DECLARATION

We are 5th year Electrical Engineering student who we undertaken the internship
experience leading program in south radio and television agency from march 2021 to
May 2021 GC under the guidance of Mentor Mr. Selamu (academic mentors) and Mr.
dagnachew (Company Advisor).

We certify that our work is made to be original according to the internship report writing
guide line given by the university industry linkage office of the institute. Mr. Selamu
academic mentor certify that the internship report written by the student is his own
original work and correctly compiled according to the guideline provided by the
university industry linkage office as far as our knowledge is concerned.

Date signature

Name of the Academic Advisor

Mentor Selamu damtew(Msc) --------------- -------------

Name of the Student

Muluken abebe ---------------- -------------

Fireselam seyoum ---------------- -------------

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, we would like to give heartfelt gratitude to the almighty God that
keeps us with his endless love and surely goodness and mercy shall follow us all the days
of our life. We would like thank our advisor selamu damtew. We would like to express
deepest gratitude to Mr. dagnachew our internship supervisor in South Radio and
Television Agency (SRTA) and others for their patience guidance, encouragement and
useful critics of the internship work.
Executive summery
This report is express about the internship experiences that have been under taken during
the three consecutive months. In this report we have tried to list the overall aspects of the
internship experience. In the first unit of the report, it provides general information about
the hosting company. It starts from the brief history of the company and from the time it
has been established. In second unit of the report it describes mainly about the internship
experience. It starts by describing the sections we had been working on and continues to
tell the different types of tasks that we had accomplished. In the third chapter it describes
benefits gained from internship program such as theoretical, practical team playing skill,
inter personal skill and leadership skills. In the fourth chapter it describes about the
project carried out. The fifth chapter contains conclusions and recommendation. The last
chapter contains appendix. Generally, we have tried to list general concepts during the
internship program.
Contents
DECLARATION..................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................................II
Executive summery............................................................................................................III
Abbreviations..................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................IX
1 Back ground of south Radio and Television Agency (SRTA).......................................IX
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................IX
1.2 History of SNNPRS Radio and Television Agency............................................IX
1.3 Vision...................................................................................................................XI
1.4 Mission................................................................................................................XI
1.5 Objectives of the company.................................................................................XII
1.6 Main product and service of the company.........................................................XII
1.7 Service of the company.....................................................................................XIII
1.8 Company’s customers.......................................................................................XIII
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................XV
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCES..............................................................XV
2.1 Objective of internship.......................................................................................XV
2.1.1 Specific objective....................................................................................XV
2.1.2 How we get in to the company................................................................XV
2.1.3 The section of the company we had been worked in.............................XVI
2.1.4 The work flow and operation system of organization...........................XVI
2.1.5 Work peace or work tasks we had been executed................................XVII
2.5 Work sections..................................................................................................XVII
2.5.1 Overall System Components and Operations each device...................XVII
2.6 Radio Broadcasting Section...........................................................................XXXI
2.6.1 Radio Studio......................................................................................XXXII
2.6.2 Studio Control Room.......................................................................XXXIV
 2.7 How the branch gets information which transmitted from FM 100.9?............XLII
2.8 Server...............................................................................................................XLV
2.9 Procedures we have been using while performing our work tasks...............XLVII
2.10 our performance at the company.................................................................XLVII
2.10.1 Challenges we have been facing while performing our work tasks.XLVII
2.10.2 Measure we have been taken in order to overcome the challenges. XLVII
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................XLVIII
3.The Overall benefits we gained from the Internship..............................................XLVIII
3.1 practical skills..............................................................................................XLVIII
3.2 Theoretical Knowledge................................................................................XLVIII
3.3 Interpersonal Communication Skills...........................................................XLVIII
3.4 Leadership Skills............................................................................................XLIX
