Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab Manual

Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab
(Ch. E-303L)
This file includes
1. List of possible hazards in lab

2. Lab Rubrics
3. Equipment / Item Status List
4. List of consumables
5. List of glass wares
6. Equipment Detail manuals
7. Lab Manuals (16 experiments)
8. Lab flexes
9. Material safety data sheets for chemicals
List of possible hazards in CRE Lab
Following are the potential hazards and their remedies
S. No. Potential hazard Mitigation
Electrical hazard Circuit breakers are installed with

1 chemical reactor service units to avoid
any personnel or equipment damage
Chemical hazard 1. Latex gloves and lab coat is
1. Alkali solutions are strongly corrosive recommended to avoid any
2 2. Acid/alkali solutions are strongly corrosive contact with these chemicals
3. Acid may splash vigorously 2. Slow addition of acid drops in
4. Ethyl acetate is an irritant water is recommended
Biological hazard Immediate draining of chemical reactor
1. Retained water in chemical reactor service units service units is recommended
3
may allow the growth of legionella
Pneumophila and other water borne microbes
Injury from sharp glass objects First aid kit is recommended for lab
4
Fire CO2 type Fire extinguisher is

1. Ethyl acetate can cause chemical fire (class B recommended
5
fire)
2. Electrical short circuiting (class C fire)
Accidental acid or alkali release 1. Immediate evacuation of lab is
recommended if release is
severe
6 2. Acid/ alkali must be
neutralized with its counterpart
3. Spillage must be confined in
affected area only
Accidental contact of non-compatible chemicals 1. Ethyl acetate should not be
kept near hot plate
2. Acid should not come into
7
contact with pure metals
3. HCl should not be placed with
sucrose in lab
The COSHH Regulations
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1988)
The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from
substances used to work which may be hazardous to health. The regulations require you to make
an assessment of all operations which are liable to expose any person to hazardous solids, liquids,
dusts, vapors, gases or micro-organisms. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures
for handling these substances and keep appropriate records.
Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which can
be hazardous (for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for particular
demonstrations) it is essential that the laboratory supervisor or some other person in authority is
responsible for implementing the COSHH regulations.
Part of the above regulations are to ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets are
available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory. Any person using a hazardous
substance must be informed of the following:
Physical data about the substance

Any hazard from fire or explosion
Any hazard to health
Appropriate First Aid treatment.
Any hazard from reaction with other substances.
How to clean/dispose of spillage.
Appropriate protective measures.
Appropriate storage and handling.
Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly recommended that
a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the students operating the equipment. Local
regulations must be considered.
Note Book Rubric (10)
Excellent (2) Satisfactory (1) Unsatisfactory (0) Score
1. All experiments are
written completely and All experiments are
results interpreted. written completely Experiments are
Completion
2. Graphs, tables and and results incomplete.
suggestions are interpreted.
mentioned
Copy is submitted
at the end of the Submission do not
Timely Copy is submitted atleast one day
semester within comply with the
Response before Oral evaluation (viva)
given timeline from given time domain
lab instructor
Atleast All
All experiments are concluded
experiments are Objective of
with correct interpretation of
Comments / concluded with performing
results and any discrepancy in
Suggestions correct experiment is not
procedure or equipment is pointed
interpretation of clear
out and correction proposed
results
1. Sources of error are
correctly identified
2. Proper tools e.g.
Atleast procedural/ Errors are not
Sources of regression analysis is used
equipment errors identified and
Errors to quantify the
are identified reasons are unknown
magnitudes of errors
3. Effect of errors on results
is correctly interpreted
1. A standard format is
followed for writing all
experiments
2. Index of performing all
experiments is available Haphazard
Organization /
at the start of the notebook Overall neat look is presentation lacking
presentation of
along with the date of maintained any co-ordination
contents
performing the between contents
experiment
3. Graphs, tables are
captioned properly and
attached
Total Scores
Experiment Performance (40)
Scor
Below average Unsatisfactory e
Excellent (4) Good (3) Satisfactory (2)
(1) (0)
1. Below
1. 75% atleast
1. 90% atleast 1. 80% atleast 75%
2. In case of
2. In case of 2. In case of 2. In case of
leaves, lab
Attendance 100 % leaves, lab leaves, lab leaves, lab
work is
work is work is work is not
compensat
compensated compensated compensat
ed
ed
Always on On time in less

Always on time in Always on time in Always on time in
Punctuality time in 75% than 75% labs
95% labs atleast 90% labs atleast 80% labs atleast
labs atleast atleast
1. Calibration
checks of
equipment
1. Calibration
2. Rinsing and
checks of
washing of 1. Rinsing and
equipment No
apparatus washing of
Pre- 2. Rinsing and Clear understanding
3. Clear apparatus
experiment washing of Procedural of any
Procedural 2. Clear
activities apparatus understanding experimental
understanding Procedural
3. Clear activities
4. Preparation of understanding
Procedural
solutions/
understanding
chemicals/
accessories for
experiment
Active
participation in Active
1. Keeping participation in
workplace 1. Keeping
Active
clean workplace
participation in
2. Collection of clean Active
1. Keeping No active
Participati data 2. Collection of participation in
workplace participation in
on 3. Proper data 1. Collection
clean lab activities
handling of 3. Proper of data
2. Collection of
equipment / handling of
data
chemicals equipment /
4. Cooperating chemicals
with team
members
1. Proper 1. Proper
cleaning/washi cleaning/washi
1. Proper
ng of items ng of items No
cleaning/washi Proper
Post 2. Safekeeping of 2. Safekeeping of participation in
ng of items cleaning/washi
experiment items and items and post
2. Safekeeping of ng of items
activities accessories accessories experiment
items and
3. Proper Waste 3. Proper Waste activities
accessories
disposal of disposal of
chemical chemical
4. Proper shut
down of
equipment
1. All possible
hazards are
evaluated
2. Proper
functioning of 1. All possible 1. All possible
safety hazards are hazards are
interlocks is evaluated evaluated
All possible No possible
evaluated 2. Proper 2. Proper
hazards are hazard
Safety 3. PPE’s are used functioning of functioning of
evaluated evaluation is
properly safety safety
done
4. MSDS are interlocks is interlocks is
consulted and evaluated evaluated
Lab safety 3. PPE’s are used
form is filled
countersigned
by lab
instructor
1. Proper data is
collected from 1. Proper data is
experiment collected from
2. Erroneous experiment 1. Erroneous
readings/trend 2. Erroneous readings/trend
Result s in data are readings/trend s in data are All results are No results
calculation identified s in data are identified calculated calculated
3. All results are identified 2. All results are
calculated 3. All results are calculated
4. Unit calculated
consistency is
maintained
Results are Results are
Results are
1. accurate 1. accurate No idea has
Discussion 1. accurate Results are
2. precise 2. precise been built from
on results 2. precise accurate
3. reproducible 3. reproducible data and results
4. presentable
Data/results are
presented in Data/results are
1. graphical form presented in
Data/results are
2. statistically 1. graphical form
presented in
analyzed e.g. 2. statistically
1. graphical form
Graph / trend lines analyzed e.g. Data/results are No graphical/
2. statistically
statistical regression trend lines presented in statistical
analyzed e.g.
analysis of coefficients regression graphical form manipulation
trend lines
data added coefficients of data
regression
3. errors marked added
coefficients
graphically 3. errors marked
added
4. graphs graphically
properly
captioned
1. Objectives of 1. Objectives of 1. Objectives of Objectives of No idea is built
Analytical
experiment are experiment are experiment are experiment are from
thinking
fully grasped fully grasped fully grasped fully grasped experiment
2. Idea from 2. Idea from 2. Idea from
experiment can experiment can experiment can
be applied to be applied to be applied to
other physical other physical other physical
situations situations situations
3. Any 3. Any
betterment to betterment to
current current
procedure is procedure is
proposed proposed
4. One has
developed
theoretical
understanding
of concept
Total Scores
Equipment status in Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab
S.
Equipment Quantity Status Remarks Recommendation
No.
1 Chemical Reactor 2 Repairing 1. Hot water
service Unit (CEX needed circulator is
MKII) for single malfunctioned
Reactors 2. Potentiometers
for peristaltic
pumps and
agitator
malfunctioning
3. Built-in
conductivity
probes are
damaged and
purchased
external
conductivity
meters may not
be compatible
for online
monitoring
4. RCCB at rear of
CEX doesn’t
work properly
5. Toggle switch
for
manual/remote
positions for
peristaltic
pumps and
agitators
malfunctioned
2 Chemical Reactor 1 Repairing 1. Potentiometers

service Unit (CEP MK needed for peristaltic
II) for Reactors in series pumps and
agitator
malfunctioned
2. Toggle switch
for manual
/remote
positions for
peristaltic
pumps and
agitators
malfunctioned
3 Batch Reactor (CEB 1 Repairing 1. Purchased

MKII) needed external
conductivity
meters is not
compatible for
online
measurement
(Because of
short length,
conductivity
probe does not
properly dips in
solution)
2. Connectors for
hot water coil
damaged
4 Tubular Reactor (CET 1 1. Purchased
MKII) external
conductivity
meters is not
compatible for
online
measurement
5 Continuous stirred tank 1 1. Purchased
reactor (CEM MKII) external conductivity
meters is not compatible
for online measurement
6 Stirred Tank reactors in 1 Repairing 1. Built in

series needed conductivity probes are
heavily scaled and out
of order. Purchased
external conductivity
meters is not compatible
for online measurement
7 Water bath 6 holes 1 Repairing 1. Temperature
digital needed overshoots
2. Gasket starts
smelling at high
temperatures
8 Conductivity meter 3 Quantity not 1 conductivity meter is
sufficient out of order
Equipment Details
BATCH REACTOR
CEB MK II
Water-Borne Infections
The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water which under certain
conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro-organisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any scale,
rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is between 20 and
45°C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed creating air borne droplets
can produce a form of pneumonia called Legionaries Disease which is potentially fatal.
Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water but it serves as a useful
example of the need for cleanliness.
Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.
Any water contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the water must be
changed regularly.
Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be removed regularly,
i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below 20°C or above 45°C. If
this is not practicable then the water should be disinfected if it is safe and appropriate to do so.
Note that other hazards may exist in the handling of biocides used to disinfect the water.
A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of the actions
listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication “The Control of
Legionellosis including Legionnaries Disease”- Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70.
INTRODUCTION
The Armfield CEB Mk II Batch reactor is specially designed to allow detailed study of this
important process. It is one of three reactor types which are interchangeable on the reactor service
unit (CEX), the others being CEM Mk II – Continuous stirred tank reactor and CET Mk II-Tubular
reactor.
It is possible to demonstrate both adiabatic and isothermal reactions due to the excellent insulation
properties and the inclusion of an automatic temperature control system. Isothermal reactions can
be carried out both below and above ambient temperature.
The adiabatic study involves the monitoring of the temperature increase of an exothermic reaction
and computer algorithm which relates this to degree of conversion of the reactants.
DESCRIPTION
PARTS OF EQUIPMENT
1) Reactor Vessel
2) Base Plate
3) Thumb Nuts
4) Springs
5) Transfer Coil
6) Outer Gland
7) Inner Gland
8) Propeller Agitator
9) Electric Motor
10) Temperature Sensing Probe
11) Inner Gland
12) Conductivity Probe
13) Outer Gland
14) Access Hole
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The reactor vessel which is in the form of a vacuum insulated flask is set on base plate
which is designed to be located on four sports on the service unit and secured by the thumb nuts.
The positioning of the reactor on the service unit is illustrated. Springs are used to secure the
reactor on the baseplate.
The reactor is equipped with a stainless-steel heat transfer coil to which the hot water
circulator of the CEX service unit can be attached. Alternatively, for reaction demonstrations
below ambient temperature, chilled water circulator can be connected. The coil is supported by
glands in the lid of the reactor.
To assist the heat transfer and also to provide good mixing of the reactants, a propeller
agitator driven by an electric motor is also mounted in the lid. The motor speed can be varied from
the service unit.
FOR ISOTHERMAL OPERATION (T = To or dT = 0)
In Order to maintain a constant operating temperature within the reactor the coil contains
chilled water, the flow of which is automatically adjusted by the temperature controller in the
console. The actual temperature is relayed to the controller by sensing probe which is held in the
gland in the lid. The controller then opens or closes the solenoid valve in the chilled water
circulator to maintain automatically the desired set point. See information on the temperature
controller.
During the reaction, the conductivity of the reactants changes as they are converted to products
and this conversion is monitored using a conductivity probe.
FOR ADIABATIC OPERATION (dQ = 0)
An efficient vacuum insulation surrounding the reactor allows negligible heat to be

removed or added to the system during the course of reaction. This allows the progress of an
exothermic reaction to be monitored simply by observing the rise in temperature over a period of
time. A temperature probe and transmitted are supplied, the probe being inserted in the gland in
the place of the sensor supplied with the CEX service unit. The intention is that the probe then
connected to the Armfield Interface Unit (CEX - 90 IFD3) and the software supplied used to
monitor the progress of the reaction and diagnose the results.
More information on the use of the interface can be found in the instruction leaflet supplied
with it. An access hole in the lid is used as a vent and also as a means of charging the reactor
initially with reagents.
When not in use, the reactor can be drained by carefully removing the lid complete with
appendages and removing the reactor from the service unit to a suitable waste drain.
CONNECTION TO SERVICES
When installed on the service unit, the following connections must be made to make the equipment
operable.
ISOTHERMAL OPERATION
Conductivity Probe
Place the glass conductivity probe in the reactor through the gland provided. The gland
may need to be loosened by hand before the probe can be inserted and can be tightened, again by
hand, after insertion. The probe must be inserted until a length of about 40 mm remains protruding
from the gland.
Temperature Sensor
Place the temperature probe in the reactor through the gland provided in the lid in the same
way as the conductivity probe. The probe must be inserted until a length of about 15 mm remains
protruding from the gland.
Variable Speed Agitator

The contents of the reactor are stirred by a propeller agitator which is driven by an electric
motor and gearbox mounted in the lid. The motor is connected to the electrical supply by a jack
plug which is plugged into the socket provided on the mains plate of the service unit.
Reaction Temperature
As the reaction described in the experiment section is exothermic, the chilled water
circulator accessory must be used to operate the batch reactor at temperatures of ambient or less
(down to 5o C).
Chilled Water Circulator

