2011 The 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology

Effects of distributed generation interconnections on

voltage of distribution system

Min Fu, Yuxin Xue, Cang Ge

College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Harbin University of Science and Technology
Harbin, China
Email: 270228244@163.com

A bstract-Application of distributed generation to supply the Thus, synchronous generator was discussed as an example
demand of a diverse customer base has been gaining popularity. and the precise simulation model was established, and the
There will have a great impact current when distributed effects of DG interconnections on distribution system were
generation parallel to power grid, and the impact current have a deeply discussed and analyzed in this paper. The results of
significant effect on distribution system. According to the radial studies are expected to be helpful for utilities in planning DG.
distribution system, the simulation model of distribution system
which contains distributed generation was founded and the II. SIMULA nON MODEL
effects of impact current on voltage of distribution system were
deeply studied in this paper. The results show that the voltage of A. distribution system model and load model
distribution system will fluctuating follow impact current and There are many topology structure types of distribution
maybe beyond the lower limit of safe operation. So the effects of system, but most distribution system are radial chain structure
distributed generation interconnections on voltage of distribution [10]. In this paper, network over substation was considered as
system should be considered when planning distributed
infmite bus system and the voltage of substation is always
generation and the margin of feeder voltage should be improved.
constant.

Keywords-distributed generation; distribution system; The loads in distribution system were described by constant
interconnections; voltage fluctuation power model. All line impedances are converted to the system
voltage level.
I. INTRODUCTION
The structure of radial distribution system was shown in
With the exhausting of fossil energy and the deteriorating
Fig.l. Each concentrated load along the feeder was looked
of global environment, the distributed generation (DG) which
upon as a node and be numbered, starting from the substation
based on renewable energy has been widely used [1-3]. Types
bus, followed by numbered 1, 2 ...k ...n. The impedance of
of DG include gas turbine power generation, hydropower, wind
every segment of line is Zk and n was taken as lOin this paper.
power, photovoltaic power, solar power, biomass power
One DG in the form of synchronous generator was

U��l�' V]' I � �
generation, fuel cell power generation and energy storage [4-8].
interconnected to the k node.
There are two types of interface of DG connecting to power
system, rotating machine based type and inverter based type.
And the rotating machine based DG includes synchronous
Z, z"
generator and induction generator. At present, most DG was
interconnected to distribution system. The basic feature of DG
is its scheduling and running was controlled by users, so the SIO
SI S, "u S, S9
user will start and shutdown DG according to their own needs.
DC
There will have a great impact current when distributed
generation parallel to distribution system, and the effects of Figure 1. The structure of radial distribution system
impact current on distribution system is greater with DG's
capacity increasing. At the same time because the weak B. synchronous generator model
capability of distribution system to withstand shocks, the Synchronous generator model was described by park
quality of user load face tough challenge. One study about the equation, its coordinate system is the d-q coordinates of
effects of impact current on feeder voltage when several DG generator rotor. It is assumed that d-axis and q-axis all have
start simultaneously was presented by Jingyong Lei [9], the three windings, that is the d winding and q winding of stator,
induction generator was studied as an example and stall model the F winding (excitation winding) and D winding (damper
was used to simulated startup of induction generator in this winding) on d-axis of rotor, the H winding and (damper
paper, but the model of induction generator is simplified and it winding) Q winding (damper winding) on q-axis of rotor. The
can't describe the effects of impact current on distribution state space equation of synchronous generator was shown in
system perfectly. formula (1).

978-1-4577-0399-7/111$26.00 ©20111EEE 503 August 22-24, 2011

 Ud IfI d -OJIfI -rid
q
uq IfIq -ri
OJIfId q
uF IfIF 0 r F iF
=p + + (1)
0 IfI D 0 rDiD
0 0 rHiH
IfIH
0
IfIQ 0 rQiQ

The equation of flux linkage was shown in formula (2).

-x 0 xa d xa d 0 0 id
IfId d
0 -x 0 0 Xa Xa i
IfIq q q q q
-x 0 xF xFD 0 0 iF
IfIF ad
(2)
-x 0 xFD xD 0 0 iD
IfID ad

IfIH 0 -x 0 0 xH Xa iH
aq q
IfIQ 0 -X 0 0 Xa xQ iQ
aq q

The equation of rotor motion was shown in formula (3).

N
{JPW =To - T
(3)
ptJ =OJ - OJo

The equation of electromagnetic torque was shown in

formula (4). I < 'm� ? >-_Y'--_____-'

(4)

In the above equations where Ui is the voltage of winding, i,

Figure 2. Flow chart ofprogram
is the current of winding, '1', is the flux linkage of winding, ri is
the resistance of winding, p is differential operator (i preferred
IV. SIMULAnON RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
d, q, F, D, H, Q), J is the inertial coefficient of rotor, w is the
speed of rotor, 6 is the difference of phase angle between q-axis A. simulation example
of rotor and reference coordinate which rotate with rated speed,
The parameters of feeder, node load and the rated output
To is the torque of prime mover, T is the electromagnetic torque
power of DG were shown in TAB.l (the data in table are
of generator.
standard unit value). The voltage of system bus was set in 1.02.
It is assumed that the voltage of excitation winding ( UF) and DG's nameplate parameters were shown in TAB.2.
the torque of prime mover (To) always remain constant in the
The capacity of load on the feeder reach a total of 0.7093,
process of DG connect to distribution system in this paper.
it's the normal condition of feeder. The rated output power of
III. SIMULAnON PROGRAM DG accounted for 12% of the entire load.