3.5 Work Ethics related issues.............................................................................XLIX
3.6 Entrepreneurship skills..........................................................................................L
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................LI
4. PROJECT CARRIED OUT...........................................................................................LI
4.1 Problems identified and solution proposed..........................................................LI
4.1.1 Identified Problems:..................................................................................LI
4.1.2 Proposed solution:.....................................................................................LI
1. Design and Implementation of a Smart & Portable Wireless FM Transmitter...........LI
2. Using IP and GSM based controlled TV and Radio system.......................................LI
4.2 We selected the Project from identified problem:........................................................LI
4.3 Design and Implementation of a Smart & Portable.....................................................LI
Wireless FM Transmitter...................................................................................................LI
4.3.1 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................LI
4.3.2 Introduction:.....................................................................................................LII
4.3.3 Problem of the statement................................................................................LIII
4.3.4 Objective of the project..................................................................................LIII
 4.3.4.1 General objective.................................................................................LIII
4.3.4.2 Specific objectives...............................................................................LIII
4.3.5 Methodology and tools...................................................................................LIV
4.3.5.1 Methodology:......................................................................................LIV
BLOCK DIAGRAM.......................................................................................LIV
4.3.6 Scope of project...............................................................................................LV
4.3.7 Expected outcome:..........................................................................................LV
4.7 Frequency Spectrum..........................................................................................LVI
4.3.8 Frequency modulation..................................................................................LVII
4.3.9 The advantage of smart FM transmitter over conventional or normal FM
transmitter..............................................................................................................LVII
4.3.10 Disadvantages of smart FM Transmitters..................................................LVIII
4.3.11 Circuit design and analysis........................................................................LVIII
4.3.12 Circuit Operation.......................................................................................LVIII
4.3.13 selection of tank circuit................................................................................LIX
4.3.13.1 Selection of capacitors......................................................................LIX
4.3.13.2 Selection of resistors.........................................................................LIX
4.3.13.3 Selection of transistor........................................................................LIX
4.3.13.4 Inductor.............................................................................................LIX
4.3.13.5 Selection of antenna............................................................................LX
4.3.14 Result and discussion.....................................................................................LX
4.3.14.1 The input signal to the circuit.............................................................LX
4.3.14.2 Output signal of the circuit................................................................LXI
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................LXII
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDAION...........................................................LXII
5.1 The internship conclusion................................................................................LXII
5.2 The project Conclusion....................................................................................LXII
5.3 RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................LXIV
5.3.1 Recommendation for company...........................................................LXIV
 5.3.2 Recommendation for university..........................................................LXIV
Reference.......................................................................................................................LXV
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................LXVI
Glossary of some radio and TV terms..........................................................................LXVI
Abbreviations
AM Amplitude modulation
AV Audio visual
CCU Camera control unit
DSNG Digital Satellite News Gathering
DVD Digital versatile disc
FM Frequency modulation
MCR Master Control room
MIC Microphone
OB Outside Broadcasting
RCP Remote Control Panel
STL satellite transmission link
TV Television
VTR Videotape recorder
VCR Video cassette recorder
XLR Extra-large
 CHAPTER ONE
1 Back ground of south Radio and Television Agency (SRTA)
1.1 Introduction
As many engineering sessions communication engineering needs a practical experience
in order to develop our skill and knowledge. It helps us to know how to change our
knowledge in to practical works which is applying in real world. So, Practical work
minimizes the gap between the theoretical part and the practical one. In this report we
tried to explain what we did and learned during our three month internship period with
the south radio and television agency (SRTA).

