page 4 of 46
Acknowledgement
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to all those people
who have contributed to our projects and tasks through their support, encouragement, and
guidance during Rural Learning and Living Experience (RLLE) as a part of Rural
Management course, School of Rural Management at Xavier University, Bhubaneswar.
Firstly, we would like to thank our faculty guide Prof. Gautam Prateek for imparting us
valuable guidance during our Rural Learning and Living Experience. His suggestions
helped us to successfully complete the work assigned to us by Xavier School of Rural
Management.
We acknowledge with thanks the timely guidance received from our Programme
Coordinators, Prof. Sagarika Mishra and Prof. Satyendra Nath Mishra, during our stay in
the village.
We would also like to express our gratitude to Prof. Kajri Mishra, Dean, Xavier School of
Rural Management, for providing us the opportunity to stay in a village for 45 days and
analyze various dimensions of the village in a detailed manner.
We would like to thank our reporting officer, Mr. Panini Bhatt, IBTADA, for imparting us
valuable guidance during our Rural Learning and Living Experience. His suggestions
helped us to successfully complete our projects.
We are also grateful to Mr. Dayaram, Project Manager, and Fouji Chacha, Sarpanch,
Nakhnol for giving us their valuable suggestions and encouragement through the projects
and letting us gain a better insight on working at the field through meetings, camps, and
other activities.
We would also like to thank the people of Nakhnol Village for giving us the required
information and learning from their daily activities and problems without which our stay
would have been meaningless.
Akash Bharadwaj
Arman Kumar Mohapatra
Page 5 of 46
List of Abbreviations
PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal

PHC – Primary Health Center
NREGA – National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
IAY – Indira Awas Yojana
PMAY – Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
RLLE – Rural Learning and Living Experience
SC – Schedule Caste
OBC – Other Backward Class
DFID – Department for International Development
FMCG – Fast Moving Consumer Goods
Page 6 of 46
Abstract
Nakhnol is a small village or more so of a hamlet kind of arrangement at the foothills of

Kala Pahad and the Aravali Range surrounds it from three sides with lush greenery. As a
part of our Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE) we undertook a study of the
Nakhnol Village for forty-five days by being a part of the community there. This stay had
the expected outcome of we being familiarized by the nitties and gritties of a rural daily
life. This was real time application of all the concepts learnt as part of the rural
management course.
There were seven aspects we needed to develop a clear insight as to how these dimensions
impact the lives and livelihoods of the residents of a locale. The methodology we adopted
was itself diversified starting from the survey forms and a structured questionnaire, apart
from it unstructured free flowing interviews as well as focus group discussions really
played a vital part in bringing out the tacit issues to the lime light. We adopted the
stratified random sampling for data collection and analyzed from a sample size of fifty
households. We also had focus group discussions around different group of people in
Nakhnol and took their perspectives about different aspects of the village.
Nakhnol has people belonging to Rajpoot of Hindu category. All of them belong to
backward classes. The village has very few options for livelihood. Hence 80% of the
village opted for migration to far off states along with their entire families .The visits to
the various households of the village showcased us a plethora of problems that oushed the
village into the shades of darkness. It was quite saddening actually to find out that there
were villages which still are so low on the scales of growth.Govt. schemes though
currently active in the area the benefits of it hardly reach the desirable lot instead they are
ripped off the benefits as due to trickle down impact. The report elucidates the intricacies
of such dillemas further.
Key Words: RLLE, IBTADA, stratified random sampling
Page 7 of 46
Chapter 1: Introduction
Rural Living and Learning Experience is an integral part of the rural management course
as it is the hands on practical exposure to various issues of the village chosen for study.
We try to apply the concepts or more often match to what is being taught to us in
classroom and to see how much is the deviation from ideality that we could capture and
find out the probable reasons for it.
RLLE is a forty-five days sojourn to a village at a location allocated to us by the

organization which helps us to capture the intricacies about the different dimensions of a
village life. It helps us to acclaimatise in the conditions that are hostile to us at different
points and to observe and learn how people capture their lives and the survival techniques
implemented by the people of the village on a daily basis.
Our host organization “IBTADA” works on various sectors be it livelihoods and primary
schooling especially for girls. They had implemented various modules among the various
govt. primary schools to look after the smooth functioning of teaching learning process. It
provides a teacher named as motivator for two schools in the nearby area who overall help
and guide teachers with different teaching methodologies. In livelihoods it looks after
formation of SHGs , smooth disbursal of credit and better recovery thus bettering
livelihoods of households and especially empowering women.
Figure 1: Nakhnol Village, Alwar
Page 8 of 46
As a requirement of our rural living and learning experience, we had to complie our
findings as part of the village report and reflect on its findings.
1.1. Objective of Study

The objective of the study was to observe the various aspects of the village life. The
problems hindering the development and implementation of programs on ground gave us a
reality check of the prevalent trickle down effect in terms of the benefit reaching the
beneficiaries or the projects turning to fruition as an outcome of which the growth pace of
the village slows down.
The stay in the village for forty five days acts an eye opener for the budding rural
managers and imparts them immense knowledge about how a policy framed with the most
noble cause at heart falls flat by the time it reaches the place.
1.2. Scope of Study