If it is required to operate the reactor at temperatures below and including ambient it is
necessary to provide the reactor at temperatures below and including ambient it is necessary to
provide cooling water circulation in the reactor in the place of heating water. In this case the feed
and return hoses of the chilled water circulator are connected to the submerged heat transfer coil
in the reactor. The solenoid valve which controls the flow of chilled water to the coil is connected
electrically to the CEX control console as described in the CEX manual. See the CW-16 instruction
manual for further details.
ADIABATIC OPERATION
The reactor requires no heating, chilling, conductivity or temperature control when used in
this mode. The special temperature sensor and transmitter unit supplied with the reactor is installed
by insertion into the gland in the lid of the reactor after removing the temperature sensor previously
used to maintain the reactor temperature. The transmitter is connected through the interface to a
computer so that data logging of the temperature is possible. Refer to the instructional leaflet
supplied with the computer interface (CEX-90 IDF3).
COMMISSIONING
This procedure is intended as a method for ensuring that the equipment as received is fully
operable and also to assist in familiarization of the operator with the equipment. Water is used as
the process liquid.
It is assumed that the reactor service unit (CEX) has been setup and commissioned in
accordance with the instructions in the separate manual and that the reactor module has been
mounted and connected to the appropriate services as detailed in the ISOTHERMAL
OPERATION instructions in the previous section.
If the CW-16 Chilled Water Circulator is not available:
1. Remove the lid of the reactor vessel and switch on the agitator and adjust the speed to
position 5’ on the variable speed dial. Observes the propeller agitator rotates and the speed
varies. Replace the lid.
2. Half fill the reactor with ambient potable water.
3. Check the temperature of the reactor contents (digital meter in console) is giving a sensible
reading. This can be checked against a thermometer inserted through the filler hole in the
lid of the reactor.
4. Check the conductivity meter is reading approximately zero (conductivity of tap water). It
is helpful to add to the water a small amount of sodium chloride to observe a rise in
conductivity on the digital display.
If the CW-16 Chilled Water Circulator is available:
1. Connect the feed and return flexible hoses to the reactor coil and the solenoid valve to the
service unit control console as detailed in the CW-16 instruction manual.
2. Set the temperature controller set point to 15oC.
3. Switch the heat/chill switch on the console to CHILL.
4. Turn on power to the CW-16 and observe the temperature of the vessel contents reducing
and becoming steady at 15 oC (the vessel agitator should be running during this procedure).
5. Switch off the circulator and the agitator.
Equipment Details
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors in Series
CEP MK II
changed regularly.
listed above.
INTRODUCTION
I the majority of industrial chemical processes, the reactor vessel in which the process takes place
is the key item of equipment. The design of chemical reactors is therefore crucial to the success of
the industrial operation. In general, the aim the aim is to produce a specified product at a given
rate using known reactants. Various types of reactor are used to achieve these objectives namely,
continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), tubular (or plug flow) reactors and batch reactors. Often,
CSTRs are connected in series.
The Armfield CEP MkII Stirred Tank Reactor in Series unit has been designed to allow a thorough
investigation of this type of process. Reactors depend greatly on efficient mixing of the reactants
and this unit can also be used for study of the dynamic behavior of stirred tanks.
DESCRIPTION
PARTS OF EQUIPMENT
1) Reagent Tank Module

2) Thumbnuts
3) Drain Valves
4) Rigid Standpipes
5) Lids
6) Reactor Feed Pump
7) Reactor Feed Pump
8) Silicon Tubing
9) Toggle Switch
10) Potentiometer
11) PTC Connector
12) Variable Speed Agitator Control
14) Meter
15) Probe
16) Coil
17) Propeller Stirrers
18) Drive Motors
19) Selection Switch
20) Data Output Sockets
21) Fit Socket
22) Output Socket
23) Residual Current Circuit Breaker
24) Miniature Circuit Breakers
25) Valve
26) Valve
27) Valve
28) Mains Power
29) Stand Pipe
30) Stand Pipe
31) Variable Height Overflow
32) Locking Screw
33) Connector
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The CEP MkII is constructed on a vacuum formed plinth which is designed for bench
mounting and consists of the following:
a) Storage of Chemical Reagents

A reagent tank module consists of two 5.0-liter capacity glass vessels mounted into
a PVC base which is located on studs in the plinth and held in position by thumbnuts. Drain
valves are fitted to the underside of each reactor and are accessible from within the plinth
through.
Rigid standpipes are incorporated in the lids of the vessels to provide the suction to
the reactor feed pumps. Flexible silicone tubing is used to connect the standpipes to the
pumps.
b) Variable throughput feed pumps.

The peristaltic type pumps are capable of a throughput range of normally 0-95 ml
per mint. Normal operation is achieved with toggle switch in the MANUAL position when
the speed can be adjusted by the 10-turn potentiometer. When the switch is in the remote
position, it is possible to feed a 0-5 volt D.C. signal in through the PTC connector to vary
the speed of the pump. This facility is not used in normal operation.
c) Variable Speed Agitator Control

The CEP MKII is equipped with propeller stirrers in each reactor which are driven
by electric motor. All stirrers revolve at the same speed and the speed is adjusted in exactly
the same way as the feed pumps using the MANUAL/REMOTE switch and the 10-turn
potentiometer.
d) Continuous Conductivity Measurement of Reactor Contents

Each reactor has a conductivity probe installed in the base. The conductivity is
displayed on the meter in the control console in units of Millie Siemens. Also, a fourth
probe is positioned in the adjustable overflow to measure the conductivity of the solution
leaving the “dead time” coil located behind the reactors.
During a chemical reaction, the conductivity of the reacting solution changes as
more of the reactants are converted. This is monitored and used to determine the degree of
conversion. Also, if a conducting salt is introduced into the system, the conductivity can
be used to monitor and record the degree of mixing in the reactors.
The readings of all four probes can be separately displayed on meter using the four-
position selector switch. Also, the probe readings can be simultaneously recorded using the
data output sockets.
MAINSPLATE AT REAR OF PLINTH
The CEP MKII unit is provided with a 4m length of mains cable with a plug connector to
fit socket, this allows connection of the unit to an appropriate electrical power supply. An output
socket provides a mains output for powering an interface when using a computer with the
equipment. Do not use this power source to drive any other equipment.
A residual current circuit breaker or RCCB provides protection for personnel in the event
of a short circuit to earth. Electrical circuits for output socket and peristaltic feed pumps are
protected individually from over current by miniature circuit breakers.
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
The CEP MKII stirred tank reactors in series unit is designed for installation on a firm,
level bench table. An area adjacent to the unit on the left-hand side should be available for storing
and mixing chemical reactants. If intended for use with a computer, there should be enough space
on the right-hand side of the unit for the interface box and the computer.
The plinth incorporates a drainage through in which any process drains or spillages are
collected. A drain value on the left-hand side of the plinth can be connected by flexible hose to a
suitable drain so it is useful to have a domestic sink or floor drain nearby. If a drain is not available,
the plinth drainage can be collected in a suitable contained on the floor.
Overall Dimensions:
Height: 0.6m
Width: 1.0m
Depth: 0.5m
ASSEMBLY
The unit is delivered with the reagent vessel module removed and packed separately. The
reagent vessel module must be installed on the plinth in the position shown in the diagram.
With the vessel lids and dip legs in position, connect the flexible tube on the suction (left
hand) of feed pump no. 1 to the hose tail. Similarly, connect the suction of feed pump no. 2 to the
other reagent vessel.
Note: Normally the reagent vessel at the front is connected to feed pump no. 1 but this is not
important providing it is clear to the operator which reagents are being pumped by which pump.
The stirrer motor bracket which holds the three stirrers and their drive motors is fitted by simply
locating it on top of the reactor vessels. The feed pump discharge must be connected at connector
and the motor electric lead must be plugged into the socket on the rear of the console. The unit is
now ready for operation.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSIONS CEP MKII-A and CEP MKII-G
The equipment requires connection to a single phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 220-240V, 50-60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency
of the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:
GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH
BROWN - LIVE(HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 3 AMP
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEP MKII-B:

electrical supply for this equipment is 120V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the
electrical supply agree with the label to the supply cable as follows:
BROWN - LIVE(HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 5 AMP
COMMISSIONING
The following procedure is used for checking initially that the equipment is operating
correctly. Ensure the unit has been setup in accordance with the previous sections of this manual.
Use water as the process fluid.
Make sure the valves are in the closed position.

1. Ensure the RCCB and MCB switches on the mains plate at the rear of the plinth are in the
ON (up) position.
2. Check that the feed pump Remote/Manual switches are in the Remote position and switch
the mains power to the ON position.
3. Observe that the conductivity meter display is illuminated. Check that the reading of the
conductivity is approximately 0.00mS. (Sensor is not immersed in process liquid at this
stage).
4. Turn the speed adjust dial of both feed pumps to the minimum position (fully
anticlockwise) and switch the pumps to MANUAL. Turn the adjust dial gradually
clockwise and observe that the pump rotor begins to resolve in an anti-clockwise direction.
Slowly increase the speed by continuing the rotation of the dial until maximum speed is
reached at figure “10” on the dial.
5. Turn the speed adjust dial of the stirrer motors control to 5.0 (half speed) on the dial and
switch to MANUAL. All three stirrers will start up and run at approximately the same
speed.
6. Water will begin to fill the first reactor vessel and the second reactor vessel at the same
time. This is because the first two reactors are joined together by an underflow connection
in the reactor base. Eventually the water level will reach the overflow level of the standpipe
in reactor No.2 and overflow into reactor No.3.
7. Reactor No. 3 will fill gradually until the overflow level of the standpipe is reached then
will overflow to drain.
8. Adjust the level in the reactor No. 3 to approximately half using the variable height
overflow. This is adjusted by loosening the locking screw, moving the overflow until the
desired reactor operating level is reached and then re-locking the screw.
9. Open valve. Water will pass from reactor No.3 through the “dead time” coil and continue
through to the adjustable overflow to drain, pushing air out of the coil ahead of it.
10. Use the conductivity probe selector switch to indicate on the meter the conductivity reading
of the probes in reactors 1, 2, and 3 and the probe in the adjustable overflow. All readings
should be approximately the same for potable water at just above zero.
11. The equipment can be drained and is now ready for use.
Equipment Details
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor CSTR
CEB MK II
changed regularly.
listed above.
INTRODUCTION
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors are widely used, mainly in the organic chemicals industry, for
liquid phase reactions.
They can be used singly or in series with other similar reactors in a continuous process giving
consistent product quality. Their popularity in the process industries is due to ease of automatic
control of the reactors and relative cheapness of manufacture as well as ease of access for cleaning
and maintenance.
The Armfield CEM Mk II CSTR is specially designed to allow detailed study of this important
process. It is one of three reactor types which are interchangeable on the reactor service unit (CEX),
the others being CET Mk II – Tubular reactor and CEB Mk II-Batch reactor.
Reactions are monitored by conductivity probe as the conductivity of the reacting solution changes
with conversion of the reactants. This means that the inaccurate and inconvenient process of
titration, which was formally used to monitor the reaction progress, is no longer necessary.
DESCRIPTION
PARTS OF EQUIPMENT
1) Reactor
2) Base Plate
3) Arrangement
4) Agitator
5) Stainless Steel Coil
6) Stand Pipe
7) Electric Motor
8) Jack Plug
9) Temperature Sensor
11) Valve
12) Coil Connector
13) Coil Connector
14) Connector
15) Connector
16) Thumb Nuts
17) Support Pillar
18) Reactor Lid
19) Reactor Lid
20) Hexagon Backing Nut
21) Collar
22) Hose Connector
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The reactor is set on a base plate which is designed to be located on four studs on the
service unit and secured by the thumb nuts. The positioning of the reactor on the service unit is
illustrated. Three pillars support the reactor vessel above the base plate to allow access to the valves
and connectors in the reactor base.
The reactor is positioned on the service unit with a single support pillar foremost. Inside
the reactor, a stainless-steel coil provides the heat transfer surface for either heating or cooling the
reactant chemicals. If heating is being carried out, the coil connectors are connected to the supply
and return flexible tubing of hot water circulator which is incorporated in the service unit. If
cooling is required, the flexible tubes from chilled water circulating accessory such as the Armfield
CW-16 must be connected to the coil in place of the hot water circulator. The coil inlet (from the
circulator) is at the front of the reactor and the outlet (return to the circulator) at the rear.
A turbine agitator works in conjunction with a baffle arrangement to provide efficient

mixing and heat transfer. The agitator is driven by electric motor mounted on the lid of the reactor,
the motor is driven by a variable speed unit in the service bench and is connected electrically to
this by jack plug. The socket for the jack plug is at the rear of the service unit on the mains plate.
Glands in the reactor lid are to house the conductivity and temperature probes which are
supplied with the service unit. The larger of the two glands is for the conductivity probe. The
glands are unscrewed by hand, the probes inserted completely into the reactor until they rest on
the reactor base and then the glands re-tightened by hand. Sockets in the side of the console pod
of the service unit are provided to connect each probe. These are of different size so that the probes
cannot be wrongly connected.
Chemical reagents are pumped into the reactor separately through connectors in the base
of the reactor. The two feed pumps of the service unit are connected to either of these.
As reagents are being pumped into the reactor, the level increases until it finally overflows
the stand pipe and flows to drain. This stand pipe is adjustable in height by loosening the hexagon
backing nut, moving to the new position and re-tightening. A stop prevents the stand pipe form
being completely removed and when on the stop the reactor will operate at half full volume.
To operate at full volume, the stand pipe is pushed upwards until the mark etched on the
tube is level with the bottom of the backing unit.
When the reactor is not being used, it can be drained through valve which is shown offset
from center for diagrammatic purposes.
When installed on the service unit, the following connections must be made to make the equipment
operable.
Agitator Motor
Connect plug to socket on mains plate at rear of plinth.
Conductivity Probe
Place the glass conductivity probe in the reactor through the gland provided. The gland
hand, after insertion. The probe must be inserted completely to the base of the reactor.
Temperature Sensor
Place the temperature probe in the reactor through the gland provided in the lid in the same
way as the conductivity probe. The probe must be inserted completely to the base of the reactor.
Feed Pump-1
Each feed pump on the service unit is provided with an adequate length of flexible tubing
for connection to the reactor inlets on the base of the reactor.
The end of tubing is fitted with a plastic fitting which simply requires insertion to the
connector on the reactor. When these connectors need to be released, the plastic collar on the
connector must be pushed by hand away from tubing whilst simultaneously pulling the tubing
nozzle out of the fitting. Make sure that the reactor has been drained completely before
disconnection this tubing.
Feed Pump-2
See above. The pumps can be connected to either of the reactor inlet fittings.
Hot Water Circulator
The hot water circulator which is supplied with the service unit is equipped with flexible
feed and return hoses that connect to the heat transfer coil in the reactor. It is important that the
outlet in the base of the priming vessel, on the side of the hot water circulator, is connected to the
bottom of the coil in the reactor via the quick release connection at the front of the reactor.
The top flexible hose on the side of the hot water circulator is permanently connected to
the inlet in the base of priming vessel. The bottom connection on the side of the circulator is a
drain connection and is not used in normal operation.
The hose connectors are detached by simply pushing the collar away from the hose and
pulling the hose connector through the collar to the stop.