1.2 History of SNNPRS Radio and Television Agency

Southern Radio and Television Agency is an autonomous regional mass media institution
established by Proclamation No.89/2005, which is amended and superseded by
Proclamation No.152/2014. The Agency is accountable to the state council of the
SNNPR and its organizational structure is composed of Board of Management, General
Manger, 2 Deputy Managers, 7 Directors, 6 sub processes, co-ordinations and essential
staffs. The agency was established with its former name SNNPR Mass Media
Organization in 2005 with three media departments such as Press and News, Radio and
Television departments. Now it contains two main work processes: News, Programs and
Advertisement Production and transmission and Media Technology Research and
Development. The news, programs and Advertisement production and transmission
contains five media and advertisement directorates and one co-ordination.
There are six sub processes which are responsible for providing Human Resource and
logistics.
The six supportive processes are:

1. Media Quality and Capacity Building Supportive Process

2. Human Resource Management
3. Development Plan Supervision and Feedback
4. Procurement, Finance and Property Administration
5. Internal Auditing Service
6. Human Resource Statistics and Information Archive

There are also the cross cutting issues co-ordinations like Ethics, Gender Mainstreaming
and HIV Prevention, Legal.

The head quarter of and central station of the agency is in Hawassa City and it has eight
branch offices and radio station in different parts of the SNNPR. In it’s the head office,
the agency providing information based on government policies and strategies for
promoting national consensus via Radio and Television. The Radio Voice of South
Fm100.9 providing 18 hour transmission in Amharic language. South TV Providing 10
hour transmission in Amharic and a weekly program in English for 30 minutes.

South Radio and Television Agency is one of the most known regional mass media
institution in Ethiopia established by Proclamation No.89/2005 to fulfill the needs and
interest of south nation and nationality people by showing their culture, tradition,
historical background and ethics. It’s composed of three media departments such as Press
and News, Radio and Television departments. Its organizational structure is composed of
Board of Management, General Manger, 2 Deputy Managers, 7 Directors, 6 sub
processes, co-ordinations and essential staffs. The agency was established with its former
name SNNPR Mass Media Organization in 2005. Now it provides many services like
News, Programs and Advertisement Productions. This main service provides to the
customer through radio, TV and improves production and distribution of south Negat
magazine in the region.
There are 10 Branch Radio stations established in different areas of the regional
government:
 1. Arbaminch Branch in Arbaminch Town (Gamo Gofa Zone)
2. Benssa Branch in Bensaa Town (Sidama Zone)
3. Bonga Branch in Bonga Town (Kaffa Zone)
4. Fiseha-Genet Branch in Fiseha genete Town (Gedeo Zone)
5. Jinka Branch in Jinka Town (South Omo Zone)
6. Mizan Branch in Mizana Town (BechMaji Zone)
7. Waka Branch in Waka Town (Dawro Zone)
8. Wolkite Branch in welkitie Town (Gurage Zone)
9. Hosanna Branch in Hosanna Town
10.Sawla Branch in Sawla Town

And also, in Addis Ababa there is a transmission for FM100.9 MHz but it has no its own
studio. Because of this different area branches the information provided clearly in most of
the south region.

1.3 Vision
To see SRTA will be the competitive media in the country as well as in the East Africa
by providing quality, timely and balanced information; News, educational and
entertainment programs, by using modern media technology and efficient internal
structure of management system and it will be promoted the socio-economic
development.

1.4 Mission
To work for providing participatory, timely and balanced information based on
constitutional and democratic principles in the working and nationalities languages that
can play positive impact on political and social activities of the people. There are more
than 80 languages spoken in Ethiopia among these 56 are found in the SNNPR and all
these languages are constitutionally recognized. The regional government is trying to
realize the constitutional right of nations, nationalities and peoples. From the 56
languages, 47 languages are currently became media languages in sub stations. The rest
are on the way to transmit news and programs in their respected clusters
Researches indicated that broadcasting in all these languages offers:

 linguistic right and fairness in media use

 help to share indigenous knowledge and the culture embedded among the nation
since all sorts of cultures, practices, customs, experiences are casted through
media
 help to learn peoples in their mother tongue language
 helps to preserve all languages hence less endangerment

In general, regarding SNNPRS Radio and TV Agency mission and vision is that; from the
time of establishment to now, the South Radio and TV Agency needs a number of human
resources or man power and transmit information, News and other different programs
throughout South Region.

1.5 Objectives of the company

This company (South Radio and Television agency) uses different systems to transmit
a signal from one place to another place.
 To give clear understanding to the people of good governance productivity
and democracy practice.
 To strong the relationship between government and people.
 To teach the people.
 To entertain its customers
 To Advertise different products for the people
 To introduce different cultures.

1.6 Main product and service of the company

The SNNPRS Radio and TV Agency are aimed to have a number of services. Among
these: -There are strong and well-organized advertising services of different products,
Entertainment, Educational thing and other programs. It also gives services by providing
different information and balanced News for the country and other parts of the world
with in timely and quality. In addition to these, library and cafeteria services are given for
organization workers. The organization is also expanding to its services in the near future
with respect to their quality and performance as well.