We were to study about the village Nakhnol in the city Alwar. The lifestyle, daily life and
livelihoods and to grasp as much as we can over the period of forty five days and to look
after their issues and future aspirations
As a part of work for the organization we also visited various other nearby villages around
Nakhnol to study the dynamics of nearby villages and put them on the comparative scale
as to where they lie on the scale when compared to Nakhnol.
Our study began with frequent visits to the village, interacting with people and organizing
meetings. These meetings were to get maximum information from the villagers which
would help us to study them better.
Our study is divided into seven main dimensions which showcase the real picture of the
village. These dimensions are mentioned in detail in the coming chapters. They are-
1. Demography
2. Infrastructure
3. Livelihoods
4. Market
5. Migration
6. Governance
7. Culture
Page 9 of 46
Chapter 2: Methodology
The village report that we had to prepare is a holistic approach of understanding a village
in terms of its demographics, history, market, education and a host of other related factors.
To study each and every social aspect of any social group there can’t be a single method
that can be taken as the most fitting approach. We tried to capture whatever little we could
gather in the stay of over a month and half. The basic motive behind the report was to
gather as much as possible about the village and the people living in it with a focus on
their vulnerabilities and how they cope up with it. Though we were supposed to have
information gathered in form of survey. As we approached the people in the area, we
realised sticking just to the questions of the survey would narrow our understanding of the
problems at the grassroot level. A survey with its limited set of questions will have limited
scope. The survey acted as a mere structural framework around which our entire study
would revolve in the longer run. Our initial observation hinted to the fact that some of the
questions in the survey form provided to us do not hold relevance to the place and people
under study while some other questions such as questions related to migration held a lot
more importance in the scenario. Thus, we had to reframe the survey and stich it according
to our requirements. Most of the people we came across during our study never answered
our questions directly, nor could we pose them the questions as such. We had to be
accustomed to long conversations and more often than not it helped our cause. The flow of
conversations went in different directions much beyond our expectations and it helped our
overall cause of getting more information. We had to make a set of structured and
unstructured interviews to gather the information. Free flowing conversations came up as
an impromptu tool that added a lot to the information. These all constituted the primary
source of data for our report. Supporting source of data that we have referred to during the
preparation of our report include information about MNREGA from panchayat, BPL
holder list and school attendance register that helped us assess the running condition of
govt. schemes as well as the number of people assessing them and the number of students
enrolled in formal education system and to lookout for the current ratio of boys and girls
enrolled. We had to use triangulation method in order to find out the legitimacy of the data
that we collected as each of the respondents we talked to had a different opinion and
reaction towards the same question. Thus, we had to go along how the power dynamics of
the village work. It made perfect sense as to use triangulation to come to a conclusion for
the data.
Page 10 of 46
Chapter 3: Demography
Demography refers to the statistical study of populations that includes a human being. It is
used to analyze any kind of dynamic living population which changes over time or space.
Demography comprises of the study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations
and their response towards time, birth, migration, aging, and death. In this section, we will
discuss various components of demography such as gender composition, literacy rate,
economic condition etc. for our analysis. Buranabad has a population of 1990 and the
number of households presents there is 390. [2]
3.1. Caste
People in Buranabad generally belong to Schedule Caste (SC), Schedule Tribe (ST) and
Other Backward Caste (OBC). In Buranabad most of the households are involved in
Agriculture and labor activities. There are nearly 18 different castes of people staying in
the village, out of which Balai caste has the maximum number of households, followed by
Bhil, Meena, and Jat respectively. In spite of the several castes in the village, people stay
with unity and help each other during need. There are nearly 25 Muslim families in the
village. The ethnic group of the Muslim is known as “Mansoor”.
3.2. Religion
In Buranabad, 94% of the people belong to Hindu religion and 6% belongs to the
SMuslim religion. The Hindus in the village worship various gods like Lord Krishna, Lord
Hanuman, Lord Shiva etc. The village has a century old Peer mosque called Burhan Peer.
Many people say that the village is named after the name of Burhan peer. The Jat living in
the village worship Tejaji Maharaj. Every year in the month of September a big festival is
celebrated in the birth ceremony of Tejaji Maharaj. A beautiful temple of Tejaji Maharaj is
there inside which the story of Tejaji Maharaj is encrypted on the walls. We have attended
the Ramayan Katha celebration in the Hanuman Temple during the New Year. It was a
grand celebration going in there, everyday near food for 100 people was served.
If we look at the pie-chart shown above, we can clearly see the breakup of the religion
with the caste factor in to play. 8% Muslim-OBC were there whereas 58% Hindu-OBC,
34% of each Hindu-SC/ST and 1% of Hindu-General are present. Based on this data we
have done our stratified random sampling for conducting our surveys.
3.3. Age
As per Census 2011, the population of Madhya Pradesh consists of a maximum number of
people in the age group 15 years to 64 years, constituting 63.6 % of the population of
Rajasthan whereas 31.2% and 5.3% of the population of Rajasthan are below 14 years and
over 65 years respectively.
In Buranabad, almost 54% of the population is in the working age group which is between
20 years to 59 years. 32% of the population is in the range of 5 years to 19 years, 6% of
the population is below five years and rest 7% of the population is above 60 years. In the
Page 11 of 46
working age group, 51% are male whereas rest 49% are female. This shows that the
manpower available in the village is male-dominated 1.
Age Composition
60%
50%
% of population
40%
30% 54%
20% 32%
10% 6% 7%
0%
Below 5 5 to 19 20 to 59 60 and Above
Age
Figure 2: Age group of people
3.4. Gender
In Madhya Pradesh, the sex ratio as per the Census 2011 is 970 females per 1000 males.
Buranabad has a population of 1990 out of which 1009 are males consisting 51% of the
total population of Buranabad. Female constitute 49% of the total population.
Percentage of Gender Composition
Femal 48%
e52%
Male
Figure 3:Percentage of gender composition
3.5. Literacy Rate

The Census 2011 states that the literacy rate of Buranabad is 62.11% of which literacy rate
of male is 72.29 % and a literacy rate of female is 51.68 %. Most of the villager are
literate till standard five and rest have attained education till class eight. But with the
opening of the new high school and the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, the literacy rate of
a villager is going to increase and the quality of education will also improve a lot. The
number of Graduates in Village in very low, that is the point of concern.
1
As per Radheshyam, Panchayat office worker, Buranabad.
Page 12 of 46
Literacy rates above 15 years
32%
illiterate
literate
68%
Figure 4: Literacy rate of population above 15 years
3.6. Mobility
Nakhnaol does not have it’s own market. Moreover the closet market and the haat is
situated 8 kilometres away from the village at a place called Mubbarkpur, from where they
can buy their day to day needs. There are 2 Kirana stores inside the village whose product
line is limited in nature offering soaps, oil, biscuits, notebooks, beedi, tobacco and single
structured grains. People also mostly prefer the grains from the haat and market nearby as
they find a notable difference in the same things unoffered in their villages.
3.7. Disease Breakthrough

Malaria, Measles, Jaundice are the most common diseases that have greater probability of
occurrence during different times of the year.
3.8. Economic Category

On the basis of our survey, about 62 percent of the total families are categorised as Below
Poverty Line, while 38 percent of the people are Above Poverty Line. Many people claim
that, many who are classified under BPL and reap the benefits of the same, should not be
classified there at first place and many people who are classified as APL are the ones
should have been under BPL but due to some forgeries they have been classified under
APL and cannot take benefits of the schemes under BPL.
The Gram Panchayat is also not taking any action against such discrepancy. The sarpanch
instead has promoted favorism
Page 13 of 46
Economic Classification
38%
62%
BPL APL
Figure 5: Economic category
Chapter 4: Infrastructure
Infrastructure forms a basic rib cage of the village and provides the basic platform for
essential functioning of society. The infrastructure includes two aspects namely physical
and social infrastructure. Physical infrastructure includes the roads, electricity, drinking
water, sanitation, houses, transportation facility, telecommunication facility, cultivable and
fallow land. The social infrastructure includes school, health facility, anganwadi,
Panchayat and temple. All the physical and social infrastructure components have been
discussed in detail below.
4.1. Physical Infrastructure
Physical infrastructure discusses the physical structures required for a society to function
and survive, such as transportation network, power grid and sewerage and waste disposal
systems. In this section, various physical infrastructure in Nakhnol is discussed.
4.1.1. Roads
Nakhnaol is located in such a place that there is interconnection from within the village
that paves path for other villages as well. Hence the roads are one of the most important
part of consideration. Nearly 70 percent of the village contains Pucca roads that are either
connected to the main road towards city or is interlinked within two village. But the rest
30 percent kuccha road is the ones that lead to agricultural lands or the fallow and waste
lands. The scenarios take a toll during rainy season when the roads become improper for
transportation and movement. The major portion of the construction of these Pucca roads
was the result of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. It is also expected that the leftover
Kuccha will be soon seen as Pucca road in few upcoming years.
Page 14 of 46
Figure 6:Type of roads
4.1.2. Electricity
In 1982 the first electrical connection was installed in the village of Nakhnaol. The present
scenario of Nakhnaol is that, electricity is being supplied by virtue of Gujarat. Along with
Nakhnaol there are about 13 more villages under the Block of Ramgarh where the
electricity is supplied from Gujarat. So the readiness of electricity is a matter of concern
here. The electricity is available in slots, meaning either the connection stays during the
day or during the night. Every eighth day the electricity is present over the entire length of
day. One of the major point that drives the slot wise supply is that during the absence of
power in houses and shops the same is used in utilization of agricultural purposes for
irrigation purposes that is consumed while Boeing.
Inference: Electricity becomes a major hindrance for people living in Nakhnaol.
4.1.3. Sanitation
Sanitation is one of the most concerned issues in the village. About 60 percent of the
households have personal toilets and bathrooms. The rest of the population use the
community tubewells for bathing purposes while defecation is done in open places usually
near the mountains. Under the Swacch Bharat Abhiyan people were promised to be
provided a amount nearer to 20,000 but they have been provided only 10,000-11,000.
Majority of the population have used this money for taking care of their houses instead of
using for bathroom purposes. To substantiate the act they urged of not having enough
money to take care of their houses condition hence the received amount was used to repair
their houses or they land into trouble during rainy seasons. Sometimes during landslides
huge pieces of stones collides with the homes and it gets destroyed. There is no proper
drainage system as well.
Inference: If all the money could have been utilised for the targeted purpose then about 85
percent of the households could have toilets for defecation purposes
Page 15 of 46
40%
Households with toilets
60% Households without
toilets
Figure 10:Type of household sanitation facilities
4.1.3. Drinking Water
Drinking pattern of water is an interesting point that can be thrown to the table. The
handpump used for usage of water is carried form water tanks through the connected
pipes. These water tanks which are placed at a decent required height have the solar panel
integrated with them which allows people with an offering of warm water to use it for
drinking and carry out different day to day activities. Then people carry the water and
store in earthen pots and kill the germs by coupling the stored water with the help of alum
and boiling. Also there are a total of 6 wells which include the ones used for irrigational
purposes and the rest used for drinking and carrying out other activities. People have not
been awarded the benefits of JAL NAL scheme.
Inference: Water is not an issue for the people residing in Nakhnaol.
4.1.5. Houses
There are about 445 houses out of which there are about 200 Pucca houses and 250
Kuccha houses. Out of those 250 houses about 15 houses have been built by the virtue of
Indira Awas Yojana. One house has been built using Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
According to the people the pre-requisites for availing the benefits have been done but
people have not received for building houses.
Inference
About 44 percent of the people still live in Kuccha houses which makes them even
vulnerable to be left with no houses during landslides and situations when there is heavy
wind.
Number of houses
Pucca houses
44% Kuccha houses
56%
Figure 7: Types of houses
Page 16 of 46
4.1.6. Transportation Facility