If it is required to operate the reactor at temperatures below and including ambient it is
necessary to provide the reactor at temperatures below and including ambient it is necessary to
provide cooling water circulation in the reactor in the place of heating water. In this case the feed
and return hoses of the chilled water circulator are connected to the submerged heat transfer coil
in the reactor. The solenoid valve which controls the flow of chilled water to the coil is connected
electrically to the CEX control console as described in the CEX manual. See the CW-16 instruction
manual for further details.
COMMISSIONING
This procedure is intended as a method for ensuring that the equipment as received is fully
the process liquid.
accordance with the instructions in the separate manual and that the reactor module has been
mounted and connected to the appropriate services as detailed earlier in this manual.
1) Half fill both reagent tanks with ambient potable water.
2) Set the temperature controller set point to match the ambient temperature reading on the
controller, e.g. 20oC but do not switch on the hot water circulator until the circulator and
reactor pipework have been primed as described below. Ensure the temperature sensor is
adjusted to position the tip approximately 25mm from the base of the reactor vessel.
3) If the hot water circulator has not been previously used it will be necessary to prime the
pump and heater inside the circulator. Temporarily disconnect the top flexible hose on the
side of the hot water circulator from the rear connection to the heat transfer coil beneath
the reactor vessel. Connect the free end of the hose to a clean cold water supply and allow
the circulator to fill until water appears in the priming vessel. Disconnect the cold-water
supply then reconnect the flexible hose to the rear connection of the heat transfer coil.
4) Remove the lid from the priming vessel and pour water into the vessel until it is full to the
overflow. Switch on the circulator and immediately begin to pour the water into the priming
vessel. Water will be pumped through the heater to the heat transfer coil and back to the
priming vessel which is designed to expel all of the air in the system. Continue to pour
water into the priming vessel until all of the air is expelled. This is indicated by a level of
water being established in the vessel and the absence of air bubbles in the flexible tubing.
Do not run the circulator dry as damage to the pump may occur.
5) Start the feed pumps and set the pump speed control to 5.0. Water will begin to flow from
the feed tanks to the reactor and will be seen entering the reactor at the base.
6) Start the agitator and set the speed control to 5.0.
7) Adjust the temperature controller set point to 30oC when the tip of the temperature sensor
is covered by the water.
8) The reactor will fill until the level reaches the overflow pipe and water will flow out of the
reactor to drain.
9) Check that the temperature of the reactor contents rise and is maintained at 30oC.
10) Check that the conductivity meter is reading approximately zero.
11) Switch off the pumps, agitator and circulator then drain the water from the reagent tanks
and reactor vessel. The equipment is ready for use.
Equipment Details
Tubular Reactor (PFR)
CET MK II
changed regularly.
listed above.
44
INTRODUCTION
Tubular Reactors are often used when operation without back-mixing is necessary. Often,
they are referred to as PLUG FLOW REACTORS from the description of the way the reactants
move through the tube.
The Armfiled CET MKII Tubular Flow Reactor is specially designed to allow detailed
study of this important process. It is one of the three reactor types which are interchangeable on
the Reactor Service Unit (CEX), the others being CEM MKII – Continuous Stirred Tanks Reactors
and CEB MKII – Batch Reactor.
Reactions are monitored by conductivity probe as the conductivity of the reacting solution
changes with conversion of the reactants. This means that the inaccurate and inconvenient process
of titration, which was formally used to monitor the reaction progress, is no longer necessary.
45
46
47
48
DESCRIPTION
PARTS OF EQUIPMENT
1) Reactor Vessel
2) Heat Transfer Coil
3) Heat Transfer Coil
4) Flexible Coil
5) T Fitting
6) Connector
7) Connector
8) Gland
9) Gland
10) Hose Nozzle
11) Non-Return Valve
12) Overflow
13) Valve
14) Baseplate
15) Thumbnuts
16) Conductivity Probe Housing
17) Filling Plug
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The reactor vessel is set on a baseplate which is designed to be located on four studs on the
service unit and secured by the thumbnuts. The positioning of the reactor on the service unit.
Note: The reactor is positioned on the service unit with non-return valve on the left-hand side of
the reactor at the rear.
The Tubular reactor in which the chemical reaction takes place is a flexible coil wound
around an acrylic former. Total volume of the reactor coil is 0.4 liters. Reactants in the tube are
maintained at constant temperature by circulation of water through the vessel from the two feed
tanks by the peristaltic feed pumps and enter the reactor through connectors in the lid of the vessel.
Each reactant is pre-heated by heat transfer coils before being blended together in T fitting.
The reactants pass up through the reactor coil and leave the reactor vessel through the
conductivity probe housing. This housing allows the conductivity probe to be held in the stream
of reactants emerging from the reactor. Flexible tubing from the hose nozzle is used to guide the
reactants to drain.
49
In order to maintain a constant temperature throughout the reactor coil, the coil bundle is
submerged is circulating water which is automatically maintained at a pre-selected temperature by
the temperature by the temperature controller in the console. The actual temperature of the
circulating water and therefore the reactants is relayed to the controller by a sensing probe which
is held in gland in the lid. Water enters from the circulator at non-return valve; this prevents water
draining back through the priming vessel of the circulator when the pump is stopped. Water leaves
the reactor at overflow and returns to the circulator.
A filling plug is provided on the top of the reactor vessel to allow the vessel to be filled
with clean water. This plug must be fitted when the hot water circulator on the CEX service unit
is in operation.
Sockets in the side of the console pod of the service unit are provided to connect the
conductivity probe and temperature sensor to the instrumentation in the console. These are of a
different size so that the probes cannot be wrongly connected. When not in use, the reactor can be
drained using valve in the base.
50
When installed on the service unit, the following connections must be made to make the
equipment operable.
Conductivity Probe
Place the glass conductivity probe in the housing through the gland provided. The gland
hand, after insertion. The probe must be inserted as far as possible into the housing.
Note: IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT THE PROBE IS INSERTED

INTO THE HOUSING WITH THE ELECTRODE ACCESS HOLES IN THE GLASS
SURROUND IN LIVE WITH THE FLOW – OTHERWISE THE PROBE WILL GIVE
SPURIOUS RESULTS.
Temperature Sensor
Place the temperature sensor in the reactor through the gland provided in the lid in the same
way as the conductivity probe. The probe must be inserted as far as possible into the reactor.
Feed Pump – 1
Each feed pump on the service unit is provided with an adequate length of flexible tubing
for connection to the reactor inlets on the lid of the reactor.
The end of the tubing is fitted with a plastic fitting which simply requires insertion to the
connector on the reactor. When these connectors need to be released, the plastic collar on the
connector must be pushed by hand away from the tubing whilst simultaneously pulling the tubing
nozzle out of the fitting.
Feed Pump – 2
See above. The pumps can be connected to either of the reactor inlet fittings.
Hot Water Circulator

The hot water circulator which is supplied with the service unit is equipped with flexible
feed and return hoses that connect to the inlet and outlet of the reactor.
51
It is important that outlet in the base of the priming vessel, on the side of the hot water
circulator, is connected to the non-return valve connection at the rear of the reactor. The hose is
attached to the non-return valve using a quick release connector.
The top flexible hose on the side of the hot water circulator is connected to the overflow at
the top of the water jacket on the reactor using a quick release connector. The lower flexible hose
on the side of the hot water circulator is permanently connected to the inlet in the base of the
priming vessel (stub pipe inside priming vessel).
The bottom connection on the side of the circulator is a drain connection and is not used in
normal operation.
If it is required to operate the reactor at temperatures below ambient it is necessary to

provide cooling water circulation in the reactor in the place of heating water. In this case the hot
water circulator feed and return hoses are disconnected from the reactor and replaced with the feed
and return hoses of the chilled water circulator.
52
COMMISSIONING
The procedure is intended as method for ensuring that the equipment as received is fully
the process liquid.
accordance with the instructions in the separate manual and that reactor module has been mounted
and connected to the appropriate services as detailed earlier in this manual.
1. Half fil bot reagent tanks with ambient potable water.
2. Set the temperature controller set point to 25oC but do not switch on the hot water circulator
until the circulator and reactor water jacket have been primed as described below.
3. If the hot water circulator has not been previously used it will be necessary to prime the
pump and heater inside the circulator as follows:
Temporarily disconnect the top flexible hose on the side of the hot water circulator from
the overflow at the top of the reactor water jacket. (To disconnect the hose, push the collar
towards the fitting while pulling the ferrule at the end of the hose.)
Connect the free end of the hose to a clean cold water supply and allow the circulator to
fill until water appears in the priming vessel.
Disconnect the cold-water supply then reconnect the flexible hose to the overflow on the
reactor water jacket.
4. It is necessary to fill the reactor water jacket with cold water so that the overflow is covered.
Remove the filling plug from the top of the reactor vessel and fill the vessel with clean
water. The water may be poured in using a suitable funnel if a cold water tap/flexible tube
is not available or it is required to fill the vessel using demineralized water where the water
is hard or poor in quality. When the overflow is covered replace the filling plug ensuring
that the sealing washer is fitted.
5. Check that the fixing securing the lid of the reactor have been tightened. Also, check that
the temperature sensor is installed and the sealing gland has been tightened. For safe
operation, the hot water circulates at sub-atmospheric pressure and a leak will prevent the
water from circulating.
6. Remove the lid from the priming vessel and pour water into vessel until it is full to
overflow. Switch on the circulator and immediately begin to pour the water into the priming
vessel. Water will be pumped through the non-return valve into the reactor and overflow
through connection back to the priming vessel which is designed to expel all of the air is
expelled. This is indicated by a level of water being established in the vessel and the
absence of air bubbles in the flexible tubing.
IMPORTANT: Do not run the circulator dry as damage to the pump may occur.
53
7. Start the reagent feed pumps and set the pumps and set the pump speed control to 5.0.
Water will begin to flow from the feed tanks to the reactor and will be seen entering the
reactor at the lid and begin to fill the reactor tubing as well as expelling air from the tubing.
8. The reactor tubing will fill until the level reaches the overflow pipe in the conductivity
probe housing and water will flow out of the reactor to drain.
9. Check that the temperature of the reactor contents (digital meter in console) is being
maintained at 25oC.
10. Check that the conductivity meter is reading approximately zero. (Conductivity of tap
water).
11. Switch off the pumps and circulator. Drain the feed tanks.
54
Equipment Details
Chemical Reactors Service Unit (CEX)
55
changed regularly.
listed above.
56
INTRODUCTION
In the majority of industrial chemical processes, the reactor vessel in which the process
takes place is the key item of equipment. The design of chemical reactors is therefore crucial to
the success of the industrial operation. In general, the aim is to produce a specified product at a
given rate using known reactants. Various types of reactor are used to achieve these objectives
namely, continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), Tubular reactors are connected in series.
Armfield Ltd. Have produced a range of small scale training units designed specifically to
allow a thorough understanding of all types of reactor design.
The chemical reactors service unit (CEX) provides feed tanks, feed pumps, temperature
control and monitoring instrumentation for individual CSTR (CEM MKII), tubular (CET MKII)
and batch (CEB MKII) reactors. These reactor modules are completely and conveniently
interchangeable on the service unit.
A further unit for demonstration of continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series
(CEP MKII) completes the reactor range.
57
58
59
60
61
DESCRIPTION
PARTS OF EQUIPMENT
1) ABS Plinth
2) Reagent Tank Module
3) Thumbnuts
4) Standpipes
5) Lids
6) Feed Pump
7) Feed Pump
8) Flexible Silicon Tubing
9) Thumbnuts
10) Variable Speed Agitator Control
11) Hot Water Circulator
12) Temperature Controller
13) Temperature Sensor
14) Conductivity Measurement
16) Toggle Switch
17) 10 Turn Potentiometer
18) PTC Connector
19) Flexible Pipe
20) Flexible Pipe
21) Priming Vessel
22) Temperature Controller
23) Key
24) UP Key
25) DOWN Key
26) Toggle Switch
27) Meter
28) Data Output Socket
29) Socket
30) Toggle Switch
31) Mains Power
32) Output Socket
33) Socket
34) RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker)
35) MCB (Miniature Circuit Breakers)
36) Socket
37) Circulator Socket
62
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The chemical reactors service unit consists of a moulded ABS plinth which is designed to
be bench mounted and upon which the necessary components which allow investigation into three
types of chemical reactor are mounted.
The service unit provides the following facilities:

a) Storage of Chemical Reagents
A reagent tank module consists of two 5.0-liter capacity glass vessels mounted in a PVC
base which is located on studs in the plinth and held in position by thumbnuts. Drain valves
are fitted to the underside of each reactor and are accessible within the plinth. Rigid
standpipes are incorporated in the lids of the vessel to provide the suction to the peristaltic
reactor feed pumps. Flexible silicone tubing is used to connect the standpipes to the pumps.
b) Variable Throughput Feed Pumps
The peristaltic type pumps are capable of a throughput range of nominally 0 – 95 ml per
minute. Normal operation is achieved with toggle switch in the MANUAL position when
the speed can be adjusted by the 10-Turn Potentiometer. When this switch is in the
REMOTE position, it is possible to feed a 0 – 5 Volt D.C. Signal in through the PTC
Connector to vary the speed of the pump. Also, this connector can be connected to a
computer via an appropriate interface when used for data logging. This facility is not used
in normal operation.
c) Variable Speed Agitator Control
The CEM MKII and CEB MKII reactor accessories are equipped with agitators driven by
electric motor. The reactor stirrer motor is plugged into the D.C. output on the mains plate
ate the rear of the plinth and the speed adjusted in exactly the same way as the feed pumps
using control system.
d) Hot water circulator for operation of reactors at temperatures above ambient. A self-
contained hot water circulator is positioned on the plinth at the rear of the control console
housing. Flexible tubes are used to connect the circulator to each reactor. Water, heated by
electrical heating element in the circulator, is pumped by a circulating pump (also in the
circulator). Water is sucked from the priming vessel via flexible pipe. The water is returned
63
to the priming vessel after heating. The circulating system is operated at stub-atmospheric
pressure for increased safety. The priming vessel is used to fill initially the circulator and
reactor and to drive out air. Electrical connections between the circulator and the plinth are
made via a flexible conduit with plug/socket connection at the rear of the plinth base.
e) Automatic Temperature Control of Reactor Contents
Temperature control is achieved by circulation of heated or chilled water through

submerged coils in the case of the CSTR (CEM MKII) and batch (CEB MKII) reactors and
by circulation around a submerged coil in the case of the tubular reactor (CET MKII). The
hot water circulator is supplied as standard with the CEX service unit whilst the chilled
water circulator can be supplied as an accessory, CW-16.
A temperature sensor is designed to be used individually with any of the reactors in

conjunction with the automatic temperature controller in the control console. The sensor
transmits a signal to the controller which then modulates power to heating element in the
circulator, increasing or reducing the amount of heat put into the circulating water. The
required process temperature or desired set point is selected by pressing key and
simultaneously pressing the UP or DOWN Keys.
A toggle switch switches power to the water circulator when in the “1” position. In the “0”
position, the water circulator is not running but power is on to the controller. This allows
adjustment/entry of the controller configuration set up. More information on the
temperature controller can be found in the OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE section.
It is possible to run the reactors at temperatures below ambient by disconnecting the hot
water circulator and connecting the flexible hoses from the chilled water circulating
accessory. A jack plug from the solenoid valve of the chilled water circulator is plugged
into the socket and the toggle switch switched to the “CHILL” position.
The temperature controller must now be re-configured as detailed in the OPERATIONAL