1.7 Service of the company

 News and current affairs
 Entertainment and education program
 Promotion services
 Air time selling
 Renting studio and transmission equipment
 Live production service
 Documentary production service

1.8 Company’s customers

The main costumers are the employees who work in there by giving their own knowledge
and taking back salary. The audiences are also main costumers by getting new
information, entertainment, the situation of their country and the world, including the
weather condition of different cities in the world. Generally, the main SNNPR Radio and
TV agency customers are: -

 Audiences and
 Employee
Key Stake Holders of the SRTA

1. Director General

2. Deputy Director general of news and current affairs

3. Deputy Director general of educational program

4. Deputy Director general of entertainment

5. Deputy Director general of media technology

 Structure of SNNPRS Radio and TV Agency and workflow control System

Board of
management

General
manager

Media development and Ethical

training support process

HIV prevention and gender

Legal service mainstreaming

Human resource
Media quality and Procument finance and Internal auditing
Human resource Development plan statistics and
capacity building property adminstration service
management supervision information archive
supportive process

Facility management VM media technology

VM media content

Studio operation Transmission ICT and website

Television Advertisement case operation case streaming case
Broadcast Radio
news case program program case and marketing
case

Mizan Waka Wolkite

Arbamin Saula Bonga Benssa Jinka Hosanna
Fiseha branch branch branch
ch branch branch branch branch branch branch
genet
Block diagram-1. Work flow of South Radio and TV Agency
branch
 CHAPTER TWO
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCES
2.1 Objective of internship
The institute of technology at Wolkite Unversity aims that this internship program
enables engineering students under the institute to relate their theoretical knowledge to
the real world of practical works.

2.1.1 Specific objective

The students, during the internship, are aimed to play a great role in improving their
practical, theoretical, interpersonal communications, team playing, and leader ship skills,
understanding about work ethics related issues, responsibility etc.

 To allow the student to prepare for their future non- internship job by seeking
potential places of employment, practicing resume and cover latter preparation,
gaining references, and interviewing if applicable.
 To adapt working environment
 To provide good experience in problem solving technique
 To adapt punctuality and time management

2.1.2 How we get in to the company

The university industry linkage coordinator has given for us a chance for asking a
company and organization according to our interest before seven months. Depending on
our interest and response from the related companies we are going to the company to ask
acceptance, the company media technology director immediately accept our request and,
then he gave the acceptance paper. According to our paper the linkage office accepted to
gave an opportunity to practice our internship program in SRTA.
2.1.3 The section of the company we had been worked in
We worked in radio transmission and studio. Radio transmission has the following
responsibilities.

 To check the equipment’s are working or not.

 Should have knowledge of engineering skill

 Should employee enough skill manpower
And studio has also the following responsibility: -
 Edit program and news which ready by the journalist

 Release music on air.

 Release the program from which saved on the server.

 Release live program from voice over both [VOB].

 Record the program and advertisement.

2.1.4 The work flow and operation system of organization

The work executive flow in the company is shown below from higher to lower level.

Media Technology

ICT Transmission
Studio
-

Figure 0.1 Block diagram 2: Work flow of the section

Block diagram 2: Work flow of the section

 Operation system of SRTA

Figure 0.2 Block diagram 3: operation system of SRTA

STL (studio transmitter link)

Production Patch panel Work
Studio Station
Server, AV logger

On-air

Block diagram 3: operation system of SRTA

2.1.5 Work peace or work tasks we had been executed

Consideration since the duration of the internship is not enough as well as due to lack of
working room, so many workers are not executed. I had been executed only flow that is
only how the programs broadcast on-air as well as functions of each electronics devices
but not train and error.
2.5 Work sections
SRTA has many work sections. These sections are television broadcasting section, radio
broadcasting section, power systems and modest (small) EBC branch studio. The agency
was permit to me to practice in television and radio broadcasting sections and I was
starting my practice in television broadcasting section. I have gained theoretically as well
as practically knowledge from this internship.

2.5.1 Overall System Components and Operations each device

2.5.1.1 Television transmission
The following diagram shows transmission of TV signal to satellite.

Central Transmission Satellite up

Ingest room Apparatus Control room Link
Room
Room

Block diagram 4: TV transmission

TV studio

A television studio is an installation in which video productions take place, either for
recording of live television to video tape or for the acquisition (recently acquired asset or
object) of raw footage (a length of film made for cinema or television) for post
productions.

There are many components in TV studio. To design TV studio we have to consider some
factors like light arrangement, noises or echo, temperature and others. For this purpose
we use different materials in designing TV studio.

