Keamanan Nasional Insani

Keamanan Insani (Human
Security) dan Sekuritisasi

Mata Kuliah : Pengkajian Strategi
Dosen : Irmawan Effendi, M.Si
Semester : Gasal 2020-2021
NEGARA
KEAMANAN KEAMANAN NON

NASIONAL - TRADISIONAL
NON
MILITER MILITER
KEAMANAN KEAMANAN
DOMESTIK INSANI
INDIVIDU
Pengkajian Strategi
Semester Gasal 2020-2021
State- People-
Centred Centred
Pengkajian Strategi
Human Development Report 1994
•“Human security can be said to have two

main aspects. It means, first, safety from
such chronic threats as hunger, disease and
repression. And second, it means protection
from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the
patterns of daily life – whether in homes, in
job or in communities. Such threats can exist
at all levels of national income and
development.
Pengkajian Strategi
The Commission on Human Security
• “…to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that
enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. Human
security means protecting fundamental freedoms –
freedoms that are the essence of life. It means protecting
people from critical (severe) and pervasive (widespread)
threats and situations. It means using processes that build
on people’s strengths and aspirations. It means creating
political, social, environmental, economic, military and
cultural systems that together give people the building
blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity.” (CHS: 2003: 4)
Pengkajian Strategi
Karakteristik
1. Universal
2. Interdependent
3. Prevention
4. People-Centred
Pengkajian Strategi
Tahun 1941: Four Freedoms (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
Four Freedoms
the freedom of speech
the freedom of worship
freedom from want
freedom from fear

Pengkajian Strategi
Freedom from fear
•the narrower of two seeks to

understand human security as
protecting individuals from violent
conflict while at the same time
seeing these threats as strongly
associated with poverty, lack of
state capacity, and other forms of
inequities.
Pengkajian Strategi
Freedom from want:
• Threats involved in human security should be
expanded to include hunger, poverty, disease, and
natural environmental disasters because they are
inseparable concepts in addressing the root of
insecurity and they also typically kill far more people
than war, genocide, and terrorism combined.
• This develops the focus beyond violence against
individuals to emphasize human social and
economic development as the optimum way to
protect individual security (UNDP, 1994 dalam
Hanlon & Cristie, 2016)
Pengkajian Strategi
Types of Security Examples of Main Threats
Economic Security Persistent poverty, unemployment
Food Security Hunger, famine
Health Security Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe

food, malnutrition, lack of access to
basic health care
Environmental Security Environmental degradation,

resource depletion, natural
disasters, pollution
Personal Security Physical violence, crime, terrorism,
domestic violence, child labor
Community Security Inter-ethnic, religious and other

identity based tensions
Political Security Political repression, human rights

abuses
Health Security
Pengkajian Strategi
Health Security
• non-traditional security threats, that is, non-military
threats such as “environmental scarcity and
degradation, the spread of disease, overpopulation,
mass refugee movements, nationalism, terrorism,
and nuclear catastrophe" (Paris, 2001:97)
• The concept of health security has become topical
in recent years in both academic and political
discourse.
Pengkajian Strategi
Health Security
• HIV/AIDS
• EBOLA
• SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
• MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus )
• Flu Burung (H5N1)
• Flu Babi (H1N1)
• Virus Corona
Pengkajian Strategi
Health Security
• This concept is linked to the mass spread of
infectious diseases threatening not only individuals
but society as a whole, and to the fact that
pathogen microorganisms can be used as biological
weapons and the fact that certain diseases,
particularly HIV/AIDS, can have social, political,
economic and military implications thereby
jeopardizing the stability and security of a country
and region (Rushton, 2011:782; Fidler, 2003: 791-2 )
Pengkajian Strategi
Health Security
• Most people in developed countries believe that
terrorism today is the biggest threat to security, the
fact remains that disease is the cause of death in
91% of deaths worldwide (Ejdus, 2012: 106).
• In 2002: more than 11 million people died of
infectious diseases and, according to the World
Health Organization (WHO), one of the biggest
threats to global health is HIV/AIDS, which claimed
1.5 million lives in 2013 alone.
• According to World Bank data, since 1981, when
AIDS was first registered, over 65 million people
have become infected (World Bank, 2013)
Health Security
Tingkat pertama keparahan penyakit disebut endemi.
Endemi dikaitkan dengan jumlah penyakit yang ada di
Endemi dalam suatu komunitas atau kehadiran konstan atau
kejadian biasa pada penyakit tertentu di suatu wilayah
Peningkatkan mendadak dari jumlah kasus penyakit dari batas