PROCEDURES section of this manual and the system can then be used to create reactor
temperatures down to 5oC.
f) Continuous Conductivity Measurement of Reactor Contents
A conductivity probe, like the temperature sensor, is designed to be used individually with
any of the reactors. The conductivity is displayed on the meter in units of milli-Siemens.
During a chemical reaction, the conductivity of the reacting solution changes as more of
the reactants are converted. This can be monitored and used to determine the degree of
conversion and the rate of conversion.
64
The data output socket is used to connect the conductivity reading through an interface to
a suitable computer for data logging. The interface used for this is designated Armfield
catalogue number CEX-303 IFD and more information on connection of this can be found
in the instructional leaflet provided with the accessory.
Each of the three chemical reactor modules is mounted on identical PVC baseplates which
are designed to stand on the plinth in the space provided and to be secured to the base by
thumbnuts.
Simply choose which reactor will be studied, mount on the service unit and connect to the
appropriate services as detailed in the individual reactor instruction manuals.
MAINSPLATE AT REAR OF PLINTH
The service unit is provided with a 4m length of mains cable with a plug connector to for
socket, this allows connection of the unit to an appropriate electrical supply. An output socket
provides a mains output for powering an interface when using a computer with the equipment. Do
not use this power source to drive any other equipment.
A residual current circuit breaker or RCCB provides protection for personnel in the event
of a short circuit to earth. Electrical circuits for output socket, peristaltic feed pumps and hot water
circulator are protected individually from over current by miniature circuit breakers.
A socket is used to power the agitator motor of the CEM MKII and CEB MKII reactors.
The electrical lead and matching plug are supplied with the reactor modules. A hot water circulator
is connected to the socket marked ‘circulator’.
65
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
The Chemical Reactors Service unit is designed for installation on a firm, level bench or
table. An area adjacent to the unit on the left-hand side should be available for storing and mixing
chemical reactants.
If intended for use with a computer there should be enough space on the right-hand side of
the unit for the interface box and the computer.
The plinth incorporates a drainage through in which any process drains or spillages are
collected. A drain value on the left-hand side of the plinth can be connected by flexible hose to a
suitable drain so it is useful to have a domestic sink or floor drain nearby. If a drain is not available,
the plinth drainage can be collected in a suitable contained on the floor.
Overall Dimensions:
Height: 0.6m
Width: 1.0m
Depth: 0.5m
66
ASSEMBLY
The unit is delivered with the reagent vessel module removed and the hot water circulator
packed separately to minimize damage during shipping. The reagent vessel module must be
installed on the plinth in the position shown in the diagram.
With the vessel lids and dip legs in position, connect the flexible tube on the suction (left
hand) of feed pump to the hose tail. Similarly, connect the suction of feed pump to the other reagent
vessel.
Note: Normally the reagent vessel at the front is connected to feed pump but this is not important
providing it is clear to the operator which reagents are being pumped by which pump.
The hot water circulator must be lifted onto the plinth positioned at the rear of the console
as illustrated. The circulator is connected electrically to socket at the rear of the plinth base by a
flexible electrical conduit which terminates in an appropriate plug. The filling vessel on the side
of the circulator should be visible at the left-hand side of the control console when correctly
positioned.
The service unit is now ready for operation. Refer to the individual reactor instruction
manuals for installation of the reactors on the service unit.
67
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-A:

electrical supply for this equipment is 220-240V, 50Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection
should be made to the supply cable as follows:
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 13 AMP
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-B:

electrical supply for this equipment is 120V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the
electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-G:

electrical supply for this equipment is 220-240V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
68
COMMISSIONING
The following procedure is used for checking initially that the equipment is operating
correctly. A full commissioning procedure is given in the individual instruction manuals for each
of the reactors. The following procedure relates to the service unit (CEX) only.
Ensure the unit has been setup in accordance with the previous sections of this manual. Use water
as the process fluid.
1. Ensure the RCCB and MCB switches on the mains plate at the rear of the plinth are in the
ON (UP) position.
2. Check that the feed pump Remote/Manual switches are in the Remote position and switch
the mains power to the ON position.
3. Observe that the temperature controller and the conductivity meter displays are
illuminated. Check that the reading of the conductivity is approximately 0.00 mS and the
temperature approximately ambient. (Sensors connected but not immersed in process
liquid at this stage).
4. Half fill both feed vessels with potable water (before filling ensure drain valves located
under each vessel are closed). Ensure the discharge flexible hoses of both pumps are guided
to drain, preferably the plinth drain.
5. Turn the Speed adjust dial of both feed pumps to the minimum position (fully anti-
clockwise) and switch the pumps to MANUAL. Turn the adjust dials gradually clockwise
and observe that the pump rotor begins to revolve in an anti-clockwise direction. Slowly
increase the speed by continuing the rotation of the dial until maximum speed is reached
at figure “10” on the dial. Reset to zero immediately and switch to REMOTE.
6. Drain the feed tanks.
7. Prime the hot water circulator.
When filling the hot water circulator for the first time connect the top flexible pipe on the
left-hand side of the circulator to a source of cold water and allow the circulator to fill until
water appears in the priming vessel.
NOTE: It is recommended that de-ionized water is used in the hot water circulation system.
Use of tap water will result in the requirement for more frequent cleaning of the filter.
Disconnect the flexible pipe from the cold-water supply then connect the pipe to the pipe
emerging from the left hand tapping in the base of the priming vessel (no stub pipe inside vessel).
Briefly switch on the circulating pump then top up the priming vessel. Continue priming until the
vessel remains full with the pump running continuously. The temperature of the water should
gradually increase but this will not be indicated on the temperature controller. It will not be
possible to check the operation of the temperature controller until a reactor is installed on the
service unit. Refer to the appropriate instruction manual for further details.
69
Experiment 1
Objective:
To calibrate the peristaltic feed pumps
Apparatus:
Measuring cylinder stopwatch Chemical reactor service units
Reagents:
Distilled water
Precautions:
1. Personnel safety:
Check the proper working of residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) at the rear of the Chemical
Reactor service unit
2. Equipment safety:
a) Check the proper working of miniature circuit breakers (MCB) at the rear of chemical
reactor service unit
b) Do not turn on heater of the hot water circulator and agitator motor
3. Chemical safety:
a) Drain any residual water present in the apparatus
b) Distilled water free from any contamination is safe. Consult MSDS for further details.
Procedure:
1. Turn on power supply to the chemical reactor service unit and perform safety checks
2. Drain any residual water or chemicals and rinse apparatus with distilled water
3. Close drain valves and fill each feed vessel with 5 liters of distilled water
4. Alter the pump potentiometer position from 0 to 9 and measure flowrate with measuring cylinder
and stopwatch against each position
5. Take backward readings from 9 to 0
6. Rinse apparatus properly and drain any residual water
7. Turn off electrical connections
70
Data analysis:
1. Plot the potentiometer position (X) and flowrate (Y) on a graph paper
2. Draw a linear line which best fits through the data points
3. Find slope (B1) and intercept (A1) of this line
4. Write the model in the following form
Y1= A1 + B1 X
5. Select linear regression model on calculator and find out slope (A2) and intercept (B2) of the linear
equation
6. Develop model e.g.
Y2 = A2 + B2 X
7. Check the regression coefficient (r) to verify the fitting of linear model on experimental data
8. Plot the potentiometer position (X) and flowrate (Y) on scatter chart in EXCEL and add linear trend
line
9. Find equation of this model and regression coefficient e.g.
Y3 = A3 + B3 X
Potentiometer True Flowrate Predicted Predicted Predicted Error Error Error

position from flowrate flowrate flowrate (Y1-Y)2 (Y2-Y)2 (Y3-Y)2
(X) experiment from from from
(Y) graphical calculator Excel’s
model model model
(Y1) (Y2) (Y3)
10. Select the best model (with least squares of error)
71
Experiment 2
Objective:
Standardization of NaOH using standard HCl solution via back titration
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, conical flasks, burettes, pipettes)
Reagents:
Distilled water Standard HCl Solution Standard Na2CO3 solution

NaOH solutions of unknown concentrations Methyl orange indicator
Precautions:
Wear lab coat and latex gloves
Fragile glass wares should be dealt with care
3. Chemical safety:
Acid and alkali solutions are corrosive and toxic. Consult MSDS for further details.
Procedure:
1. Prepare standard solutions of HCl (0.01-0.09 M) and Na2CO3 (0.01-0.05 M)

2. Prepare NaOH solution of unknown concentration
3. Take 10 mL of NaOH solution in conical flask. Add excess but known amount of Standard HCl
solution in it. Add a pinch of methyl orange
4. Titrate it against standard Na2CO3 solution till indicator changes its color.
5. Calculate amount of free acid left after neutralization with NaOH solution
6. Calculate amount of acid neutralized by NaOH (subtract amount of left acid from total acid added)
7. Calculate concentration of NaOH solution
72
Calculation:
Na2CO3 : HCl
2M1V1 = M2V2
2𝑀1 𝑉1
V2 (𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) =
𝑀2
𝑣 (𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 −V2
NaOH : HCl
M1V1 = M2v
𝑀2 𝑣
𝑀1 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒) =
𝑉1
Preparation of Primary solution of HCl:
37 % fuming HCl is available in lab. The molarity (normality) of 37 % HCl can be calculated as
following.
370 ml pure HCl 1.19 x 1000 g pure HCl 1 gmole pure HCl
1000 mL of primary HCl

1000 mL pure HCl 36.45 g pure HCl
solution
Molarity of 37 % solution = 12.06 M
Preparation of 250 mL (0.02 M) HCl from stock solution:
HCl Standard (Stock) solution : Primary (Required) HCl solution
M1V1 = M2V2
V1 = (0.02) (250) / 12.07
Dissolve V1 (mL) in distilled water to make 250 mL of solution
73
Experiment 3
Objective:
Development of Empirical Model for correlating electrical conductivity with temperature and concentration
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, measuring flasks) Digital weight balance
Glass Thermometer Conductivity Meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
NaOH
Precautions:
Wear lab coat and latex gloves
Fragile glass wares should be dealt with care
Check the calibration of the conductivity meters prior to its use in experiment
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solutions are Strongly corrosive. Consult MSDS for further details.
Procedure:
1. Prepare 250mL NaOH solution of known concentration (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 M)
2. Note down the temperature of the solutions (it should be maintained between 20-40 °C)
3. Note down the conductivity of the solutions
4. Put the solutions in water bath and maintain temperature 3 degrees higher than previous (but the
temperature should be in the range of 20-40 °C)
5. Note conductivities at high temperature
6. Repeat steps 4-5 with different temperatures
74
For NaOH, following linear model is used in the molarity range (0.01-0.1 M) and the temperature range
(293-313 K);
𝜆𝐴 = 𝑘𝑜 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑂 )]𝐶𝐴
𝜆𝐴 = 𝑘𝑜 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘𝑜 𝐶𝐴 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑇𝑜 = 294 𝐾
Calculation:
For 0.02 M NaOH solution
S.
Temperature (K) T-To (K) 𝜆𝐴 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆𝐴 (𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
No.
 Plot 𝜆𝐴 (Siemens) vs. (T-To) and find the slope and intercept
 Use regression analysis to find slope and intercept and hence the value of ko and α
 Compare the values of α and ko for different molarities (0.04, 0.06, 0.08 M) by repeating the
procedure and comment
𝛼 = ___________________________
𝑘𝑜 = __________________________
75
Experiment 4
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via titrimetry followed by
integral analysis using stoichiometric proportions
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, conical flasks, burettes, pipettes)
Magnetic Stirrer
Reagents:

Standard NaOH solution Methyl orange indicator Standard Ethyl acetate solution
Precautions:
a) Wear lab coat and latex gloves
b) Ensure proper working of Residual current circuit breaker (RCCB)
a) Fragile glass wares should be dealt with care
b) Ensure proper working of miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
c) Ensure heater of hot water circulator is off
3. Chemical safety:
Acid and alkali solutions are corrosive and toxic. Ethyl acetate is Flammable, Toxic and Irritant.
Consult MSDS for further details.
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1000 mL (0.06 M) standard solutions of HCl, NaOH and ethyl acetate
2. Prepare 1000 mL standard solution of Na2CO3 (0.03 M)
3. Dump 500 mL of ethyl acetate and NaOH in batch reactor and start stirring
4. Withdraw 10 mL sample after every 5 minutes and determine the concentration of NaOH in sample
via back titration
76
5. Take minimum 9 readings.
Saponification of ethyl acetate is a 2nd order elementary reaction. Hence, the rate law becomes
𝑑𝐶𝐴
−𝑟𝐴 = − = 𝑘𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
𝑑𝑡
For stoichiometric proportions
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵
Hence, integrated rate law becomes
1 1
= + 𝑘𝑡
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑜
Calculations:
0.06
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor (CAo) = 2
= 0.03 𝑀
1 𝑑𝑚3 Time (t)

S. No. CA (mol/dm3) ( )
𝐶𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (min)
1
2
3
4
5
1 1
 Plot 𝐶 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝐶 )
𝐴 𝐴𝑜
 Compare the calculated value of CAo with experimentally known value and comment on results
77
Experiment 5
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via titrimetry followed by
integral analysis using Comparable proportions
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, conical flasks, burettes & pipettes etc.)
Magnetic Stirrer
Reagents:

Precautions:
c) Ensure heater of hot water circulator is in off
3. Chemical safety:
Acid and alkali solutions are corrosive and toxic. Ethyl acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant.
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1000 mL (0.06 M) standard solutions of HCl, NaOH and ethyl acetate
2. Prepare 1000 mL standard solution of Na2CO3 (0.03 M)
3. Dump 600 mL of ethyl acetate and 400 mL NaOH in batch reactor. Start stirring the contents
4. Withdraw 10 mL sample after every 5 minutes and determine the concentration of NaOH in sample
via back titration
78
5. Take readings until (pseudo) steady state is reached (nearly 45 minutes)
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
For comparable proportions, integrated rate law becomes
𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵𝑜 𝐶𝐵𝑜
ln( ) = ln( ) + 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑜 ( − 1)𝑡
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜
Calculations:
0.06
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor (CAo) = = 0.03 𝑀
2
𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵𝑜 − 𝐶𝐴𝑜 + 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
S. CA Time (t) ln( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐴
No. (mol/dm3) ( 3) (min)
𝑑𝑚
1
2
3
4
5
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
 Plot ln ( 𝐵 ) 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑜 ( 𝐵𝑜 − 1)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 ln( 𝐵𝑜 )
𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐴𝑜 𝐶 𝐴𝑜
 Compare the calculated value of CAo & CBo with experimentally known value and comment on
results
79
Experiment 6
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via conductometry in a batch
reactor followed by integral analysis using Comparable proportions
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers)
Batch reactor (CEB-MKII) mounted on chemical reactor service unit (CEX-MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
1 liter standard NaOH solution (0.06 M)
1-liter standard Ethyl acetate solution (0.06 M)
Precautions:
d) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode.
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solutions is corrosive and toxic. Ethyl Acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant. Consult
MSDS for further details.
80
Calibration check:
1. Record the ambient temperature