1. Lights
There are different types of lights depends on their power. This power difference
is used for arrangement of the light in the studio.
E.g. ARRI (1000w), ST1 and others.
Some light like ARRI has an Al (aluminum) paper used for reflecting the beam.
 The studio has hexagonal shape and the roof is structural designed metal and the
lights are installed on it.
2. AC refrigerator cooler
As expressed above there are so many different lights in the studio. Because of
this, the temperature will be high. So there should be temperature cooler. This AC
refrigerator cooler is installed on the roof.
3. Studio camera:
A Studio camera is the main component of a TV system; they represent what is
taking place in the studio as a separate audio and motion picture signals. There are
two video cameras inside STV studio which get their input power from camera
control unit. Also above the lens of the video cameras there is a small signal lamp;
called tally light to indicate the live camera. The camera is sited on tripod by
using the adapter. The studio camera used in STV is HD 1700.

4 .Light mixer:- Each and every light are controlled by this board. The light man can on,
off and vary the power of each light.

Figure 2.1 light mixer

5. Transmitter: In TV studio room, the task of audio signal transmission is done through
the combination of tuner base unit and neck mike devices. The tuner base unit can hold
 up to 6 inputs. The audio signal (speech of the journalist) is put in to the neck mike.
Then, it goes to the transmitter devise which operates using 2 dry cell batteries. The audio
signal is changed to radio frequency (RF) signal by the antenna. This antenna transmits
the RF signal by ultra-high frequency (UHF).

6. Ingest room

Ingesting is a process of putting a file on server. The data recorded by the memory or
cassette out of the studio is ingested in this room. Some apparatus are found here like
VTR, computer and the software which called Neptune.

7. Computer: this computer is used to play and record files by using the Neptune
software.

8. Router: used for automation system.

Audio and video Editing work station

In this room there is software called Avid media composer which is used for editing a
video data that comes out from ingest room and then the edited data would saved on the
server. In octopus room the same thing is done but it’s used only for news purpose

Audio+ Encoder HPA Horn Antenna Satellite

Video (Dish)

Block diagram 5: Uplink process TV

The information which is recorded in the form of audio and video is transmitted to the
encoder in order to modulate (its frequency, amplitude or phase) and changing it into EM
wave. Then HPA receive the signal and amplify it to be received by the horn. The Horn
accepts and transmits the amplified signal with the same angle to the dish. Then, the dish
reflects the signal to the satellite.
In uplink system Pro Max and spectrum analyzer are used for controlling the whole
system. Pro max used as parameter observer. If we need to change the power we can
increase or decrease it at the encoder.

2.5.1.2 Production Control Room (Studio Control Room)

The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the
composition of the outgoing program takes place. The production control room is
occasionally also called a studio control room (SCR) or a "gallery". Facilities (an
equipment provided for a particular purpose) in a PCR include: -
Video Monitor Wall or Multi viewer: It is monitors for program preview, VTRs,
cameras, graphics and other video sources. In some facilities, the monitor wall is a series
of racks containing physical television and computer monitors; in others, the monitor wall
has been replaced with a virtual monitor wall, one or more large video screens, each
capable of displaying multiple sources in a simulation of a monitor wall.

Figure 2.2 video monitor

Vision Mixers: It is a device used to select between several different video sources and
in some cases compositing (mix) video sources together to create special effect this is
similar to what a mixing console does for audio. Inputs of vision mixer are VCR, DVD,
MIC, telephone hybrid, tape, audio mixer and external.
 Figure 2.3 vision mixer

Operation: The main concept of a professional vision mixer is that basically a row of
buttons with each button representing a video source. Pressing such a button will select
the video out of that bus. Older video mixers had two equivalent buses (called the A and
B bus; such a mixer is known as an A/B mixer). One of these buses could be selected as
the main out (or program) bus. Most modern mixers, however, have one bus that is
always the program bus, the second main bus being the preview (sometimes called preset)
bus. These mixers are called flipflop mixers, since the selected source of the preview and
program buses can be exchanged. Both preview and program bus usually have their own
video monitor. Modern vision mixers may also have additional functions, such as serial
communications with the ability to use proprietary communications protocols, control
aux channels for routing video signals to other sources than the program out, macro
programming, and DVE (Digital Video Effect) capabilities. Mixers are often equipped
with effects memory registers, which can store a snapshot of any part of a complex mixer
configuration and TV then recall the set up with one button press.