The MATLAB software was taken advantage of to write

TABLE I. The data ofline impedances, loads and DG
the simulation program of DG interconnections. The
calculation of distribution system load makes use of forward Node number impedance Active power Reactive power
1 0.0084+jO.025I 0.0531 0.0326
and backward substitution law. The solution of the difference
2 0.0015+jO.0044 0.0948 0.0165
of phase angle between q-axis of rotor and reference coordinate
3 0.002I+jO.0253 0.0761 0.0677
which rotate with rated speed (6), the speed of rotor (w) and the 4 0.0012+jO.0036 0.0634 0.0687
port voltage of DG (uc) use iterative method. :5,:V and �G are 5 0.0075+jO.0227 0.0164 0.0716
6 0.0092+0.0275 0.0312 0.0965
respectively the predicted value of 6, w and Uc. Go, GO) and
7 0.01 14+jO.0342 0.0218 0.0684
Glf are little error values. 8 0.0087+jO.0259 0.0254 0.0446
9 0.0098+jO.0296 0.0718 0.0230

The time step ( t. t) of simulation in program takes 0.0002 s. 10 0.0111+jO.0335 0.0423 0.0171
DG 0.0677 0.0505
The flow chart of program was shown in Fig.2.

504
 TABLE 2. Parameters of DG
0.965
Xd Xad Xp XD XPD

1.75581 1.56711 1.73883 1.63555 1.61805 0.96

S
.&
rp rD Xq Xaq XH � 0.955
2
0.00113 0.00929 1.75581 1.56711 2.22911 '0
>
0.95
xQ rH rQ r J
0.945
1.64064 0.01862 0.01788 0.004 1.73699
0.94
a 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
B. The voltage profile of feeder when DG stable operation time(s)
It is assumed that the output power of DG remains constant
(a) Voltage of the 9 node
after it has been connected to power system. When the port of
DG connected to is the 9 node, the feeder voltage profile before
and after interconnecting DG was shown in Fig.3.
0.965

------il-- before interconnecting DG

_______ after interconnecting DG 0.96
S
.&
� 0.955
2
s '0
S 0.99 e--. > 0.95
Q)
Cl
e
� 0.98
.g 0.945
0.97
0.94
a 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.96
time (s)

O.950'--�-��-�4 -�5-�6-�-��----"0 (b) Voltage of the 10 node

node number

Figure 3. The feeder voltage profile before and after interconnecting DG Figure 4. The voltage of representative nodes when the port DG connected to
is the 9 node
It shows that the voltage of the 9 node and the 10 node 0.985 ,�-��-�-�-�-�-�-�
before interconnecting DG have been closed to the lower limit
of its safe operation, but the feeder voltage profile has a
0.98
significant improvement after interconnecting DG. This shows
that the DG which in steady state can play a good supporting S
.&
role on feeder voltage profile. � 0.975
2
C. The feeder voltage when DG parallel to distribution g
system 0.97

The ideal qualification of synchronous generator parallel to

power system is the frequency and amplitude of voltage on
O.965 aL--�
� � � � � M � M
�-�-�-�-�-�--'
both sides of closing circuit breaker are equal and there are no
time(s)
difference of closing phase angle. However, it is difficult to
achieve ideal condition when generator parallel to power (a) Voltage of the 5 node
system in practice.

When the difference of closing phase angle iSJT 118, the

port DG connected to is respectively the 9 node, the 5 node
and the I node, the voltage of representative nodes in transient _0.955
::J

process of DG parallel to distribution system were .&

Q)
Cl
respectively shown in Fig.4, Fig.5 and Fig.6. 2
'0
> 0.95

0.945 0------:':-: , -:'

0 0. - 0.2=--�0.3=--�0.4;------!:
0.5;----c0:':.6---:0:':.7---::'
0.8
time (s)

(b) Voltage of the 10 node

Figure 5. The voltage of representative nodes when the port DG connected to

is the 5 node

505
 0.99

0.985
1.005
S' S'
.eo S 0.98
'" '"
Ol Ol
.!!l � 0.975
� >
0.97

0.965

0.995 DA 0.96 O:-----="D �, -�D =------:!:

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 . .2 D.3=---D:"cA---:DC;:.5---=D":c.6 --00'::-.7 --='
0.8·
time (8) time (8)

(a) Voltage of the 1 node Figure 7. The voltage of the 10 node after set the voltage of system bus in 1.04

0.955
V. CONCLUSION
0.9545
0.954 The DG interconnections have a significant effect on
0.9535 distribution system. The changes of feeder voltage when DG's
� 0.953 output power remains constant and when DG parallel to
� 0.9525 distribution system under several qualifications were deeply
.!!l
(5 0.952 analyzed in this paper and obtained the following conclusions.
>
0.9515
1) The feeder voltage will fluctuate when DG parallel to
0.951 distribution system and the voltage of some nodes maybe
0.9505 beyond the lower limit of safe operation. When plan the
0.95 DA
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 location ofDG connect to distribution system and the capacity
time (8) of DG, it is not only should consider the effects of DG on
(b) Voltage of the 10 node distribution system by its output power remains constant, but
also should consider the effects of DG interconnections on
Figure 6. The voltage of representative nodes when the port DG connected to distribution system.
is the 1 node
2) To reduce the impact of DG interconnections on
distribution system, the node which closed to system bus
It shows that the DG interconnections results the
should be first select as the access port ofDG.
fluctuating of feeder voltage, the voltage of the 10 node in
3) As a result of the weak capability of the terminal node
Fig.4 and Fig.S have been beyond the lower limit of safe
of feeder to withstand shocks, its voltage maybe beyond the
operation. The closer the node DG connected to the system
lower limit of safe operation even under small impact. So the
bus, the smaller the effect of DG interconnections on feeder
voltage of these nodes should be reserved enough margin, or
voltage.
install voltage support equipment which can quick action.
The above analysis shows that although DG has a
significant improvement on feeder voltage profile when its REFERENCES

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