2. Rinse the conductivity meter probe with calibration solution and cross check the meter reading with
standard conductivity.
3. Rinse Conductivity meter probe properly with distilled water before using in experiment
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1000 mL (0.06 M) standard solutions each of NaOH and ethyl acetate
2. Dump 600 mL of ethyl acetate 400 mL NaOH in batch reactor and start stirring the contents of the
reactor
3. Note down the conductivity of the NaOH solution from feed vessel at zero time
4. Keep monitoring the temperature (T) and conductivity (𝜆) of the reaction mixture after every 2
minutes
5. Take readings until (pseudo) steady state is achieved i.e. nearly 45 minutes
6. Rinse conductivity meter
7. Drain and wash chemical reactor service unit and batch reactor with distilled water properly
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
For comparable proportions, integrated rate law becomes
𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵𝑜 𝐶𝐵𝑜
ln( ) = ln( ) + 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑜 ( − 1)𝑡
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝐴𝑜
In integrated rate expression A is by default taken as a limiting reactant (L.R).
81
Calculations:
400
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor = (CAo) = (400+600) 0.06 = ______________ 𝑀
Concentration of NaOH in reactor after infinite time = 𝐶𝐴∞ = 0 (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝐿. 𝑅)
Concentration of Na-acetate in reactor after infinite time = 𝐶𝐶∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = ____________ 𝑀
Initial conductivity of solution in reactor at zero time = 𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 + 𝜆𝐶𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 (𝜆𝐶𝑂 = 0)
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 = ___________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
Change in concentration of NaOH is proportional to change in conductivity of solution hence,
𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
=
𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴∞ 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆 ln( )
Time 𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = 𝐶𝐵𝑜 − 𝐶𝐴𝑜 𝐶𝐴
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆∞
(t) 𝜆 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆 (𝑆) + 𝐶𝐴
𝑚𝑜𝑙
(min) ( 3) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑑𝑚 ( 3)
𝑑𝑚
0 = 𝜆0
2 .
4 .
. .
. .
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
 Plot ln (𝐶𝐵 ) 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑜 (𝐶𝐵𝑜 − 1)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 ln(𝐶𝐵𝑜 )
𝐴 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜
82
 Compare the calculated value of CAo & CBo with experimentally known value and comment on
results
 Units of Conductivity (mS or S) should be consistent in calculations.
83
Experiment 7
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via conductometry in a batch
reactor followed by integral analysis
Apparatus:
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
1 liter standard NaOH solution (0.06 M)
1-liter standard Ethyl acetate solution (0.06 M)
Calibration Solutions of Conductivity meter
Precautions:
d) Readings of conductivity meter should be in mS
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solution is corrosive and toxic. Ethyl acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant. Consult MSDS
for further details.
84
Calibration check:

2. Rinse the conductivity meter probe with calibration solution and cross check the meter reading with
3. Rinse conductivity meter probe properly with distilled water before using in experiment
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1000 mL (0.06 M) standard solutions each of NaOH and ethyl acetate
2. Note down the conductivity & Temperature of NaOH solution from feed vessel at zero time
3. Add 500 mL of ethyl acetate and dump 500 mL NaOH solution in batch reactor; start stirring
4. Keep monitoring the temperature (T) and conductivity (𝜆) of the reaction mixture after every 2
minutes
6. Rinse conductivity meter probe
7. Drain and wash chemical reactor service unit and batch reactor with distilled water properly
Saponification Reaction:
Saponification of ethyl acetate is a 2nd order reaction. Fortunately, the progress of reaction can also be
measured physically through conductivity.
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5 → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 + 𝐷
As only NaOH and Na-acetate effect the conductivity of the solution hence, concentration of these species
can be estimated using conductivity of solution.
Rate law is
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
85
For stoichiometric proportions
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵
Hence, integrated rate law becomes
1 1
= + 𝑘𝑡
Calculations:
0.06
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor = (CAo) = 2
= 0.03 𝑀
Concentration of NaOH in reactor after infinite time = 𝐶𝐴∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐵𝑂 = 0
Concentration of Na-acetate in reactor after infinite time = 𝐶𝐶∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = 0.03 𝑀
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 = _____________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
=
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
86
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
Time (t) 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆∞ 1 𝑑𝑚3
𝜆 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆 (𝑆) ( )
(min) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙
( 3)
𝑑𝑚
0 = 𝜆0
2 .
4 .
. .
. .
1 1
 Plot 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 ( )
 Comment on results
 Units of Conductivity (mS or S) should be consistent in calculation
87
Experiment 8
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via conductometry in CSTR
under Pseudo Steady state conditions
Apparatus:
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CEM-MKII) mounted on chemical reactor service unit (CEX-
MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
5 liters Standard NaOH solution (0.06 M)
5 liters Standard Ethyl acetate solution (0.06 M)
Calibration solutions of conductivity meter
Precautions:
c) Ensure heater of hot water circulator is in off
d) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode
3. Chemical safety:
88
Calibration check:

2. Rinse the conductivity meter probe in calibration solution and cross check the meter reading with
3. Rinse conductivity meter probe properly with distilled water before using it in experiment
Procedure:
1. Prepare 5 liter (0.06 M) standard solutions of NaOH and ethyl acetate

2. Rinse feed vessels with distilled water
3. Pour NaOH and ethyl acetate solutions in feed vessels
4. Adjust agitator motor control at 8
5. Adjust peristaltic pumps to deliver 50 mL/min flowrate for each reagent
6. Note down the conductivity of the NaOH in feed vessel
7. Keep monitoring the conductivity and temperature of the reaction mixture after every 3 minutes
8. Take readings till (pseudo) steady state is achieved i.e. nearly 45 minutes
10. Drain CSTR into a measuring flask and note down the volume of reaction mixture in CSTR
11. Wash Chemical Reactor service unit and reactor with distilled water and drain any residual water
Saponification of ethyl acetate is a 2nd order elementary reaction. Fortunately, the progress of reaction can
also be measured physically through conductivity.
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 + 𝐷
89
Observations:
S. Instantaneous 𝜆 (𝑆)
Time (min)
No. conductivity (mS)
1 0 .
2 3 .
3 6 .
4 9 .
. . .
. (Pseudo) steady state 𝜆=
90
Calculations:
Initial concentration of NaOH in feed vessel 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = 0.06 𝑀
𝑣𝐴 50
Initial concentration of NaOH in mixed feed (CAo) = 𝑣 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = (50+50) 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = ________________
𝐴 +𝑣𝐵
Initial concentration of Na-acetate in mixed feed (CCo) = 0
Concentration of Na-acetate in reactor after infinite time = 𝐶𝐶∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = _________________
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 = _________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
(pseudo) steady state conductivity of solution in reactor = 𝜆 =____________________(Siemens)
Volume of reaction mixture = V = _____________ liters
=
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴 = ________________________________( )
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
91
Component material balance (NaOH) around reactor:
Input- output + generation – consumption = Accumulation
CSTR is a steady state reactor. Hence, accumulation term will be zero. Also NaOH is consumed in reactor.
𝑣𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝑣𝐶𝐴 − (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑉 = 0
𝑣𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝑣𝐶𝐴 − (𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 )𝑉 = 0
𝑣 (𝐶𝐴𝑂 −𝐶𝐴 )
Rate constant (𝑘) =
𝑉 𝐶𝐴2
(𝑣𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵 ) (𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴 )
(𝑘) =
𝑉 𝐶𝐴2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
(𝑘) = ______________________( )
𝑑𝑚3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Note: units of volumetric flowrates (𝑣𝐴 , 𝑣𝐵 )should be consistent in calculations.
92
Experiment 9
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via conductometry in
Tubular Reactor under Pseudo Steady state conditions
Apparatus:
Tubular Reactor (CET-MKII) mounted on chemical reactor service unit (CEX-MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
5 liters standard Ethyl acetate solution (0.06 M)
Precautions:
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solution is corrosive and toxic. Consult MSDS for further details.
93
Calibration check:

Procedure:

6. Keep monitoring the conductivity and temperature of the reaction mixture at the outlet of tubular
reactor after every 3 minutes
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 + 𝐷
94
Observations:
S. Instantaneous
Time (min) 𝜆 (𝑆)
No. conductivity (mS)
1 0 .
2 3 .
3 6 .
4 9 .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. (Pseudo) steady state 𝜆=
95
Calculations:
𝑣𝑎 60
Initial concentration of NaOH in mixed feed (CAo) = 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = ( ) 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = ________________
𝑣𝑎 +𝑣𝑏 60+60
Concentration of NaOH at reactor outlet after infinite time = 𝐶𝐴∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐵𝑂 = 0
Concentration of Na-acetate at reactor outlet after infinite time = 𝐶𝐶∞ = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 = _________________
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 = ________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
(pseudo) steady state conductivity of solution in reactor = 𝜆 =_____________________
Volume of reaction mixture in tubular reactor = V = _____________ liters
=
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴 = ________________________________( )
96
Calculation of Rate constant:
Performance equation of tubular reactor is
𝑋𝐴
𝜏 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝐴𝑂 0 −𝑟𝐴
Rate equation is
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘𝐶𝐴2
For isothermal conditions, stoichiometric proportions, unconverted feed and constant density system the
integrated expression becomes
1 1
= + 𝑘𝜏
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑂
Where 𝜏 is known as the space time. It can be calculated as
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜏= = = ___________________
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
Hence,
1 1 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘= ( − ) = _____________________( 3 )
𝜏 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴𝑂 𝑑𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Repeat the experiment with 80 mL/min for both pumps at constant temperature
97
Experiment 10
Objective:
Determination of Rate Constant for saponification of Ethyl acetate with NaOH via conductometry in a
cascade of CSTR’s under Pseudo Steady state conditions
Apparatus:
Chemical reactor service unit with cascade of CSTR’s (CEP-MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
Precautions:
3. Chemical safety:
98
Calibration check:

3. Rinse Conductivity meter probe properly with distilled water before using it in experiment
Procedure:

5. Adjust agitator motor control at 8
7. Keep monitoring the conductivity and temperature of the reaction mixture after every 3 minutes
9. Rinse conductivity meter
10. Drain CSTR tanks into a measuring flask and note down the volume of reaction mixture in CSTR
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 + 𝐷
99
Observations:
Temperature Instantaneous conductivity (mS)

S. No. Time (min)
(k) 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3
1 0 . . .
2 3 . . .
3 6 . . .
4 9 . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
(Pseudo) steady
. 𝜆= 𝜆= 𝜆=
state
100
Calculations:
𝑣𝑎 50
Initial concentration of NaOH in mixed feed (CAo) = 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = ( ) 𝐶𝐴𝜇 = ________________
𝑣𝑎 +𝑣𝑏 50+50
CSTR 1 & CSTR 2:
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 = _________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
Volume of reaction mixture = V = _____________ liters
=
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴2 = ________________________________( )
CSTR 3:
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Initial concentration of Na-acetate in mixed feed (CCo3) = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝐶𝐴2 = ________________ (𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟)
101
Initial conductivity of solution in reactor at zero time = 𝜆𝑂 = 𝜆𝐴𝑂 + 𝜆𝐶𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴03 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 3 = 𝐶𝐴2 = ______________ ( )
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = 0.195[1 + 0.0184(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐴𝑂3
𝜆𝐴𝑂 = __________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆𝐶𝑜 = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶𝑜3
𝜆𝐶𝑜 = _____________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆𝑜 = _____________________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐴∞ + 𝜆𝐶∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ (𝜆𝐴∞ = 0)
𝜆𝐶∞ = 0.070[1 + 0.0284(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶𝐶∞
𝜆∞ = 𝜆𝐶∞ = ______________________________(𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
Volume of reaction mixture in 3rd tank = V3 = _____________ liters
𝐶𝐴𝑂3 − 𝐶𝐴 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
=
𝐶𝐴𝑂3 − 𝐶𝐴∞ 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝐶𝐴3 = (𝐶𝐴∞ − 𝐶𝐴𝑂 ) ( ) + 𝐶𝐴𝑂
𝜆 𝑂 − 𝜆∞
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴3 = ________________________________( )
102
Component material balance (NaOH) around reactor:
Input- output + generation – consumption = Accumulation
CSTR is a steady state reactor. Hence, accumulation term will be zero. Also NaOH is consumed in reactor.
𝑣𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝑣𝐶𝐴 − (−𝑟𝐴 )𝑉 = 0
𝑣𝐶𝐴𝑜 − 𝑣𝐶𝐴 − (𝑘𝐶𝐴 2 )𝑉 = 0
𝑣 (𝐶𝐴𝑂 −𝐶𝐴 )
Rate constant (𝑘) =
𝑉 𝐶𝐴2
(𝑣𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵 ) (𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴 )
(𝑘) =
𝑉 𝐶𝐴2
CSTR 1 & CSTR 2:
(𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏 ) (𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴1 )

(𝑘1 ) = 2
𝑉1 𝐶𝐴1
𝑚𝑜𝑙
(𝑘1 ) = ______________________( )
(𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏 ) (𝐶𝐴𝑂 − 𝐶𝐴2 )

(𝑘2 ) = 2
𝑉2 𝐶𝐴2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
(𝑘2 ) = ______________________( )
CSTR 3:
(𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣𝑏 ) (𝐶𝐴𝑂3 − 𝐶𝐴3 )

(𝑘3 ) = 2
𝑉3 𝐶𝐴3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
(𝑘3 ) = ______________________( )
Note: units of volumetric flowrate (𝑣𝑎 , 𝑣𝑏 )should be consistent in calculations.
103
Experiment 11
Objective:
Determination of Arrhenius Parameters for saponification Reaction via titrimetry
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, conical flasks, auto piston burettes & pipettes etc.)
Reagents:

Precautions:
c) Ensure heater of hot water circulator is off while working at ambient temperature
d) Hot water circulator should be properly primed with distilled water before turning on the
heater
3. Chemical safety:
Procedure:
1. Note down the temperature of reaction mixture (ambient temperature)

2. Perform experiment according to the procedure of Experiment 4.
3. Find rate constant (k1) at this temperature.
104
4. Turn on hot water circulator and adjust the temperature to a set point of 10 °C above ambient.
5. Again perform the experiment according to the procedure of experiment 4.
6. Again Find rate constant (k1) at 2nd temperature.
Arrhenius equation is
𝐸𝐴
𝑘 = 𝑘𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴
𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛𝑘𝑜 + (− ) ln(𝑒)
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴 1
𝑙𝑛𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛𝑘𝑜 + (− )
𝑅 𝑇
Calculations:
At Ambient Temperature (T1):