As the village of Nakhnaol is located at the outskirts of Alwar district hence the
transportation becomes a bit of concern. The nearest bus stand is located at Mubbarakpur,
which is 8 kilometres away from the village. There are overall 55 motor bikes in overall
450 households. There are no auto rickshaw facilities nearby. In order to avail auto
rickshaw facilities one has to travel 5 kilometres till Naugaon to avail the same. The
nearest railway station is Alwar
4.1.7. Telecommunication
The telecommunication is in very good condition. Two network providers namely Jio,
Vodafone provide and call facilities in Nakhnaol. They also enjoy the 4G speed of data
services. All households at least own a couple of mobile phones and make full use of the
good telecommunication infrastructure.
4.1.8. Cultivable Land

The soil in Nakhnaol is very fertile and mostly is clayey soil and suitable for cultivation.
Due to the nature of soil the produce from agriculture is huge. It is suitable for growth of
potato, onion, spinach, soya and sometimes peas and pulses as well.
4.2. Social Infrastructure

Social Infrastructure can be defined as the construction and maintenance of facilities that
support Social services. They include schools, colleges, hospitals, Anganwadi and so on.
This area contains the exchange about different social foundations in Nakhnol
4.2.1. School
There is only one school in the entire village. It provides education from Class 1 to Class
8. For studying 8 onwards till higher secondary one has to go to nearest village named
Nikaj and get admission there. The only school is well facilitated by IBTADA
organisation. IBTADA provides an educational motivator and the fund that is collected
from the locals of the village each year is used for repairing and further construction of
schools. Over the years the school has evolved due to the good work being done by the
organisation. There are in total 8 teachers including motivator who operates 3 days a week.
The subjects taught are Hindi, Maths, Science and English. Presently the school is being
extended in infrastructure and there has been a plan of extending and offering education
till 12th. This is due to the stress given to the education in the recent years. People have
realised the value and importance of education. About 90 percent students clear the board
of 8th each year.
4.2.2. Health Facility

There is no Primary health Centre (PHC) inside the village of Nakhnaol. The nearest PHC
is about 4 kilometres away from the village. In case of emergency or situation where
urgent general treatment is required there is a private practitioner who has a medical clinic
in Mubbarakpur. Usually people sort to all the available medicinal plants available in the
village to combat and tackle vivid diseases. Only in the situation of chronic diseases they
either consult the private practitioner or visit the nearest PHC. In the PHC all the facilities
are available which are expected out of PHC.
Page 17 of 46
4.2.3. Anganwadi
There is only 1 Anganwadi present in the village which is located at the centre of the
village. There are 3 women who look and ensure the proper functioning of Anganwadi.
One completely takes care of the pre-formal nutrition. The other looks after the health
check-up and immunization. Finally the third one looks after pre-school education.
4.2.4. Panchayat
Nakhnaol itself does not have a Panchayat. But it and 4 other villages come under the
Panchayat which is present in nearby Nikaj. But Nakhnaol has a village head, who is
considered as the wisest person of the village. In case of any dispute the village head
assigns a team which is comprises of 5 members that solve the discrepancy. If the dispute
still is not solved then the matter reaches the Panchayat. In case the Panchayat is unable to
close the discrepancy then a complaint has to be registered in the nearby police station.
4.2.5. Temple
There are two temples in the village namely the Mata Sherawali Mandir on the
mountainous terrains of Kala Pahad. Each year on the day of Makar Sankranti and
Shivratri, there is a huge celebration. The whole mountain range is filled with lights from
earthen diyas and people of the village go to the top to offer prayers. The other temple
that’s present in the area is Hanuman Temple where daily prayers are offered. There is one
Peer Baba shrine in the village where it is believed that offering prayers would fulfill your
hidden wishes
Page 18 of 46
Chapter 5: Livelihood
When it comes to the livelihood it is one of the most important dimension in the context of
the life of people. In the village of Nakhnaol the livelihood options are not very diverse.
But people have learnt from prior experience and in the recent times the livelihood
portfolio is becoming wider. Diversification of livelihood portfolio becomes an important
aspect when the people are usually unskilled or depend only on manual skills
5.1. Capital
5.1.1. Social Capital

Social Capital is defined as the relation between the members of a social group so that they
can support each other towards social advancement. The communities that live in the
village are of one category
5.1.2. Human Capital

Human capital is basically defined as the ability and the creativity to perform certain
labour and tasks to produce some economic value. The village is generally known for
producing Good quality crops. People here are very hard working. Women also take active
participation in outdoor jobs like Agri-Labour, Farming, and Business. Sex Ratio of the
village is also good. Generally, people here are very fit and disease free. But in the
education sector, very few villagers go for higher studies and especially girl child. Average
family size in the village is Six. According to the asset pentagon, the human capital is
awarded a point of 2.5 out of 5.
5.1.3. Natural Capital

Natural capital refers to the availability of natural resources in that particular area.
Nakhnol is blessed with mountains and fertile lands for which the area is filled with
greenery. The village doesn’t have forest cover, River nearby and any natural water
resource. For borewells they have to dig to a depth of 500ft to get water and that the
probability is 0.5. Rainfall is the only source of water for Kharif crop, if that does not
happen properly then Kharif crop will get affected just like 2017 one. Because the village
is currently facing the problem of water scarcity for which scores 2 out of 5 in the asset
pentagon.
5.1.4. Financial Capital