2.5.1.3 Central apparatus room

It is also known as central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central
technical area (CTA), or rack room, where shared equipment common to all technical
areas is located. These rooms contain broadcast and broadcast IT mission critical gear
necessary to broadcast and television operations. CARs usually house audio routers,
video routers, compressors and multiplexers that utilize broadcast automation systems
with broadcast programming applications to play out television programs. They contain
broadcast and monitoring equipment, through which all the operations are monitored by
the transmission engineer without disturbing the Studio Recordings. They also need for a
high-speed network with some powerful servers including (Storage, Video and Graphics)
most of those operation (Daily Use) will be done by clients that they have access to the
servers and scheduling daily program, TV channels and radio use storage server to
archive their own materials and reusing them through those servers instead of using tape.

Facilities in the central apparatus room Includes: -

Encoder: An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program or person that

converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed, security or compressions. It also a device used to convert audio
and video signals into a single optical data to send it through optical fiber cable to
parabolic dish.

Decoder: A decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing
the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. It is a device used to
convert optical data to audio and video signals. The same method used to encode is
usually just reversed in order to decode. Decoding is necessary in applications such as
data multiplexing, 7 segments display and memory address decoding.

Audio router: Used for transporting audio signals from inputs to outputs.

Video router: used for transporting video signals from sources or inputs to output
destinations.

Distribution frame: In broadcast engineering, a distribution frame is a location within an

apparatus room through which all signals (audio, video, or data) pass, with the ability to
arbitrarily route and connect sources and destinations between studios and other internal
and external points. Connections can either be soldered, or made using terminal blocks.
Because the frame may carry live broadcast signals, it may be considered part of the air
chain.
Frame synchronizer: A frame synchronizer is a device used in live television production
to match the timing of an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video
system. They are often used to "time in" consumer video equipment to a professional
system but can be used to stabilize any video. The frame synchronizer essentially takes a
picture of each frame of incoming video and then immediately outputs it with the correct
synchronization signals to match an existing video system. A gun lock (a mechanism by
which a charge of gun is exploded) signal is required to provide a means for video
synchronizing with the house reference.

2.5.1.4 Control room: -

The production control room or Studio Control Room (SCR) is the place in a television
studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place. Master control is
the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over the air television
stations and television networks. It is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the
activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated.

In these rooms it have three different parts, these are: -

 Sound craft: - a devices used to control the audio or sound, when the programs
on air.

These mixer different functions to transfer the program. Some of it’s, to control
the channel, sound, to communicate studio and audience,
 Programmer: - these to adjust the program a sequence of time to live on air. A
vision mixer, a large control panel used to select the multiple cameras Setup and
other various sources to be recorded or seen on air and, in many Cases, in any
video monitors on the set.
 Studio: -A television studio is an installation in which video productions take
place either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition
of raw footage for the post production. The design of studio is similar to and
 derived from movie studios,with a few amendments for the special requirements
of television production.

c lights

Figure 5 SRTA CAM-3 CAM-2 CAM-1

Camera man

Figure 2.4 SRTA studio

2.5.1.5 Master-control room

Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air for terrestrial
television cable cast satellite provider for broadcast, or sent on to a cable television
operator. Television master control rooms include banks of video monitors, character
generator, camera control units, satellite receivers, videotape machines, video servers,
patch panels, Intercom, digital video effect, television commercials equipment and more
recently computer broadcast automations equipment for recording and playback of
television programming. The Master control room is the place where the on-air signal is
controlled. It may include controls to play out television programs and television switch
local or television networks feeds, record satellite feeds and monitor the transmitter(s) or
these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack room. If the program is broadcast live,
the signal goes from the PCR to MCR and then out to the transmitter.
 CH-1 SRV MAIN

Figure 6 master control room on-air existed screen (HD)

CH-1 TX HD RTR OP 1 SD screen SD screen not on-air

Figure 2.5 master control room

Patch panel, patch bay, patch field or jack field is a number of circuits, usually of the
same or similar type, which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing
circuits in a convenient, flexible manner.

