HUMAN AND

NATIONAL
SECURITY
By: Howard Rophel B. Valencia
Credits to: Dr. Katerina Standish
 DEFINITION

National Security: a term that refers to the

defense and foreign interests of a country.

Human Security: a term that can refers to the

defense and personal interests of people.
 Focus of interest
NATIONAL SECURITY VS. HUMAN
SECURITY
National Security Human Security
State Civilians
Absolute Not absolute
To Prevail To Protect
Governments Victims
Fight Terror Social Justice
Hegenomic Humanitarian
Ultimatum
Negotiation
 DEFINING HUMAN SECURITY

“ The protection of individuals from risks to their

physical or psychological safety, dignity and
wellbeing.”

Tadjbaksh & Chenoy (2007)

 LECTURE FLIP!
 The term insecurity embraces almost all forms of harm to an
individual it loses any real descriptive power.
 Human Security proponents make dangerous attempts to

prove false causal assumptions linking socio-economic issues

to political outcomes.
 Human Security as a concept aspires to explain almost

everything and consequently, in reality explains nothing.

 Human Security should be neutral. A social science concept

should not propose ethical choices.

WHAT IS ‘TRADITIONAL’ SECURITY
Arequirement to maintain the survival of the nation-
state through the use of economic, military and
political power and the exercise of diplomacy.

SECURITY FROM WHOM? SECURITY FROM WHAT?

 WHAT IS HUMAN SECURITY
 Expectation of years of life without experiencing the
state of generalized poverty.
 A condition of existence which entails basic material

needs, human dignity, including meaningful

participation in the life of the community, and an active
and substantive notion of democracy
 Freedom from fear and freedom from want and beyond
SECURITIZING THE ENVIRONMENT
 "We have to prevent further environmental
degradation. If we fail these problems will cause
terrorism, tension, and war" (Clinton, 1994)

 "The next war in the Middle East will be fought over

water, not politics" (Egyptian Foreign Minister, and
later UN Secretary General, Bhoutrous Ghali)
SECURITIZING THE ENVIRONMENT
 "The Darfur conflict began as an ecological crisis,
arising at least in part from climate change." (UN
Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, 2007)

 "Climatechange" would challenge US national security

in ways that be considered immediately" (Shwartz and
Randall, 2003)
 WHAT ARE WE SECURITIZING:
RELIABLE SUPPLY

• Energy security is
“reliable and adequate
supply at a reasonable
price” (Bielecki, 2002)
 WHAT ARE WE SECURITIZING:
OUR EXISTENCE
• Climate security is
“stable climate or
maintaining a rate of
change below the
dangerous levels for
human and ecological
systems” (Stripple
2002)
 WHAT ARE WE SECURITIZING:
OUR VALUES
• Food security is
access by all people
at all times to
enough food for an
active healthy life
(World Bank 1986)
HOW DO WE SECURITIZE?
 Describe resource provision in existential ways
 Associate the resource with conflicts
 Use symbols to describe the resource dependency and

volatility
 Explain the resource need and use in emblematic terms
 Make connections between the resource and high-

politics issues
THANK YOU
AND
GODBLESS!