Financial capital is referred to the availability of economic resources in terms of money.
Now in the case of Nakhnol
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Income Level
30% 28% 28%
25%
Percentage of people
20%
16%
15% 14% 14%
10%
5%
0%
0%
0 to 50000 50001 to 100001 to 150001 to 250001 to Above
100000 150000 250000 350000 350000
Annual Income
Figure 8: Income level
5.1.5. Physical Capital

It refers to the labour in the community. According to our survey, the villagers were
extensively indulged in agricultural activities or some form of manual labour. Most of the
time in the year was spent out of the village in search of some job opportunities as
migrants.The village has lacked on a few necessary physical resources like poor road
connectivity, Railway connectivity, poor electricity, far off banks and post office. And
very poor means of transport facility. So, according to the asset pentagon, it is awarded 1.5
out of 5.
Assets
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Bullock Cart Bikes TV Mobile Phones
Figure 9: Percentage of assets present in the households
5.2. Livelihood Options People Undertake

In Nakhnol the people mainly pursue agricultural labour as the primary occupation. The
people here are mainly small and marginal farmers. Other sources of income include
labour, milk production, and cattle rearing.
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Figure 10: Asset Pentagon
Main
occupation
Labour Cultivation Milk selling
Non-Agri
Agri-Labour
Labour
Construction
Stone
Crushing
Figure 11:Framework showing different livelihood options in Nakhnol
Below diagram shows the distribution of primary occupation that is carried out by the
people of the village.
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Occupational Division
3%
12%
85%
Agri- Labourers Non-Agri Labourers Stone Crushing
Figure 12: Distribution of primary occupation
5.2.1. Agriculture
People work in their farm lands after they get time from the manual labour’s activity. It is
the second most dependency as far as where livelihood goes.The main problem when it
comes to agriculture as a livelihood is the land holdings for growing crops. About 80
percent of the entire village has about 1 bigha (.25 hectare) to 3.5 bigha of land for
practising farming. Hence with that amount of land they grow crops like sarso ka saag,
potatoes, wheat, Bajra, pulses, peas and sometimes radish and carrot.
Inference- having about 1-3.5 of one-fourth of a hectare land it is almost impossible to

grow and sell the produce. Because with that land holdings one will only be able to suffice
the entire family at the pinnacle. Hence for practising farming they migrate outside their
village to places like Gujarat, Chhattisgarh and Punjab. They grow crops like cotton,
paddy, wheat, etc in the lands provided by the landlords or people with a lot of land who
need hired workers. Then they hand over the part of produce to the land owners and sell
the rest at the nearby market or at occasions they sell their produce to the land owners at an
agreeable price.
Percentage of Cultivated Crops
15%
29%
21%
35%
Cotton Wheat Bajra Vegetables

Figure 13: Percentage of cultivated crops
There are two types of labourers:

i) Agri-labour
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ii) Non Agri-Labour
They have a very low standard of living because their incomes are marginal and fulfilling
their basic day to day needs is a very big thing for them. The non-agri labourers mainly
indulge in construction works, carpentry, and Stone Crushing The shops are located near
the village at a maximum distance of 5-6 km. So, the village seems to have zero migration.
The below pie chart shows the population percentage on access of Farmland.
Access to Cultivable Land
19%
81%
Yes No
Figure 14: Percentage of population showing access to farmlands
The crops are having a different area under production which is evident in the below
graph. It shows that majority of the farmers prefer wheat as their major crop for cultivation
as the yield is more in comparison with other crops. The productivity of wheat cultivation
is high and cotton come in the second position.
Percentage of Area Under Each Crop