endemi di daerah tersebut. Epidemi juga terkait dengan penularan
Epidemi viru yang terbatas di satu lingkungan atau negara meski kadang
penyakit menularnya menyebar dengan cepat ke banyak orang
Wabah bisa juga diartikan kasus penyakit yang terjadi dalam

Outbreak jumlah yang lebih besar dari yang diperkirakan di komunitas
atau wilayah atau selama musim tertentu. Wabah dapat
/Wabah terjadi di satu komunitas atau bahkan meluas ke beberapa
negara yang bertahan dari hari ke tahun.
Penyakit yang menyebar ke beberapa negara lain dan

Pandemi mempengaruhi sejumlah besar orang di seluruh dunia.
Pandemi biasanya juga disebut wabah penyakit global
Health Security
Pengkajian Strategi
Sekuritisasi (Securitization)
Pengkajian Strategi
Sekuritisasi = kontruksi terhadap ancaman.
Definisi:
• Proses di mana suatu aktor mendeklarasikan suatu
isu yang merupakan ancaman nyata pada suatu
objek tertentu (McDonald, Williams, 2008).
• Sekuritisasi merupakan kelanjutan atau versi
ekstrim dari politisasi (Buzan, Waever dan de Wilde,
1998).
Pengkajian Strategi
1. Keamanan dilihat sebagai hal yang
dikonstruksikan dan bukan merupakan
sesuatu yang mutlak.
2. Keamanan memiliki keterkaitan dengan
proses politik.
3. Keamanan tetap dipandang melekat
dengan negara.
Pengkajian Strategi
Alur Sekuritisasi
Successfull Securitization
Legitimate Actor Public/Audience
Speech Act Failed

Existential Threat
Referent Object
Legitimate Actor: Aktor yang melakukan sekuritisasi.

Speech Act: Sosialisasi ide terhadap suatu isu tertentu.
Public/Audience: Pihak yang ingin dipengaruhi oleh aktor.
Existential Threat: Isu yang diangkat oleh aktor.
Referent Object: Objek yang terancam.
Pengkajian Strategi
Sekuritisasi yang berhasil akan memiliki
tiga komponen:
Ancaman Nyata
Emergency Action
Efek pada Hubungan

Antar Unit
Pengkajian Strategi
TERIMA KASIH
Pengkajian Strategi

Keamanan Nasional Insani

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Keamanan Nasional Insani

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Keamanan Insani (Human

Security) dan Sekuritisasi

KEAMANAN KEAMANAN NON

•“Human security can be said to have two

the freedom of worship

freedom from want

freedom from fear

•the narrower of two seeks to

Economic Security Persistent poverty, unemployment

Food Security Hunger, famine

Health Security Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe

Environmental Security Environmental degradation,

Community Security Inter-ethnic, religious and other

Political Security Political repression, human rights

Peningkatkan mendadak dari jumlah kasus penyakit dari batas

Wabah bisa juga diartikan kasus penyakit yang terjadi dalam

Penyakit yang menyebar ke beberapa negara lain dan

Legitimate Actor Public/Audience

Speech Act Failed

Legitimate Actor: Aktor yang melakukan sekuritisasi.

Efek pada Hubungan

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