Video tape recorder: (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record video material, usually
on magnetic tape. VTRs originated as individual tape reels, serving as a replacement for
motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and
quicker. An improved form included the tape within a video cassette, which was used
with video cassette recorder.

Mobile studio

Mobile studio is a system device which is necessary for broadcasting live programs. This
system comprise of 2 monitors and 1 vision mixer. The first monitor displays the output
of different cameras. In addition to that, it displays the preview and program. The second
monitor displays the broadcasting programs. The mobile studio in STV holds up to 8
camera inputs through BNC port.
 Figure 2.6 mobile studio
Microwave system is a combination of SVP broadcasting microwave antenna, microwave
Rx and microwave TX. The antenna is a dish like structure which is called SVP and at
the center of the dish there is LNB. The LNB fix on SVP either vertically or horizontally.
Then, if the transmission is for longer distance the LNB is fixed vertically otherwise it
fixes horizontally

Fig 2.7 microwave system

2.5.1.6 Uplink and Downlink Chains

The term up link chain (a communication link to satellite) is used to refer to the series of
pieces of equipment that are used to produce a radio frequency signal for sending out
data. The description provided here is imprecise as the exact configuration can vary
widely. The down link chain is built using nearly the same equipment in reverse order.
Take a look at the drawing below and note the path of devices on the left-hand side with
all the up arrows.

Figure 2.8 up and down link chain

a) Digital Satellite Uplink

Chain How it works:
 Digital data is sent to the modulator which takes the data and converts it into a
modulated (alter the amplitude or frequency of (an oscillation or signal) in
accordance with the variations of a second signal.) signal in the Intermediate
Frequency range (70-140 MHZ). The modulators use standards such as Digital
Video Broadcast to organize communication over the microwave link.

 The Intermediate Frequency is piped to an "up converter" (usually via shielded

coaxial cable) which mixes the intermediate.

 Frequency with a higher frequency to produce a final frequency which carries the
modulated data.
 Noise is removed from the signal via either a bands pass filter or other means and
then it is amplified in klystron (an electron tube that generates or amplifies
microwaves by velocity modulation), travelling wave tube or solid-state amplifier.

 The final cleaned signal is transmitted down the wave guide to the dish.

 The feed horn at the focal point of the dish emits the high frequency radio
transmission, which the dish focuses into a directional transmission at the satellite.

 Specification: -

• Frequency=58.69 MHZ

• Symbol rate= 49.15 MHZ

• Polarization=vertical

• Types of satellite = Bale intel sate

b)Downlink Chain
How it works:

 The satellite transmits a signal containing data

 The signal is received at the satellite dish

 The signal is amplified and fed to the Down Converter

 The Down Converter down mixes the signal to create an intermediate

frequency. The intermediate frequency is fed to the demodulator and
converted into a data signal

 The data stream is forwarded into the network via a router.

 Specifications: -
 • Types of satellite: -

1. Bale intel sate,51.5o East

2. Utel sate

i. Bale intel sate, 51.5o East

• Frequency=36.44 MHZ

• Symbol rate= 49.15 MHZ • Polarization=vertical

ii. Utel sate

• Frequency=12.645 MHZ

• Symbol rate=27500

• Polarization=vertical

2.5.1.7 Parabolic Antenna

Parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the
cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is
shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main
advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a
searchlight of flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive
radio waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the
highest gains, that is, they can produce the narrowest beam widths, of any antenna type.
In order to achieve narrow beam widths, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than
the wave length of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in the high
frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at
which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
 Figure 2.9 parabolic antenna

 Wave guide switch; is a device found between the two HPAs and used for
shifting the signal from HPA A to B or vise verse.
 Controller; controls the work of HPA. There are 2 ports on the HPA. These are
Rj45 and VGA port which are connected through cable with the controller and
they are used for configuration and controlling purpose respectively. The
controller controls the status of HPA in different ways. For example, it controls
the forward (in STV about 47-50 w) and reverse power (preferable to be approach
to 0). If the reverse power is high the signal cannot be reach to the satellite. For
this reason, this controlling mechanism is so important.
 Waveguide line; it is a type of cable used for transporting RF signal that comes
out from HPA to the horn.
 Horn; is a device used for transmitting of the incoming signal (EM wave) from
the HPA through the wave guide to the dish.
Parabolic antennas are used as high gain antennas for point to point communications,
in applications such as micro wave relay links that carry telephone and television
signals between nearby cities wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications,
satellite communications and spacecraft communication antennas.
2.6 Radio Broadcasting Section
Radio: is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic
radiation of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency
range, from about3 kHz to 300 MHZ. These waves are called radio waves
Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass
through the air and the vacuum of space. Information, such as sound, is carried by
systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their
amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical
conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The
information in the waves can be extracted.