0.06
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor (CAo) = 2
= 0.03 𝑀
Time (t) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑑𝑚3

S. No. 𝐶𝐴 ( 3 ) ( )
(min) 𝑑𝑚 𝐶𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
2
3
4
5
1 1
 Plot 𝐶 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝐶 )
𝐴 𝐴𝑜
105
At high Temperature (T2):
0.06
Initial concentration of NaOH in reactor (CAo) = = 0.03 𝑀
2
Time (t) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑑𝑚3

S. No. 𝐶𝐴 ( 3 ) ( )
(min) 𝑑𝑚 𝐶𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
2
3
4
5
1 1
 Plot 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑘2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 ( )
1 Rate constant
S. No. Temperature (K) ln(k)
𝑇 (k)
1
2
𝐸𝐴
 Plot ln (k) vs. 1/T and find the slope (– 𝑅
) and intercept (𝑙𝑛𝑘𝑜 )
 Find EA and ko
106
Experiment 12
Objective:
Determination of Arrhenius Parameters for saponification Reaction via Conductometry in batch reactor
Apparatus:
Conductivity Meter
Reagents:
Distilled water Standard NaOH solution Standard Ethyl acetate solution
Standard Conductivity Calibration solutions
Precautions:
heater
e) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode.
3. Chemical safety:
Procedure:
1. Note down the temperature of reaction mixture (ambient temperature)
107
𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴 1
𝑅 𝑇
Observations:
At Temperature T1:
S. No. Time (min) 𝜆 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆 (𝑆)

1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k1=____________________
108
At Temperature T2:

1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k2=____________________
Calculations:
1 Rate constant
𝑇 (k)
1
2
𝐸𝐴
 Find EA and ko
109
Experiment 13
Objective:
Determination of Arrhenius Parameters for saponification Reaction via Conductometry in CSTR
Apparatus:
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CEM-MKII) mounted on chemical reactor service unit (CEX-
MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
Precautions:
heater
e) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode
110
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solutions is corrosive and toxic. Ethyl acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant. Consult MSDS
Calibration check:

Procedure:

𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴 1
𝑅 𝑇
Observations:
At Temperature T1:

1 0
2 3
3 6
111
. .
. .
k1=____________________
At Temperature T2:

1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k2=____________________
Calculations:
1 Rate constant
𝑇 (k)
1
2
𝐸𝐴
 Find EA and ko
112
Experiment 14
Objective:
Determination of Arrhenius Parameters for saponification Reaction via Conductometry in Tubular Reactor
Apparatus:
Tubular Reactor (CET-MKII) mounted on chemical reactor service unit (CEX-MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
Precautions:
heater
e) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solutions is corrosive and toxic. Ethyl Acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant. Consult
MSDS for further details.
113
Calibration check:

Procedure:

𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴 1
𝑅 𝑇
Observations:
At Temperature T1:

1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k1=____________________
114
At Temperature T2:

1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k2=____________________
Calculations:
1 Rate constant
𝑇 (k)
1
2
𝐸𝐴
 Find EA and ko
115
Experiment 15
Objective:
Determination of Arrhenius Parameters for saponification Reaction via Conductometry in CSTR battery
Apparatus:
Chemical reactor service unit with cascade of CSTR’s (CEP-MKII)
Conductivity meter
Reagents:
Distilled water
Precautions:
heater
e) Conductivity meter should be in 19.99 mS mode.
3. Chemical safety:
Alkali solution is corrosive and toxic. Ethyl Acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Irritant. Consult MSDS
116
Calibration check:

Procedure:

2. Find rate constant (k1, k2, k3) at this temperature.
5. Again Find rate constant (k1, k2, k3) at 2nd temperature.
𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝐴 1
𝑅 𝑇
Observations:
At Temperature T1:
S. Time
𝜆1 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆2 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆3 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆1 (𝑆) 𝜆2 (𝑆) 𝜆3 (𝑆)
No. (min)
1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k1=____________ k2=____________ k3=____________
117
At Temperature T2:
S. Time
𝜆1 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆2 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆3 (𝑚𝑆) 𝜆1 (𝑆) 𝜆2 (𝑆) 𝜆3 (𝑆)
No. (min)
1 0
2 3
3 6
. .
. .
k1=____________ k2=____________ k3=____________
Calculations:
1 Rate constant
S. Temperature ln(k)
𝑇 (k)
No. (K)
k1 k2 k3
𝐸𝐴
 Find EA and ko
118
Experiment 16
Objective:
To determine rate constant for acid catalyzed hydrolysis of Ethyl Acetate via titrimetry
Apparatus:
Glass wares (beakers, burettes, pipettes, conical flasks)
Reagents:
Distilled water
2 liters Standard HCl solution (0.5 M)
40 mL Standard Ethyl acetate analytical grade solution
Ice cubes/crushed ice
Precautions:
3. Chemical safety:
Acid & Alkali solutions are corrosive and toxic. Ethyl Acetate is Flammable, Toxic & Corrosive.
Procedure:
1. Prepare standard solutions of HCl and NaOH

2. Take crushed ice/ice cubes in atleast 6 conical flasks (ice acts as an inhibitor to stop the hydrolysis
reaction at once)
3. In separate conical flask, put 5mL pure ethyl acetate into 100mL (large excess) HCl solution
119
4. Immediately withdraw a 10 mL sample from mixed solution and transfer it into conical flasks with
ice cubes (hydrolysis reaction will stop at once)
5. Titrate it against NaOH with phenolphthalein indicator
6. Find out the concentration of the ethyl acetate in the solution
Hydrolysis of ester is a (pseudo) first order reaction due to the large excess of water present. The
concentration of water doesn’t change appreciably before or after the reaction. Hence,
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻
−(𝑟𝐴 ) = 𝑘𝐶𝐴
Integrated rate law becomes,
𝐶𝐴𝑜
ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡
𝐶𝐴
𝐼 𝐶𝐴𝑜
𝑘 = ln( )
𝑡 𝐶𝐴
NaOH is used to find out the Concentration of the acetic acid in given sample formed as a result of the
hydrolysis reaction. Stoichometrically, moles formed of acetic acid are equal to moles consumed of ethyl
acetate.
120
Calculations:
NaOH : CH3COOH
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑀2 𝑉2
=
𝑁1 𝑁2
𝑉2 = 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑀2 = __________________ = 𝐶𝐴
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝐶𝐴𝑜
S. No. Time (min) 𝐶𝐴 ( ) 𝑘 = ln ( ) (𝑚𝑖𝑛−1 )
𝑑𝑚3 𝑡 𝐶𝐴
121
Material Safety Data Sheets
MSDS for following Chemicals are attached
1. Sodium Hydroxide
2. Hydrochloric Acid
3. Sodium Carbonate
4. Phenolphthalein
5. Methyl Orange
6. Ethyl Acetate
7. Water
p. 122
He a lt h 3
0 0
Fire
3 1
Re a c t iv it y 2
P e rs o n a l J
P ro t e c t io n
Material Safety Data Sheet

Sodium hydroxide, Pellets, Reagent ACS MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Sodium hydroxide, Pellets, Reagent ACS Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLS4090 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 1310-73-2 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: WB4900000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium hydroxide
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Caustic Soda 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Sodium Hydroxide International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: NaOH For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight

Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium hydroxide LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:

Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion,
of inhalation. The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or
blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or
respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking,
unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is
characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to lungs. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the
substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated exposure of the eyes to a low level of dust can produce eye irritation.
Repeated skin exposure can produce local skin destruction, or dermatitis. Repeated inhalation of dust can produce varying
degree of respiratory irritation or lung damage.
p. 1
Section 4: First Aid Measures
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of metals
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of heat.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
sodium hydroxide + zinc metal dust causes ignition of the latter. Under proper conditions of temperature, pressure and state
of division, it can ignite or react violently with acetaldehyde, ally alcohol, allyl chloride, benzene-1,4-diol, chlorine trifluoride,
1,2 dichlorethylene, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, cinnamaldehyde, 2,2-dichloro-3,3-dimethylbutane.
Sodium hydroxide in contact with water may generate enough heat to ignite adjacent combustible materials. Phosphorous
boiled with NaOH yields mixed phosphines which may ignite spontanously in air. sodium hydroxide and cinnamaldehyde +
heat may cause ignition. Reaction with certain metals releases flammable and explosive hydrogen gas.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Sodium hydroxide reacts to form explosive products with ammonia + silver nitrate. Benzene extract of allyl benzenesulfonate
prepared from allyl alcohol, and benzene sulfonyl chloride in presence of aquesous sodium hydroxide, under vacuum
distillation, residue darkened and exploded. Sodium Hydroxde + impure tetrahydrofuran, which can contain peroxides, can
p. 2
cause serious explosions. Dry mixtures of sodium hydroxide and sodium tetrahydroborate liberate hydrogen explosively at
230-270 deg. C. Sodium Hydroxide reacts with sodium salt of trichlorophenol + methyl alcohol + trichlorobenzene + heat to
cause an explosion.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with
a dilute solution of acetic acid.
Large Spill:
Corrosive solid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray
to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal.
Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level
above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
Keep container dry. Do not breathe dust. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. If you feel unwell, seek medical attention and show the label when possible. Avoid contact with skin
and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metals, acids, alkalis, moisture.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Synthetic apron. Vapor and dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent.
Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor and dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling
this product.
Exposure Limits:
CEIL: 2 from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1995] Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid.

Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 40 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): 13.5 [Basic.]
p. 3
Boiling Point: 1388°C (2530.4°F)
Melting Point: 323°C (613.4°F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 2.13 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances:
Highly reactive with metals. Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis, moisture.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Much heat is evolved when solid material is dissolved in water. Therefore cold water and caution must be
used for this process. Sodium hydroxide solution and octanol + diborane during a work-up of a reaction mixture of oxime
and diborane in tetrahyrofuran is very exothermic, a mild explosion being noted on one occassion. Reactive with water,
acids, acid chlorides, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, flammable liquids, organic halogens,
metals (i.e aluminum, tin, zinc), nitromethane, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acrolein, chlorohydrin, chlorosulfonic acid,
ethylene cyanohydrin, glyoxal, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrosulfuric acid, nitric acid, oleum, propiolactone, acylonitrile,
phorosous pentoxide, chloroethanol, chloroform-methanol, tetrahydroborate, cyanogen azide, 1,2,4,5 tetrachlorobenzene,
cinnamaldehyde. Reacts with formaldehyde hydroxide to yield formic acid, and hydrogen.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Very caustic to aluminum and other metals in presence of moisture.
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals:
LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Causes damage to the following organs: lungs.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive). Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant,
permeator), of eye contact (corrosive), of ingestion, .
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals:
p. 4
Lowest Published Lethal Dose: LDL [Rabbit] - Route: Oral; Dose: 500 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material (mutagenic). Investigation as a mutagen
(cytogenetic analysis), but no data available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes severe skin irritation and burns. May
cause deep penetrating ulcers of the skin. Eyes: Causes severe eye irritation and burns. May cause chemical conjunctivitis
and corneal damage. Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Causes severe irritation of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes
with coughing, burns, breathing difficulty, and possible coma. Irritation may lead the chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary
edema. Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed. May
cause severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes severe gastrointestinal tract irritation and burns. May
cause perforation of the digestive tract. Causes severe pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock. May cause corrosion and
permanent destruction of the esophagus and digestive tract.
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.

BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification: Class 8: Corrosive material

Identification: : Sodium hydroxide, solid UNNA: 1823 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations:

Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Sodium hydroxide Illinois chemical safety act: Sodium hydroxide New
York release reporting list: Sodium hydroxide Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Sodium hydroxide Pennsylvania
RTK: Sodium hydroxide Minnesota: Sodium hydroxide Massachusetts RTK: Sodium hydroxide New Jersey: Sodium hydroxide
Louisiana spill reporting: Sodium hydroxide California Director's List of Hazardous Substances: Sodium hydroxide TSCA 8(b)
inventory: Sodium hydroxide CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Sodium hydroxide: 1000 lbs. (453.6 kg)
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS E: Corrosive solid.
p. 5
DSCL (EEC):
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 2
Personal Protection: j
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 1
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Synthetic apron. Vapor and dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear
appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 06:32 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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Hydrochloric acid MSDS
Product Name: Hydrochloric acid Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLH1462, SLH3154 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: Mixture. Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: MW4025000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Hydrochloric acid
CI#: Not applicable.
Synonym: Hydrochloric Acid; Muriatic Acid 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Not applicable. International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: Not applicable. For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:

Hydrogen chloride 7647-01-0 20-38
Water 7732-18-5 62-80
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Hydrogen chloride: GAS (LC50): Acute: 4701 ppm 0.5 hours [Rat].

Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, . Slightly
hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage
particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the
spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath.
Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin
inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for
human.) by IARC [Hydrochloric acid]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, mucous membranes, upper
respiratory tract, skin, eyes, Circulatory System, teeth. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target
p. 1
organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial
infection. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one
or many human organs.
Eye Contact:
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of metals
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Non-explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Non combustible. Calcium carbide reacts with hydrogen chloride gas with incandescence. Uranium phosphide reacts with
hydrochloric acid to release spontaneously flammable phosphine. Rubidium acetylene carbides burns with slightly warm
hydrochloric acid. Lithium silicide in contact with hydrogen chloride becomes incandescent. When dilute hydrochloric acid is
used, gas spontaneously flammable in air is evolved. Magnesium boride treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces
spontaneously flammble gas. Cesium acetylene carbide burns hydrogen chloride gas. Cesium carbide ignites in contact with
hydrochloric acid unless acid is dilute. Reacts with most metals to produce flammable Hydrodgen gas.
p. 2
Hydrogen chloride in contact with the following can cause an explosion, ignition on contact, or other violent/vigorous reaction:
Acetic anhydride AgClO + CCl4 Alcohols + hydrogen cyanide, Aluminum Aluminum-titanium alloys (with HCl vapor), 2-Amino
ethanol, Ammonium hydroxide, Calcium carbide Ca3P2 Chlorine + dinitroanilines (evolves gas), Chlorosulfonic acid Cesium
carbide Cesium acetylene carbide, 1,1-Difluoroethylene Ethylene diamine Ethylene imine, Fluorine, HClO4 Hexalithium
disilicide H2SO4 Metal acetylides or carbides, Magnesium boride, Mercuric sulfate, Oleum, Potassium permanganate,
beta-Propiolactone Propylene oxide Rubidium carbide, Rubidium, acetylene carbide Sodium (with aqueous HCl), Sodium
hydroxide Sodium tetraselenium, Sulfonic acid, Tetraselenium tetranitride, U3P4 , Vinyl acetate. Silver perchlorate with carbon
tetrachloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid produces trichloromethyl perchlorate which detonates at 40 deg. C.
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If
necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill:
Corrosive liquid. Poisonous liquid. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material.
Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Use water spray
to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal.
Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration
level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product.
In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show
the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, organic
materials, metals, alkalis, moisture. May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a strong
polyethylene inner package.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
CEIL: 5 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] CEIL: 7 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] CEIL: 5 from NIOSH
CEIL: 7 (mg/m3) from NIOSH TWA: 1 STEL: 5 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 2 STEL: 8 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom
(UK)]Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
Physical state and appearance: Liquid.
p. 3
Odor: Pungent. Irritating (Strong.)
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Colorless to light yellow.
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic.
Boiling Point:
108.58 C @ 760 mm Hg (for 20.22% HCl in water) 83 C @ 760 mm Hg (for 31% HCl in water) 50.5 C (for 37% HCl in water)
Melting Point:
-62.25°C (-80°F) (20.69% HCl in water) -46.2 C (31.24% HCl in water) -25.4 C (39.17% HCl in water)
Specific Gravity:
1.1- 1.19 (Water = 1) 1.10 (20%and 22% HCl solutions) 1.12 (24% HCl solution) 1.15 (29.57% HCl solution) 1.16 (32% HCl
solution) 1.19 (37% and 38%HCl solutions)
Vapor Pressure: 16 kPa (@ 20°C) average
Vapor Density: 1.267 (Air = 1)
Odor Threshold: 0.25 to 10 ppm
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether.
Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, diethyl ether.