35%
30%
30%
26%
25% 23%
21%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Cotton Wheat Bajra Vegetables
Figure 15: Percentage of area cultivated by the crop
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5.2.2. Milk Selling
About 30 percent of the total population own their own buffaloes, cows, goats and sheeps.
Out of those 30 percent only 12-15 percent of the people sell their milk in the near by
market of Mubbarakpur at a decent price.
Inference- People do not sell their milk at the near by market as they donot have anything
left over after keeping and storing for the family. It is also observed that people exchange
milk and food crops for helping out each other. For instance a house wants to prepare Lassi
hence that family is in need of milk but they do not own any kind of animals who can give
milk. But they have some food crops that they have grown. In that case milk will
exchanged for some kind of crop.
5.2.2. Manual Labour
About 80 percent of the entire population does manual labour in one form or the other.
This manual labour includes taking up activities in MGNREGA, rickshaw pulling, or
construction of near by houses of the rich landlords. Under NREGA people dig and
separate sand and help in the construction of the reservoir or they get work for construction
of roads. The amount of payment made to them under NGREGA depends on the amount
of work completed per day with level to the standard work that is expected to be
completed. When there is no NREGA work people pull rickshaws and transfer goods from
one place to other. They either pull rickshaws in the main city or near by advanced villages
like Nikaj or even in the villages of Kishangarh. People also sort to manual labour in the
form of construction of houses of landlords. They are given the work of mostly bricks and
cementing of houses.
INFERENCE- Earlier we have already seen that large population of people are not
educated after Class 8th. Hence this implies that they are unskilled. Hence being unskilled
and non- availability of enough land makes them depend readily on manual labour. But
now people have started realising how education plays an important role in betterment of
livelihood.
Chapter 6: Market
Before analysis the 4 P’s of marketing we need to understand that out of the entire
population of Nakhnol the targeted segment is the ones who stand low in socio-economic
grounds and usually females as the males mostly migrate along with other male
members(in the present context women don’t travel, as they take care of their wards who
are left behind for studies
Analysis of 4P’s from buyers perspective-:
Product-: For buyers the day to day necessities like tea powder, soap, oil, matchsticks,
pulses, vegetables, onion, soyabean, turmeric powder, garlic, pencil, notebooks, pens ,
milk, biscuits, mixture, etc. All these products are available in 2 Kirana shops within the
village. These goods and necessities apart from being available in the Kirana shops are
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also available in the near by markets of Mubbarakpur which is 7 kilometres away from the
village. Apart from the regular necessities alcohol is being sold illegally in this village.
Beedis and local brand Gutka named Mama are also sold.
When it comes to medical facilities, medicines and vaccines no local medical shops are
available in the village. They have to travel to nearby market of Mubbarakpur to avail such
products. Moreover in case of severe health issues they sort to local herbs, plants and
leaves for urgent treatment.
Out of the two Kirana shops only 1 Kirana shop only sells vegetables and fruits. But
recently the Kirana shop had decided to cut short the supply of vegetables and fruits due to
less demand.
Inference-: The number of products available in the market is two less. To be honest there
is no proper market in the village of Nakhnol. Moreover the reason for not having such
good shops or well defined market is that people are really reluctant to buys products from
the Kirana shops. People only buy products only in case of emergency.
Price-: In case of anyone purchased any product from the local Kirana shops then they
have to spend 2.5-4 rupees more on each commodity depending on the type of product. So
this being from the perspective becomes difficult in the pies created in the minds of people
about a particular commodity.
Inference-: The reason that people do not buy products from local Kirana shops is that they
have to pay 2.5-4 rupees on each of their purchase. This aggregates to a total of rupees 400
in average more what they would end up paying if they do not buy products from
Mubbarakpur market. So 400 nearly accounts for 25 percent of their total income. So
rather prefer purchasing commodities once in every 15-20 days. Mostly milk has the actual
value which is equal to perceived value by the buyers. The vegetables and fruits have
actual value which is 4-5 rupees higher than perceived value per kilogram.
Place-: The Kirana shops usually produce fresh vegetables and fruits in their lands and buy
day to day necessities from local vendors. Their placement is quite direct in nature. They
follow what is called direct product placement. They also function on self promotion.
Inference -: The Kirana shop owners do not themselves have good profit margin. In fact
one of the two Kirana shops is running in loss. So they certainly can not advertisements.
They follow self promotion in places where large people rest, talk and play cards near by
shops. For buyers they get to know about any products or commodities directly by the
seller.
Promotion-: The promotion from the point of view of buyers is customer referral.
Inference-: People have really strong social interactions amongst themselves. So a single
mistake spreads like wildfire. Hence if a customer says that the price of a single
commodity is relatively high or the price is not fair, the same thought prevails throughout
the village. So this is what has happened over these years. About 35-40 percent people
residing in the village have never visited the Kirana shops but when interacted and
questioned upon the pricing fairness have said that prices are much higher than the
perceived value.
From the point of view of sellers-:
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Products-: The sellers have decreased their product mix over the years as they have
realised that over the years they have not been able to good amount of buyers. Hence they
just keep products they know that people are going to purchase on day to day basis.
Inference-: From the point of view of sellers they have done right by not selling many
products because they have to incur more losses if they do so. As problem has never lied
with the product mix but rather price.
Price-: The sellers have been reluctant in bringing down the prices of goods and
commodities. They go by the notion that even if they bring down the prices of the
commodities they still will not be able to sell higher volume of product mix.
Inference-: If they reduce the prices by 2-3 rupees and keep a profit margin of 1-1.5
instead of 4-5 they will be able to sell more. We came up this hypothesis based on a survey
as people won’t spend money for transportation purposes for buying necessities which is
sold at 50 paise higher than what is being sold at nearby market of Mubbarakpur. Apart
from being able to sell more products their profit margin will improve from Rupees 2400
to 3600 at least. This encounters for an increase in profit by almost 50 percent. And
moreover the trust will increase and the Kirana shops can further increase their luxury
products to few of the well off houses and this where they can expand their profit.
Place-: The strategy that they follow for placing a product is direct placement as discussed
earlier.
Inference-: The biggest problem being that they do not have sufficient funds for promotion
through advertisements or backed by certain brands. Another strategy which can be used is
the placement through distribution of products through offers. They need to place the
products showcasing that even though their products might be relatively costly but when
bought in chain are actually worth purchasing. Moreover due to poor market linkage they
have very limited targeted customers.
Promotion-: The only method used is self promotion. They ask their near and dear ones to
keep bragging about their products and that is the strategy which has been used in crowded
areas to pull crowds.
Inference-: The sellers must understand that the targeted segment are those with lower
economic strata hence those people have very minimal range of operation. Moreover only
cutting down on prices can help the strategy of self promotion propagate further.
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Chapter 7: Migration
In the village of Nakhnaol the process of migration involves movement of people from
their village to outside their village with an intention of temporary settlement. Migration is
an improvement component in the context of Nakhnaol because it directly connects with
other dimensions and answers lot of puzzle in the upbringing and dynamics of
Nakhnaol.Migration is one of the most important attributes associated with Nakhnaol.
As we have already seen earlier that majority of the population is dependent on manual
labour as their primary means of livelihood. Hence they only get a handful amount of
NREGA days of work or get hired on contractual basis for a very small span of time.
Firstly they are unskilled so either they can employ and engage themselves as farmers or
get involved in day to day labour. So the amount they get from combination of labour and
agriculture is well sort of even filling their families stomach twice a day. Sometimes there
is the situation where they have to pay loans and hence for that reason migration plays a
pivotal role in their life. They almost are away from home for 5-7 months.
The type of work for which they migrate is very prevalent. The majority proportional
forms the work related to agriculture and the minor proportion forms the work related to
labour, tractor work or very less frequently being employed in factory or mills. They
usually migrate along with their families consisting of about 6-7 people and it consists of
both males and females. Hence their children have to also travel along with them. After
interacting it became clear that in case of agriculture related work they are provided a plot
of land where they need to grow the crops. For instance during early December they
mostly migrate to Chhattisgarh and Gujarat for cultivating cotton. They bring up cotton on
their landlords or the owner’s land and the payment is then decided by two means. Either
the owner of the land buys the entire produce and sells them by by paying this people a
money which is just above par or they give certain produce to land owner and rest is used
by them. Each individual is able to earn at-least 10000-12000 from the production
activities. In case there is lender related work many people wait for this opportunity as this
gives them a handsome pay. Each individual is able to earn a big amount of nearly 30000-
35000. But the big question then arises why are they still classified under poor. The
answer being after getting this money they have to repay their loans and finally they
discover that very small amount of money is leftover which suffices them for filling their
stomach.
There are about 2 percent of the families who have migrated permanently and only visit
the village sometimes. The reason for their migration is their business is well settled
outside. So permanent migration being very uncommon in the village of Nakhnaol.
According to may people they thought that due to unfavourable business conditions here
in the village they resorted to settle away.
There are 3-4 children who who have migrated for outside higher education. When the
family did not have enough funds for raising their children then their children used to
work as labourers or work in fields but somehow when they had funds they sent their
children outside to their relatives houses for studying.
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INFERENCE- In the upcoming the migration will also tend to increase slightly instead of
coming down. The reason being people have shown great interest for education of their
children. And if education needs to be instilled to a point where their children can earn
through education serving a platform then they have to migrate outside. After analysing
the result was that there was only school which provided education till higher secondary.
After that they have to travel for almost 45-60 kilometres in order to avail college
facilities. Hence the amount of money required for getting admitted into the college is also
very high. Hence they prefer sending their children to government colleges. Hence to read
in government colleges migration is the only dimension that comes into play.
Due to shortage of money and land people keep on migrating and this process will be
continuing in the upcoming years.
Migration Pattern
13%
87%
Migrating Non- Migrating

Figure 20: Percentage of population going for migration
Chapter 8: Governance
Nakhnaol itself does not have a Panchayat. But it and 4 other villages come under the
Panchayat which is present in nearby Nikaj. But Nakhnaol has a village head, who is
considered as the wisest person of the village. In case of any dispute the village head
assigns a team which is comprises of 5 members that solve the discrepancy. If the dispute
still is not solved then the matter reaches the Panchayat. In case the Panchayat is unable to
close the discrepancy then a complaint has to be registered in the near by police station
8.1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MNREGA)
For the people of Nakhnaol MGNREGA is one of the most primary source of dependency
for livelihood. About 75 percent of the people who earn being labourers, they depend on
work being allotted to them through MGNREGA. The work being provided under
MGNREGA was digging sand to contribute to the making of reservoir. This reservoir
would be used to store water that gets flown away during rainfall. As there is a lot of
issues associated with water hence this can be used to minimise the water related
problems. The work which was earlier provided was road construction. There are nearly
50 households members who are associated with the completion of MGNREGA work
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provided to them. The amount is allocated by measuring the amount of sand being dug
out. The payments are directly transferred to their bank accounts. According to them the
payment is not a problem which stood out as a concern before 3 years. The only problem
now being they get work for around 75-80 legitimate days. But under this act they should
be entitled with 100 days of work. They are even not provided any mandatory payment
when they do not get get 100 days of work. Due to this they can at a maximum notch up to
an amount of 15,440. People have also said that the Panchayat also exercises a great
influence on the work allotted under MGNREGA. He being a resident of nearby Nikaj
village gives priority to his village and ensures that their people get work throughout the
year. The people here have job cards which helps in identifying whether the persons
whose name exists in the card are actually working or some one else. Because in most of
the case it was observed that children aged about 8 years are also involved. There is a mate
who supervises the work including attendance and smooth functioning of the work. When
there are more than 50 households they need to wait for the next stroll to begin.
Inference- The biggest problem being they are provided a work for a maximum of 80 days,
that means they are deprived of nearly 4000 per annum. The village’s average income
being 24000 per annum. The deprived amount accounts for about 16 percent of their total
income. In average people got about 65 days of work in practicality. So to get more
income they start to migrate to states like Gujarat, Punjab, Chhattisgarh in search of
farming related work. This migration occurs for the rest of the time when no MGNREGA
work is there. So this again follows a tandem of events. People migrate along with their
entire family and hence the education of their children is hampered as well
8.2. Ration Card

After studying carefully it was concluded that about 45 percent of the village was
covered under the BPL scheme. The families that were covered under this Scheme were
made to avail food at a highly subsidised price. Sometimes due to some issues in
identification it was also noted that they had to remain deprived from the benefits of
Scheme for a month or two. Some people claimed that there income was classified such
that they should have been covered under the BPL but rather they were covered under
APL. They said that there were certain families who should not be availing the BPL
facilities but rather they were made to reap benefits of BPL Scheme..
INFERENCE- It was observed that while surveying people with good houses were marked
by BPL stamp in-front of their houses. Many people said that they shouldn’t be availing
the benefits of BPL families. Analysing their dynamics and assets it was quite evident that
they should not be covered under the Scheme. Reasons like closeness to Panchayat, distant
relative of higher officials who could exert influence in decision making process, giving
money to government officials popped up.
8.3. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana and Indira Awas Yojana

. About 20 houses were able to use the fund under Indira Awaas Yojana and only 1 house
was covered under Pradhan Mantri Yojana. It was expected that more than 60 houses will
be covered under these schemes subsequently in near future. The form have been filled
and submitted. When discussed with the people how could they built houses with such a
small amount. So when discussed about the house they said that they were able to
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complete the houses in about 15-20 years. They used savings which was about a mere 500
and coupled with the amount received from Indira Awaas Yojana. There were days when
there were no flooring, sometimes no pillar, no ceilings. One by one, inch by inch the
houses were completed.
INFERENCE- About 95 percent of the Pucca houses were built at an average span of 10
years. This highlights their vulnerability. Sometimes when they used to reside in Kuccha
house they could experience landslides and rain tearing and tattering their houses into half.
There were those dreadful and sleepless nights where they just prayed for the havoc to end
as they had no other options. Even people were injured when the rock pieces landed as
broke their houses
8.4. Antodya Anna Yojana

After examining carefully it was concluded that about 15 percent of the village was
covered under the AAY scheme. The families that were covered under this Yojana were
made to avail wheat only at a highly subsidised price. They were provided rice but the
quantity provided was pretty low than expected. Sometimes due to some issues in
identification it was also noted that they had to remain deprived from the benefits of
Yojana for a month or two. Some people claimed that there income was classified such
that they should have been covered under the AAY but rather they were covered under
BPL. They said that there were certain families who should be availed the BPL facilities
but rather they were made to reap benefits of AAY Yojana.
INFERENCE- The AAY scheme was started in the year 2000 but today also political
institutions exert a greater influence on the beneficiaries. When exploration was done it
was found that due to several reasons many families earnings classified under AAY
Yojana were not covered under the Yojana. Few of the reasons being till today there is
uncertainty in criteria of segregation, power exerts from the higher authority, once the
wrong selection is made also there is no accountability. Hence there exists a level of
exclusion which is wide.
Chapter 9: Culture
9.1. Marriage as an Institution

Marriage formed an integral part in the village of Nakhnol. The most important fact being
the average age of marriage being seventeen for females and nineteen for males. By
twenty three years usually ninety percent of the families have a child.
Inference-: This was a tradition to marry at a very lower age. The observed rational was
once a male was married to a female then he will be taking up responsibilities on his
shoulders. Once the male is married usually the male detaches from the family and leaves
elsewhere. The female gets along with household activities. Mostly females after marriage
are house makers. The male shares the burden of taking care of his wife and children. The
Rajputs caste are specifically strict when it comes to marriage. The marriage needs to
happen with the opposite gender who belong to their caste. It can not extend to boundaries
outside the caste. We encountered a case where a male had married outside the Rajput
family to a Jat, then when the village came to know about this idea a havoc was created.
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Then later the village head had set up a Committee comprising of 5 members and finally
the male and the female he loved were forced to leave the village. When it comes to Jat
they prefer marrying Jats only. All in all the marriage usually happens within the caste.
9.2. Status of Women

Women’s status and participation had been very very poor till 2014. It was due to
intervention of IBTADA that women got engaged in SHG’s. Initially when IBTADA
wanted women of the community to join the SHG’s, they faced criticism from the male
members where they stated that women look good in households and that their place is
rightfully in households. But after a hard fought battle through live examples, training’s
and motivational speech IBTADA could penetrate through the pre designed mentality and
women finally could join in SHG’s. Later when people saw a handful of women getting
engaged in SHG’s the number for women taking up some kind of activities became
instrumental in adding certain economic stability to their families. Now people want their
female members to not only look after their families and households but also contribute in
earning a living. This gave rise to another con. That being many people asked their wives
and mothers to go to fields for work and they instead started to turn lazy and eventually
become a liability for the family.
Inference-: Women’s participation has been great in last three to four years but their voices
are still controlled by men. They work hard to get some salary which is also taken off by
the men in their families. Women empowerment has been looked down upon. Till today
all the important decisions related to a women is taken by the males. Even when it comes
to education women are not allowed to have their say. Women have also not retaliated.
They have rather accepted the patriarchal society.
9.3. Language
The village is predominated by Rajputs as we have seen earlier, hence the Rajputs prefer
to speak Rajputi for communicating with others. Infact the Jats also tend to speak Rajputi
to engage themselves in conversations. The next language that is being spoken to people
who do not understand Rajputi or are from outside the boundaries are Hindi and small
fraction of people speak Sanskrit. Only 1 percent of the total population of Nakhnol can
understand English to a small degree. Only 2 people in the entire village speak English in
bits and pieces. Jats speak Punjabi as well.
Inference-: Rajputi and Hindi are almost similar and hence they use these two languages to
communicate since birth. But when it comes to English as the illiteracy is high in the
village of Nakhnol and that when it comes to learning English they also are scared of the
foreign language.
The striking feature was that the youth is very much keen to learn English. Specially the
lower grade students have started to pronounce few words correctly and now the school in
Nakhnol is also paying special attention towards learning English.
9.4. Festivals
According to our survey, the average expenditure of the households in festivals is 10,000-
15000 rs annually. Almost every major festival is celebrated in the village like Holi,
Diwali, Shiv Ratri, Janmashtami, Moharram, Eid, Navaratri and Hanuman Jayanti. Apart
from these the Jat community in the village celebrate Teja Dashmi (In memory of Tejaji
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Maharaj) grandly, Celebration and fair for three days is organized in the village in which
people of the Jat community of nearby villages also come. These is celebrated in the
month of September. In Moharam also Julus is organized and the festival is celebrated
grandly.
9.5. Food style