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, water
Highly reactive with metals. Reactive with oxidizing agents, organic materials, alkalis, water.
Corrosivity:
Extremely corrosive in presence of aluminum, of copper, of stainless steel(304), of stainless steel(316). Non-corrosive in
presence of glass.
Reacts with water especially when water is added to the product. Absorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride on mercuric
sulfate becomes violent @ 125 deg. C. Sodium reacts very violently with gaseous hydrogen chloride. Calcium phosphide
and hydrochloric acid undergo very energetic reaction. It reacts with oxidizers releasing chlorine gas. Incompatible with,
alkali metals, carbides, borides, metal oxides, vinyl acetate, acetylides, sulphides, phosphides, cyanides, carbonates. Reacts
with most metals to produce flammable Hydrogen gas. Reacts violently (moderate reaction with heat of evolution) with
water especially when water is added to the product. Isolate hydrogen chloride from heat, direct sunlight, alkalies (reacts
vigorously), organic materials, and oxidizers (especially nitric acid and chlorates), amines, metals, copper and alloys (e.g.
brass), hydroxides, zinc (galvanized materials), lithium silicide (incandescence), sulfuric acid(increase in temperature and
pressure) Hydrogen chloride gas is emitted when this product is in contact with sulfuric acid. Adsorption of Hydrochloric Acid
onto silicon dioxide results in exothmeric reaction. Hydrogen chloride causes aldehydes and epoxides to violently polymerize.
Hydrogen chloride or Hydrochloric Acid in contact with the folloiwng can cause explosion or ignition on contact or
Special Remarks on Corrosivity:
p. 4
Highly corrosive. Incompatible with copper and copper alloys. It attacks nearly all metals (mercury, gold, platinium, tantalum,
silver, and certain alloys are exceptions). It is one of the most corrosive of the nonoxidizing acids in contact with copper alloys.
No corrosivity data on zinc, steel. Severe Corrosive effect on brass and bronze
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation.
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 900 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 1108 ppm, 1 hours [Mouse]. Acute toxicity of
the vapor (LC50): 3124 ppm, 1 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC [Hydrochloric acid]. May cause damage to the
following organs: kidneys, liver, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, Circulatory System, teeth.
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of eye contact
(corrosive), of inhalation (lung corrosive).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals:
Lowest Published Lethal Doses (LDL/LCL) LDL [Man] -Route: Oral; 2857 ug/kg LCL [Human] - Route: Inhalation; Dose: 1300
ppm/30M LCL [Rabbit] - Route: Inhalation; Dose: 4413 ppm/30M
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:
May cause adverse reproductive effects (fetoxicity). May affect genetic material.
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Corrosive. Causes severe skin irritation and burns. Eyes: Corrosive. Causes severe
eye irritation/conjuntivitis, burns, corneal necrosis. Inhalation: May be fatal if inhaled. Material is extremely destructive to
tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Inhalation of hydrochloric acid fumes produces nose, throat,
and larryngeal burning, and irritation, pain and inflammation, coughing, sneezing, choking sensation, hoarseness, laryngeal
spasms, upper respiratory tract edema, chest pains, as well has headache, and palpitations. Inhalation of high concentrations
can result in corrosive burns, necrosis of bronchial epithelium, constriction of the larynx and bronchi, nasospetal perforation,
glottal closure, occur, particularly if exposure is prolonged. May affect the liver. Ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed. Causes
irritation and burning, ulceration, or perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and resultant peritonitis, gastric hemorrhage and
infection. Can also cause nausea, vomitting (with "coffee ground" emesis), diarrhea, thirst, difficulty swallowing, salivation,
chills, fever, uneasiness, shock, strictures and stenosis (esophogeal, gastric, pyloric). May affect behavior (excitement), the
cardiovascular system (weak rapid pulse, tachycardia), respiration (shallow respiration), and urinary system (kidneys- renal
failure, nephritis). Acute exposure via inhalation or ingestion can also cause erosion of tooth enamel. Chronic Potential Health
Effects: dyspnea, bronchitis. Chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema can also

Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Waste Disposal:
p. 5
DOT Classification: Class 8: Corrosive material

Identification: : Hydrochloric acid, solution UNNA: 1789 PG: II

Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Hydrochloric acid Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Hydrochloric
acid Illinois chemical safety act: Hydrochloric acid New York release reporting list: Hydrochloric acid Rhode Island RTK
hazardous substances: Hydrochloric acid Pennsylvania RTK: Hydrochloric acid Minnesota: Hydrochloric acid Massachusetts
RTK: Hydrochloric acid Massachusetts spill list: Hydrochloric acid New Jersey: Hydrochloric acid New Jersey spill list:
Hydrochloric acid Louisiana RTK reporting list: Hydrochloric acid Louisiana spill reporting: Hydrochloric acid California
Director's List of Hazardous Substances: Hydrochloric acid TSCA 8(b) inventory: Hydrochloric acid TSCA 4(a) proposed test
rules: Hydrochloric acid SARA 302/304/311/312 extremely hazardous substances: Hydrochloric acid SARA 313 toxic chemical
notification and release reporting: Hydrochloric acid CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Hydrochloric acid: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)
Other Regulations:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). CLASS E: Corrosive liquid.
DSCL (EEC):
R34- Causes burns. R37- Irritating to respiratory system. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of
water and seek medical advice. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label
where possible).
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 1
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 1
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Face shield.
p. 6
References:
-Hawley, G.G.. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11e ed., New York N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. -SAX, N.I.
Dangerous Properties of Indutrial Materials. Toronto, Van Nostrand Reinold, 6e ed. 1984. -The Sigma-Aldrich Library of
Chemical Safety Data, Edition II. -Guide de la loi et du règlement sur le transport des marchandises dangeureuses au canada.
Centre de conformité internatinal Ltée. 1986.
Created: 10/09/2005 05:45 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
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Sodium carbonate MSDS
Product Name: Sodium carbonate Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLS3481, SLS1264, SLS4105, SLS1894, Sciencelab.com, Inc.
SLS3316 14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
CAS#: 497-19-8
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
RTECS: VZ4050000 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium carbonate Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:

1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Crystal Carbonate, Disodium Carbonate, Sal
Soda, Soda Asha, Washing Soda International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: Na2-C-O3

Composition:

Sodium carbonate 497-19-8 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium carbonate: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 4090 mg/kg [Rat]. 6600 mg/kg [Mouse]. DUST
(LC50): Acute: 2300 mg/m 2 hours [Rat]. 1200 mg/m 2 hours [Mouse].
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation
(lung irritant).
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may
be toxic to upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs
damage.
p. 1
Eye Contact:
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
attention.
Inhalation:
attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.

Products of Combustion: Emits Na2O fumes when heated to decompositon.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Sodium carbonate can ignite and burn fiercely in contact with fluoride. Sodium Carbonate in contact with fluorine decomposed
at ordinary temperature with incandescence.
Reacts explosively with red-hot aluminum metal. Sodium carbonate + ammonia in arabic gum solution will explode.
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with
a dilute solution of acetic acid. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to
local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution
of acetic acid. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary
system.
p. 2
Precautions:
Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with
skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as acids.
Storage:
Hygroscopic. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 24°C (75.2°F).
Hygroscopic
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid powder.)

Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Alkaline.
Molecular Weight: 105.99 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): 11.5 [Basic.]
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: 851°C (1563.8°F)
Specific Gravity: Density: 2.532 (Water = 1)
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility:
p. 3
Soluble in hot water, glycerol. Partially soluble in cold water. Insoluble in acetone, alcohol.

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, moisture
Reactive with acids. Slightly reactive to reactive with moisture.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Hygroscopic. Combines with water with evolution of heat. Incompatible with phosphorus pentoxide, lithium, fluorine, fluoride,
ammonia + silver nitrate, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, ammonia, acids, sodium sulfide + water, hydrogen peroxide, red hot alumium
metal, sodium sulfide, zinc, calcium hydroxide. Sodium Carbonate is decomposed by acids with effervescence. Reacts
violently with F2, Lithium, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Sodium begins to decompose at 400 C to evolve CO2.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Hot concentrated solutions of sodium carbonate are mildly corrosive to steel.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.

WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 4090 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute toxicity of the dust (LC50): 1200 mg/m3 2 hours [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause damage to the following organs: upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation (lung irritant).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: LDL (Lowest Published Lethal Dose) [Man] - Route: Oral; Dose: 714 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause adverse reproductive effects based on animal test data
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Causes skin irritation with possible burns depending on the concentration, site (abraded
or intact skin), and duration of exposure. Eyes: Causes eye irritation and possible burns. Concentrated solutions may cause
permanent corneal injury (permanent corneal opacity). Ingestion: Sodium carbonate ingestion may cause irritation of the
digestive tract resulting in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, abdominal pain depending on concentration and amount ingested.
May also affect the cardiovascular system . Inhalation: Dust may cause respiratory tract and mucous membrane irritation
with coughing and shortness of breath (dyspnea), pulmonary edema. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Chronic inhalation
may result in decreased pulmonary function, nasal congestion, nosebleeds, perforation of the nasal septum. Other effects
of chronic exposure are skin (dermatitis and ulceration), and gastrointestinal complaints. However, the effects of chronic
exposure seem to be reversible if exposure is decreased.

p. 4
Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium carbonate

Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R36/37/38- Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. S22- Do not breathe dust. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse
immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 1
Personal Protection: E
Health: 2
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 1
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.

p. 5
Created: 10/10/2005 08:26 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
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Phenolphthalein TS MSDS
Product Name: Phenolphthalein TS Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLP1345 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: Mixture. Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: Not applicable. US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water; Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof; Phenolphthalein, powder Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not applicable. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:

1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Phenolphthalein TS
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Name: Not applicable.
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Formula: Not applicable.

Composition:

Water 7732-18-5 5.0
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof 64-17-5 94
Phenolphthalein, powder 77-09-8 1
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 7060 mg/kg [Rat.]. 3450 mg/kg [Mouse].
VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 20000 ppm 8 hours [Rat]. 39000 mg/m 4 hours [Mouse]. Phenolphthalein, powder LD50: Not available.
LC50: Not available.

Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact
(permeator). Non-corrosive for skin. Non-corrosive to the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN by State of California Proposition 65 [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Classified
A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Classified 1 (Clear evidence.) by NTP
[Phenolphthalein, powder]. Classified 2B (Possible for human.) by IARC [Phenolphthalein, powder]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof]. Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Phenolphthalein, powder]. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN
p. 1
for human [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Development toxin [PROVEN] [Ethyl alcohol
200 Proof]. Classified Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE] [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. The substance is toxic to blood,
the reproductive system, liver, upper respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system (CNS). The substance may be toxic to
kidneys. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids
open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
attention.
Inhalation:
attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation:
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical
attention.
Ingestion:
person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband.
Flammability of the Product: Flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: The lowest known value is 363°C (685.4°F) (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof).
Flash Points:
The lowest known value is CLOSED CUP: 12.78°C (55°F). OPEN CUP: 12.78°C (55°F). (Cleveland). (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Flammable Limits: The greatest known range is LOWER: 3.3% UPPER: 19% (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Highly flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of oxidizing
materials. Non-flammable in presence of shocks, of reducing materials, of combustible materials, of organic materials, of
metals, of acids, of alkalis, of moisture.
Slightly explosive in presence of oxidizing materials, of acids. Non-explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of
shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam,
water spray or fog.
p. 2
Containers should be grounded. CAUTION: MAY BURN WITH NEAR INVISIBLE FLAME Vapor may travel considerable
distance to source of ignition and flash back. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Ethanol has an explosive reaction with the oxidized coating around potassium metal. Ethanol ignites and then explodes on
contact with acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode), disulfuric acid + nitric acid, phosphorous(III)
oxide platinum, potassium-tert-butoxide+ acids. Ethanol forms explosive products in reaction with the following compound :
ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), iodine + phosphorus (forms ethane iodide), magnesium
perchlorate (forms ethyl perchlorate), mercuric nitrate, nitric acid + silver (forms silver fulminate) silver nitrate (forms ethyl
nitrate) silver(I) oxide + ammonia or hydrazine (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), sodium (evolves hydrogen gas). (Ethyl
alcohol 200 Proof)
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth,
sand or other non-combustible material. Do not touch spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined
areas; dike if needed. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS
and with local authorities.
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do
not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Storage:
Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and
sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
product.
Exposure Limits:
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof TWA: 1000 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] TWA: 1000 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL)
[United States] TWA: 1900 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 1000 (ppm) from NIOSH TWA: 1000 (ppm)
[United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1920 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1000 STEL: 1250 (ppm) [Canada]Consult local
authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
p. 3
Odor: Not available.
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Neutral.
Boiling Point: The lowest known value is 78.5°C (173.3°F) (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof). Weighted average: 79.58°C (175.2°F)
Melting Point: May start to solidify at -114.1°C (-173.4°F) based on data for: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof.
Critical Temperature: The lowest known value is 243°C (469.4°F) (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof).
Specific Gravity: Weighted average: 0.8 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: The highest known value is 5.7 kPa (@ 20°C) (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof). Weighted average: 5.53 kPa (@
20°C)
Vapor Density: The highest known value is 1.59 (Air = 1) (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof). Weighted average: 1.54 (Air = 1)
Odor Threshold: The highest known value is 100 ppm (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol, diethyl ether. Soluble in acetone.