.
Due to the classification of people of Nakhnol to a low socio- economic strata, people of
Nakhnol are very rigid when it comes to celebrations. Usually only Holi, Shiv Ratri and
Navaratri are celebrated in village of Nakhnol. People find it waste of money. Their logic
works like if they start spending on festivals for food and clothing then they would be
deprived of money and cannot sustain for rest of the month.
Inference-: When it comes to festivals, there is clearly a caste demarcation during
celebrations. Jats are not included when it comes to holi. Usually people make colours
locally and use it on one another for celebrations. During Navratri a single dish is usually
prepared which is eaten throughout the day. They avoid making the special dish through
out the day instead make once and store it for the entire day.
9.6. Dressing style
About 50 percent of the male wear Safa. Dhoti and Kurta is being worn by 60 percent of
the population. Only youth wear jeans within the males and rest prefer wearing locally
made terricot and shirts. About 40 percent of the female population is dressed in sarees.
Rest wear clothes similar to Churidar Punjabi which is stitched by themselves only.
Inference-: Due to lack of enough money they do not wear new clothes very often. Most of
the people who migrate get certain old clothes from their owners. The new clothes are
usually made once a year. They as such do not practice many festivals and even if they
practice many festivals they do not indulge in making, stitching or buying new clothes for
themselves.
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References
Page 11
[1] Irny, S.I. and Rose, A.A. (2005) “Designing a Strategic Information Systems Planning
Methodology for Malaysian Institutes of Higher Learning (isp- ipta), Issues in Information
System, Volume VI, No. 1, 2005
[2] " http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/471104-Nakhnol-Rajasthan.html”

retrieved on January 23, 2018, 10.00 am
Page 33 of 46
Annexure I: Video Description

One of the important aspects of any livelihood is the basic right to education irrespective
of the gender, caste or creed. However, with poor economic backgrounds even with a zeal
to reach ahead in life cant help to proceed further as the stress of earning to feed the belly
two square meals a day. Education takes a backseat there and more so the education of the
feminine gender because of the stigma associated with the mindset of girls being treated as
objects to be transferred from one household to another via the medium of marriage. She
has to spend the entireity of their life in shoot and ashes of the kitchen. IBTADA seeing
the plight of women in abject poverty tried to uplift their lives out of it by trying to make
SHG’s at the initial stages and tried to push in money into their common circulation to
bring them up the economic ladder. However, the step proved to be counter productive as
the SHG model fell straight on face as women lacked awareness of how to deal with
money to create assets for the livelihood. Hence, this led IBTADA to focus on the
fundamental lacking i.e. educating the girl child to instill in them a sense of self
confidence that would later transpire into bigger and better opportunities in near future.
With this objective in mind, IBTADA started with the Talimsalas for girl child where a
teacher taught a group of 30 students hindi and basic mathematics. This led to very good
results and they soon tried to scale it up by taking this model to co-work with govt school
teachers. Initially, the model was marred by the callous attitude of govt. teachers on duty.
They either saw this as an opportunity as to slip off their jobs easily putting all the load on
IBTADA faculty or wherever they were questioned about their functioning they didn’t let
IBTADA to intervene. There was no clear way of making the system self sustainable.
Thus, they have moved on to the application of a new model where the motivator doesn’t
teah anymore but acts as a suppoting character to the govt. teachers and helps them in
developing teaching learning methodologies. The video in detail provides a narrative as
the constant strufggle that IBTADA faced in the initial days of instutionalizing the system
as well as constantly monitoring them even after they leave the school. IBTADA has also
setup Student Bal Sansad where students as mock ministers which helps them in
developing confidence and taking up the roles and responsibilities from a very young age.
Another institution of prime importance setup within the school is the School Management
Committee which is a committee of parents and teachers looking after the well being and
proper functioning of school and facilitation of teaching learning process. A School
Development Plan is built in accordance with immediate and long term objectives and all
the activities taken up in due course of time are in alignment with the plan. This is being
monitored by the school management committee itself.
Page 34 of 46
Annexure III: PRA
Page 35 of 46
Annexure IV
Page 36 of 46
Annexure V: Questionnaire
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR HOUSEHOLDS
I. SPATIAL LOCATION OF HOUSEHOLD
State:
District:
Gram Panchayat: Revenue Village:
Date of the interview: Day Month Year
II. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT HOUSEHOLD
1. Name of the respondent:
2. Religion: 1. Hindu 2. Christian 3. Muslim 99. Others Specify:
3. Social 1. SC 2. ST 3. OBC 4. Gen. 99. Others Specify:

category:
[SC-Scheduled Caste; ST -Scheduled Tribe; OBC-Other Backward Caste; GC-General Caste]
4. Economic category of the household:
1. BPL 2. APL 3. U. Poor 99. Others Specify: 77. NA
[BPL-Below Poverty Line; APL-Above Poverty line; U.Poor-Ultra poor (Antyodaya); NA- Not available]
5. Membership in any Community Based Organization(CBO) by household member*:
1. Yes 2. No If yes, specify:
* CBO: Community Based Organisation like Self-Help Group, Farmers club, farmers group, etc. Do not mention membership in
political party, fan club and caste associations.
(1=Yes; 2=No) Migrant or not
6. Background of the household members [exclude permanent migrants]:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years of school (&
college education)
In School? (for
Sex (Code)
children below 15)?
migration (code) If migrant, nature of

Primary Occupation
completed (for
members aged 15
Marital status (Code)
Name of the
Sl.
Age
household
No. #
members
@
(1=Yes; 2=No)
Page 37 of 46
3: Sex 5: Marital status

Female--- Unmarried-------1
1 Married----------2
Male------
Widow/widower/
2 separated/divorce-
------3
Others (specify)—
99
8: Occupation: 10. Nature

Cultivation-------
- of
---------------------- migration:
--1 Casual ----
Collection of non- 1
timber forest Seasonal --
produce(NTFP)--- -2
-----2 Others---
Agri. 99
Labour…………..3
Non-agri. Labour-
----------------------
--------------- 4
Business--------
----
----------------------
Page 38 of 46
-------5
Private
job---------
----------------------
--------------- 6
Government job---
----------------------
-------------- 7
Livestock rearing-
----------------------
--------------- 8
Not applicable (if
a member is less
than 15 years and
not working)-------
---------------------
88
Other (specify)----
----------------------
-------------99
Page 39 of 46
#
Interviewer needs to list the household members starting with the name of head of the household.
@ Primary occupation: The occupation which gives the highest income in a year.
7. Please tell about your household total income from different sources during last one year.
Sl. Income during last one year (in

Sources of household income
No. Rs.)
1 Cultivation
2 Collection of non-timber forest product(s)
3 Agri. Labour
4 Non-agri. Labour (other than govt. Schemes)
5 Non-agri. Labour (with Govt. Schemes such as MGNREGS)
6 Business
7 Govt. Job
8 Milk production
9 Livestock rearing (other than milk production)
10 Others (specify)
11 Others (specify)
12 Total
8. Please tell about your household total expenditure on different heads during last one year.
Sl. Expenditure during last one

Heads of household expenditure
No. year (in Rs.)
1 Food
2 Clothing
3 Health
4 Education
5 Ceremonials/rituals
6 Transport
7 Electricity
8 Repay of loan
9 Others (specify)
10
11
12 Total
9. Type of house of the respondent (Please tick in an appropriate box after looking at the house.
1. Pucca 2. Semi-pucca 3. Kutcha 99. Others Specify:
10.a) Does your household have access to farm land?* 1. Yes 2. No

* Access to land includes land without patta, even encroached/forest land.
b) If Yes, give the following details [Do not leave any cell empty; use 0 where necessary]:
1 2 3 4 5 6
In acres
Sl. Type of land Forest land/ Total

No. Owned ‘Leased land’ other land land
without patta (=3+4+5)
Page 40 of 46
1 Land cultivated with annual rainfed crops
2 Land cultivated with annual irrigated crops
3 Land left fallow
4 Others, specify:
5 Total land area accessed by the respondent

family
11. If irrigation facility is available, give the following details.
Source of irrigation
1. Open well 2. Bore well 3. River/Canal/Pond
99. Others Specify
12. Please tell about the area and production by crops (ask this question, if the respondent household is
cultivating)
Crop name Area under crop (in acre) Production last year (in qtl)
All Crops
13. Livestock details (in number)

2 5
1 3 4 99
Cows Goats & Poultry

Bullocks Buffaloes Others
Sheep
14. Important other assets owned by the household
1 2 3 1 2 3
Sl. Sl.
Name of asset No. of assets Name of asset No. of assets
No. No.
1 Bullock cart 7 Others (Specify)
2 Power tiller/tractor a.
3 Bike/scooter b.
4 Radio c.
5 TV d.
6 Mobile phone e.
Page 41 of 46
III. STATUS OF FOOD & WATER AVAILABILITY
15. a) Did all of your household members get all meals each day all throughout the last one year?
1. Yes 2. No
b) If “No”, number of days any of your household members did not get all meals in the
last one year days: .............. Days.
16. a) Drinking water source:

1. Tap 2. Open well 3. Bore well 4. Hand pump 5. Stream
99. Others Specify:
b) Distance you cover to fetch drinking water (kms): ___________________
17. a) Is there any incidence of death of any of your family members in the last year due to any health
related reasons?
1. Yes 2. No
b) If yes, provide the following details.
1 2 3 4
Sex of the
Sl.
person Age on death Reasons for death
No.
(Code)
2. Sex of the person:

Female ....... 1
Male....... ...2
IV. STATUS OF INFRASTRUCTURE - SANITATION AND ENERGY
18. What type of latrine do your household members use?

1. Independent 2. Community 3. Open defecation 99. Others
Latrine Latrine (specify)______
19. a) Is your house connected with electricity?

1. Yes 2. No
b) If no, please provide reason.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
20. Is there any alternative (non-conventional) source of energy which your household is availing of,
1. Solar 2. Bio-Gas 99. Others

(specify)…………...
V. SAVING AND CREDIT STATUS

21. Please tell us about the Savings of your family, if any:
Page 42 of 46
Sl. Mode of saving Current amount (in Rs.)

No.
1 Commercial bank, Cooperative bank,
cooperative society, other formal sources
(specify)
2 MFI/SHG
3 Others (specify) ____________________
4 All
22. Please tell us about the loan details (Credit), if any, as on today of your household:
1 2 3
Purpose for which loan
Sources of loan Outstanding loan (in Rs.) utilised (code)
Formal source(s):
[Commercial bank, Regional
RuralBank, Cooperative
society, SHG]
Informal: [money lender,
friends/relatives]
Purpose:
Income generating activity -------- 1
Asset creation ----------------------- 2
Food consumption ------------------ 3
Total Health/medical treatment --------- 4
Ceremonies/rituals ---------------- 5
Others (specify) --------------------

99
VI. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT
23. a) Did you get item(s) provided through Public Distribution 1. Yes 2. No
System (PDS) at least once during last two months?
b) If no, please give the important reason [mention the most important reason (only one reason)].
1. PDS item(s) is not 2. PDS centre 3. Money was not available at that
available is far away time
4. Did not know about the 99. Others Specify_________________________________

availability
24. a) Are you a beneficiary of any government development 1. Yes 2. No

scheme?
b) If Yes, please give the names of the

schemes 1.
2.
3.
Page 43 of 46
25. a) Is the Gram Panchayat useful to you 1. Yes 2. No
b) If Yes, give the ways and means through which GP is useful for you
1.
2.
3.
26. a) Are you a beneficiary of any non-governmental 1. Yes 2. No

development initiatives?
b) If Yes, please give the names of the organizations & its development initiatives
1. Org. Name - , Initiatives -
2. Org. Name - , Initiatives -
27. Please tell about the most important problem you/your household face on the following aspects (if
so):
a) Children education [if a child at school going age (less than 15 years) is in the household]
1.
2.
b) Health services
1.
2.
c) Others (specify)
1.
2.
VII. GENERAL INTERVIEWER COMMENTS:
Page 44 of 46

Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE) : Village Report (VR)

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Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE) : Village Report (VR)

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Rural Living and Learning Experience (RLLE)

Village Report (VR)

Xavier School of Rural Management (XSRM)

Annexure I: Video Description...............................................................................................32

Annexure II: PRA...................................................................................................................34

Annexure IV: Questionnaire...................................................................................................38

Figure 1: Buranabad Village, Ujjain.................................................................................... 8

Figure 2: Percentage break-up based on caste....................................................................11

Figure 3: Percentage of religion break-up..........................................................................12

Figure 4: Percentage break-up based on both caste and religion....................................... 12

Figure 5: Age group of People........................................................................................... 13

Figure 6: Percentage of Gender Composition.................................................................... 13

Figure 7: Literacy rates of population above 15 years.......................................................14

Figure 8: Economic Category.............................................................................................14

Figure 9: Type of Road......................................................................................................15

Figure 10: Toilet Availability.............................................................................................16

Figure 11: Types of Houses................................................................................................16

Figure 12: Income Level....................................................................................................20

Figure 13: Percentage of assets present in the households................................................20

Figure 14: Asset Pentagon.................................................................................................21

Figure 15: Framework showing different livelihood options in Nakhnol.........................21

Figure 16: Distribution of Primary Occupation.................................................................22

Figure 17: Percentage of cultivated crops......................................................................... 22

Figure 18: Percentage of population showing Access to Farmland.................................. 23

Figure 19: Percentage of area cultivated by the crop........................................................ 23

Figure 20: Percentage of Population Migrating................................................................ 27

PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal

Nakhnol is a small village or more so of a hamlet kind of arrangement at the foothills of

Key Words: RLLE, IBTADA, stratified random sampling

RLLE is a forty-five days sojourn to a village at a location allocated to us by the

Figure 1: Nakhnol Village, Alwar

1.1. Objective of Study

1.2. Scope of Study

Figure 2: Age group of people

Percentage of Gender Composition

Figure 3:Percentage of gender composition

3.5. Literacy Rate

Literacy rates above 15 years

Figure 4: Literacy rate of population above 15 years

3.7. Disease Breakthrough

3.8. Economic Category

Figure 6:Type of roads

Figure 10:Type of household sanitation facilities

4.1.3. Drinking Water

Figure 7: Types of houses

4.1.6. Transportation Facility

4.1.8. Cultivable Land

4.2. Social Infrastructure

4.2.2. Health Facility

5.1.1. Social Capital

5.1.2. Human Capital

5.1.3. Natural Capital

5.1.4. Financial Capital

Figure 8: Income level

5.1.5. Physical Capital

Figure 9: Percentage of assets present in the households

5.2. Livelihood Options People Undertake

Figure 10: Asset Pentagon

Labour Cultivation Milk selling

Agri- Labourers Non-Agri Labourers Stone Crushing

Figure 12: Distribution of primary occupation

Inference- having about 1-3.5 of one-fourth of a hectare land it is almost impossible to

Percentage of Cultivated Crops