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, heat, sources of ignition. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Ethanol rapidly absorbs moisture from the air. Can react vigorously with oxiders. The following oxidants have been
demonstrated to undergo vigorous/explosive reaction with ethanol: barium perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, calcium
hypochlorite, chloryl perchlorate, chromium trioxide, chromyl chloride, dioxygen difluoride, disulfuryl difluoride, fluorine nitrate,
hydrogen peroxide, iodine heptafluoride, nitric acid nitrosyl perchlorate, perchloric acid permanganic acid, peroxodisulfuric
acid, potassium dioxide, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate, ruthenium(VIII) oxide, silver perchlorate, silver
peroxide, uranium hexafluoride, uranyl perchlorate. Ethanol reacts violently/expodes with the following compounds: acetyl
bromide (evolves hydrogen bromide) acetyl chloride, aluminum, sesquibromide ethylate, ammonium hydroxide & silver
oxide, chlorate, chromic anhydride, cyanuric acid + water, dichloromethane + sulfuric acid + nitrate (or) nitrite, hydrogen
peroxide + sulfuric acid, iodine + methanol + mercuric oxide, manganese perchlorate + 2,2-dimethoxy propane, perchlorates,
permanganates + sulfuric acid, potassium superoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, silver & nitric acid, silver perchlorate, sodium
hydrazide, sulfuric acid + sodium dichromate, tetrachlorisilane + water. Ethanol is also incompatible with platinium, and
sodium. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
p. 4
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact. Inhalation.

Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 3450 mg/kg [Mouse]. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof).
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN by State of California Proposition 65 [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Classified
A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Classified 1 (Clear evidence.) by NTP
[Phenolphthalein, powder]. Classified 2B (Possible for human.) by IARC [Phenolphthalein, powder]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS:
Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. [Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof]. Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Phenolphthalein, powder]. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN
for human [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Development toxin [PROVEN] [Ethyl alcohol
200 Proof]. Classified Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE] [Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof]. Contains material which may
cause damage to the following organs: kidneys.
Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
May affect genetic material (mutagenic) Causes adverse reproductive effects and birth defects (teratogenic) , based on
moderate to heavy consumption. May cause cancer based on animal data. Human: passes through the placenta, excreted in
maternal milk. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)
Acute potential health effects: Skin: causes skin irritation Eyes: causes eye irritation Ingestion: May affect behavior.
Moderately toxic and narcotic in high concentrations. May affect metabolism, gastrointestinal tract, blood, liver. May affect
respiratory tract, cardiovascular and urinary systems. Experimentaly tumorigen. Inhalation: May cause irritation of the
respiratory tract, headache, drowsiness, nausea, narcosis. (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof)

Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid.

Identification: : Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof) UNNA: 1170 PG: II
p. 5
California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause
cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, which would require a warning under the statute: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof;
Phenolphthalein, powder California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California
has found to cause birth defects which would require a warning under the statute: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof California prop. 65:
This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer which would require
a warning under the statute: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof; Phenolphthalein, powder Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances:
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Pennsylvania RTK: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Florida: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Massachusetts RTK: Ethyl
alcohol 200 Proof New Jersey: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water; Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof; Phenolphthalein,
powder
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS B-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8°C (100°F). CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects
(VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R11- Highly flammable. R22- Harmful if swallowed. R45- May cause cancer. S2- Keep out of the reach of children. S46-
If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. S53- Avoid exposure - obtain special
instructions before use.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 3
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: h
Health: 2
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.

Created: 10/10/2005 11:18 AM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
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Methyl orange MSDS
Product Name: Methyl orange Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLM2938, SLM4318 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
RTECS: DB6327000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl orange
CI#: 13025
Synonym: Acid Orange 52; Sodium 1-800-424-9300
Dimethylaminobenzenesulfonate; 4-
[Dimethylamino)pnenylazo]benzenesulfonic Acid, sodium International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
salt; Orange III; Tropaeolin D For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Name: Methyl Orange
Chemical Formula: C14H14N3NaO3S

Composition:

Methyl orange 547-58-0 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Methyl orange: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 60 mg/kg [Rat].

Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Severe over-exposure can result
in death.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may
produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs.
p. 1
Eye Contact:
minutes. Cold water may be used. WARM water MUST be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.
attention.
Inhalation:
attention.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Seek
medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2...). Some metallic oxides.
Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.
presence of static discharge: Not available.
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Small Spill: Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Poisonous solid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to
reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Eliminate all ignition sources. Call for
assistance on disposal.
p. 2
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate
the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable
protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as
oxidizing agents.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do not store above 25°C (77°F).
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
product.
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Powdered solid.)

Odor: Odorless.
Color: Orange-Yellow.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: >300°C (572°F)
Specific Gravity: Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not available.
Solubility:
Partially soluble in hot water. Very slightly soluble in cold water. Insoluble in diethyl ether. Practically insoluble in alcohol.
Soluble in Pyrimidine.
p. 3

Conditions of Instability: Excess heat, incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 60 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irritation. Eyes: Dust may cause eye irritation. This product contains
an anionic dye. Similar dyes have not caused injury to the cornea or conjunctiva in documented exposure cases with
human or rabbit eyes. Inhalation: Dust may cause respiratory tract irritation, Ingestion: Harmful is swallowed. May cause
gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been
fully investigated.

Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: CLASS 6.1: Poisonous material.
p. 4
Identification: : Dye, solid, toxic, n.o.s. (Methyl orange) UNNA: 3143 PG: III
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl orange

Other Regulations:
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
R25- Toxic if swallowed. S28- After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S45- In case of accident or if you
feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 1
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
Health: 2
Flammability: 1
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.

Created: 10/10/2005 08:40 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
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Ethyl acetate MSDS
Product Name: Ethyl acetate Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLE2452, SLE2317 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
RTECS: AH5425000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Ethyl acetate
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: Acetic Acid, Ethyl Ester Acetic Ether 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Ethyl Acetate International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: C4-H8-O2 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:

Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Ethyl acetate: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5620 mg/kg [Rat]. 4100 mg/kg [Mouse]. 4935 mg/kg
[Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 45000 mg/m 3 hours [Mouse]. 16000 ppm 6 hours [Rat].

Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact
(irritant).
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to mucous
membranes, upper respiratory tract. The substance may be toxic to blood, kidneys, liver, central nervous system (CNS).
Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
p. 1
Eye Contact:
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Cold water
may be used.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation:
attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation:
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical
attention.
Ingestion:
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Flammability of the Product: Flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: 426.67°C (800°F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: -4.4°C (24.1°F). (TAG) OPEN CUP: 7.2°C (45°F) (Cleveland).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 2.2% UPPER: 9%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Highly flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of oxidizing
materials, of acids, of alkalis. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of heat. Non-
explosive in presence of shocks.
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam,
water spray or fog.
Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and irritating fumes.
The liquid produces a vapor that forms explosive mixtures with air at normal temperatures. Explosive reaction with lithium
tetrahydroaluminate.
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
p. 2
Large Spill:
Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth,
sand or other non-combustible material. Do not touch spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined
areas; dike if needed. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS
and with local authorities.
Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not
breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles
such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Storage:
Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and
sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Moisture sensitive.
Safety glasses. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
product.
Exposure Limits:
TWA: 400 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 400 from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 1400 (mg/m3) from
NIOSH [United States] TWA: 400 (ppm) from NIOSH [United States] TWA: 400 (ppm) [Canada] TWA: 1440 (mg/m3) [Canada]
TWA: 1400 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]3 Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Odor: Ethereal. Fruity. (Slight.)
Taste: Bittersweet, wine-like burning taste
Color: Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 77°C (170.6°F)
Melting Point: -83°C (-117.4°F)
Critical Temperature: 250°C (482°F)
Specific Gravity: 0.902 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 12.4 kPa (@ 20°C)
p. 3
Odor Threshold: 3.9 ppm
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in oil; log(oil/water) = 0.7
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, diethyl ether, acetone, alcohol, benzene.

Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources (flames, sparks, static), incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Also incompatible with nitrates, chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, potassium-tert-butoxide, and lithium tetrahydroaluminate. Moisture
sensitive. On storage, it is slowly decomposed by water.
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.

WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 4100 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 45000 mg/m3 3 hours [Mouse].
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH. Causes damage to the following organs:
mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract. May cause damage to the following organs: blood, kidneys, liver, central nervous
system (CNS).
Hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: LD50 [Rabbit] - Route: skin; Dose >20,000 ml/kg
May affect genetic material (mutagenic). May cause adverse reproductive effects. based on animal test data. No human data
found at this time.
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irritation. Eyes: Causes eye irritation. May cause irritation of the
conjunctivia. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract and mucous membrane irritation. May affect respiration and may cause
acute pulmonary edema. May affect gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting). May affect behavior/central nervous system
(mild central nervous system depression - exhilaration, talkativeness, boastfulness, belligerancy, vertigo, diplopia, drowsiness,
slurred speech, slowed reaction time, dizziness, lightheadedness, somnolence, ataxia, unconciousness, irritability, fatigue,
sleep disturbances, reduced memory and concentration, stupor, coma), cardiovascular system (peripheral vascular collapse
(shock) - rapid pulse, hypotension, cold pale skin, hypothermia). Other symptoms may include: flushing of face and sweating.
p. 4
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea and vomiting. May affect blood, behavior/central nervous
system (CNS depression - effects may be similar to that of inhalation). Chronic Potential Health Effects: Skin: Repeated or
prolonged skin contact may cause drying and cracking of the skin. IngestIon: Prolonged or repeated ingestion may affect
the liver. Inhalation: Prolonged inhalation may affect behavior/central nervous system (symptoms similar to those of acute
inhalation), and cause liver, kidney, lung, and heart damage. It may also affect metabolism, and blood (anemia, leukocytosis).
Ecotoxicity:
Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 220 mg/l 96 hours [Fish (Fathead minnow)]. 212.5 ppm 96 hours [Fish (Indian catfish)].
Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid.

Identification: : Ethyl Acetate UNNA: 1173 PG: II

Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Ethyl acetate Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Ethyl acetate
Illinois chemical safety act: Ethyl acetate New York release reporting list: Ethyl acetate Rhode Island RTK hazardous
substances: Ethyl acetate Pennsylvania RTK: Ethyl acetate Florida: Ethyl acetate Minnesota: Ethyl acetate Massachusetts
RTK: Ethyl acetate Massachusetts spill list: Ethyl acetate New Jersey: Ethyl acetate New Jersey spill list: Ethyl acetate
Louisiana spill reporting: Ethyl acetate California Director's list of Hazardous Substances: Ethyl acetate TSCA 8(b) inventory:
Ethyl acetate TSCA 4(a) final test rules: Ethyl acetate TSCA 8(a) IUR: Ethyl acetate TSCA 12(b) annual export notification:
Ethyl acetate CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Ethyl acetate: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)
Other Regulations:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS B-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8°C (100°F).
DSCL (EEC):
R11- Highly flammable. R36- Irritating to eyes. S2- Keep out of the reach of children. S16- Keep away from sources of ignition
- No smoking. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S33-
Take precautionary measures against static discharges. S46- If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this
container or label.
p. 5
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 3
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: g
Health: 1
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Safety glasses.

Created: 10/10/2005 08:18 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
p. 6
He a lt h 0
0 0
Fire
0 0
Re a c t iv it y 0
P e rs o n a l A
P ro t e c t io n

Water MSDS
Product Name: Water Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLW1063 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
RTECS: ZC0110000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water
CI#: Not available.
Synonym: Dihydrogen oxide 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Water International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: H2O For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:

Water 7732-18-5 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.

Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes. Non-
hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-
corrosive to the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs.
Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes.
Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.
Eye Contact: Not applicable.
p. 1
Skin Contact: Not applicable.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation: Not applicable.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion: Not Applicable

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not Applicable
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
Small Spill: Mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal.
Precautions: No specific safety phrase has been found applicable for this product.
Storage: Not applicable.
Engineering Controls: Not Applicable

Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Not Applicable
p. 2
Odor: Odorless.
Color: Colorless.
pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 100°C (212°F)
Melting Point: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 2.3 kPa (@ 20°C)
Dispersion Properties: Not applicable
Solubility: Not Applicable

Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact.

LD50: [Rat] - Route: oral; Dose: > 90 ml/kg LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-hazardous in case of
ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-corrosive to the eyes. Non-
corrosive for lungs.
p. 3
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.

Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water

Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not applicable.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 0
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: a
Health: 0
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
p. 4
Not applicable. Lab coat. Not applicable. Safety glasses.

Created: 10/10/2005 08:33 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
p. 5

Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab Manual

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Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab Manual

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Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab

This file includes

1. List of possible hazards in lab

Following are the potential hazards and their remedies

S. No. Potential hazard Mitigation

Electrical hazard Circuit breakers are installed with

Fire CO2 type Fire extinguisher is

Physical data about the substance

Always on On time in less

2 Chemical Reactor 1 Repairing 1. Potentiometers

3 Batch Reactor (CEB 1 Repairing 1. Purchased

6 Stirred Tank reactors in 1 Repairing 1. Built in

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.

FOR ADIABATIC OPERATION (dQ = 0)

An efficient vacuum insulation surrounding the reactor allows negligible heat to be

Variable Speed Agitator

Chilled Water Circulator

If the CW-16 Chilled Water Circulator is not available:

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors in Series

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.

1) Reagent Tank Module

a) Storage of Chemical Reagents

b) Variable throughput feed pumps.

c) Variable Speed Agitator Control

d) Continuous Conductivity Measurement of Reactor Contents

MAINSPLATE AT REAR OF PLINTH

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSIONS CEP MKII-A and CEP MKII-G

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEP MKII-B:

Make sure the valves are in the closed position.

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor CSTR

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.

A turbine agitator works in conjunction with a baffle arrangement to provide efficient

Chilled Water Circulator

Tubular Reactor (PFR)

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.

Note: IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT THE PROBE IS INSERTED

Hot Water Circulator

Chilled Water Circulator

If it is required to operate the reactor at temperatures below ambient it is necessary to

Chemical Reactors Service Unit (CEX)

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed.

The service unit provides the following facilities:

b) Variable Throughput Feed Pumps

c) Variable Speed Agitator Control

e) Automatic Temperature Control of Reactor Contents

Temperature control is achieved by circulation of heated or chilled water through

A temperature sensor is designed to be used individually with any of the reactors in

The temperature controller must now be re-configured as detailed in the OPERATIONAL

f) Continuous Conductivity Measurement of Reactor Contents

MAINSPLATE AT REAR OF PLINTH

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-A:

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-B:

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION CEX-G:

To calibrate the peristaltic feed pumps

Measuring cylinder stopwatch Chemical reactor service units

Potentiometer True Flowrate Predicted Predicted Predicted Error Error Error

10. Select the best model (with least squares of error)

Standardization of NaOH using standard HCl solution via back titration

Glass wares (beakers, conical flasks, burettes, pipettes)

Distilled water Standard HCl Solution Standard Na2CO3 solution

1. Prepare standard solutions of HCl (0.01-0.09 M) and Na2CO3 (0.01-0.05 M)

𝑣 (𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 −V2

Preparation of Primary solution of HCl:

1000 mL of primary HCl