i. FM Radio
Frequency modification alters the length of the sine waves to transfer information and is
often used for FM radio stations and the sound of television stations.FM is preferable
because it is resistant to static. The sine waves are broadcast by a radio tower. The more
powerful the radio tower, the larger the area that the signal can be picked up. FM radio
uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the frequency of a carrier wave.
At the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the carrier and
turned back into sound by a loud speaker.

Figure 2.10 FM Radio

2.6.1 Radio Studio

The studio wall is constructs from acoustic materials. Acoustic materials are things that
have ability to absorb redundant (no longer needed or useful) noise and enhance
transmission of sound. Acoustic materials are used to eliminating noise and improve
sound quality. It is used to minimize distortion. In the studio there are 3 studio
microphones, talk back, head phone, microphone amplifier and patch panel. As we have
seen in television studio the signal starts from camera and microphone but in radio studio
the signal starts in microphone.

Microphones: are types of transducers. It is a device which converts energy from one
form to another. Microphones convert acoustical energy (sound waves) into electrical
energy (theaudio signal).

Operation of Microphones

Diaphragm: This is a thin piece of material (such as paper, plastic or aluminum) which
vibrates when it is struck by sound waves. In a typical hand-held microphone like the one
below, the diaphragm is located in the head of the microphone .

Figure 2.11 location of microphone diaphragm

When the diaphragm vibrates, it causes other components in the microphone to vibrate.
These vibrations are converted into an electrical current which becomes the audio signal.
Microphone Level & Line Level: The electrical current generated by a microphone is
very small. Referred to as microphone level, this signal is typically measured in mill
volts. Before it can be used for anything serious the signal needs to be amplified, usually
to level (typically 0.5 -2V). Being a stronger and more robust signal, line level is the
standard signal strength used by audio processing equipment and common domestic
equipment such as CD players, tape machines, VCRs, etc. This amplification is achieved
in one or more of the following ways:

 Some microphones have tiny built-in amplifiers which boost the signal to a high
microphone level or line level.
 The microphone can be fed through a small boosting amplifier, often called a line
amp.

 Sound mixers have small amplifiers in each channel. Attenuators can

accommodate mics of varying levels and adjust them all to an even line level.
 The audio signal is fed to a power amplifier - a specialized amp which boosts the
signal enough to be fed to loudspeakers.

microphone

Patch panel

Figure 2.12 studio microphone

Computer monitor: used to show whether the sending music signal has distortion or not
between news reading gap which comes from mixer within net-up software. The audio
signal is fed to a power amplifier a specialized amplifier which boosts the signal enough
to be fed to the loud speakers. The XLR cable to the microphone contains not only the out
puts lines from the microphone units but also the required power supply lines for FET
(field effect transistor) and for the condensers.

Patch panel, patch bay, patch field or jack field is a number of circuits, usually of the
same or similar type, which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing
circuits in a convenient, flexible manner. It is a board in a switchboard, computer, etc.
with a number of sockets that can be connected in various combinations.
2.6.2 Studio Control Room
There are a lot of equipment’s in this room. They are Mixer console, Telos, Microphone
node, Analog & digital node, Speakers, CD& Tape player & Computers which used to
control all systems by using net-up software.

Axial Analog Line Node

The Analog line node has eight balanced stereo inputs and eight balanced stereo outputs,
presented on easy-to-install RJ-45connectors. The inputs are switchable to accommodate
consumer level -10dBv or professional level +4dBu. The short circuit protected outputs
are capable of delivering up to +24 dB before clipping. Create an Ethernet audio snake
with Axial Analog Audio Nodes at each end (or mix and match digital, microphone and
analog line terminals), a single 100Base-T link can be used to send and receive 8 stereo
audio channels eliminating old-fashioned multi-pair cable.

Axial Microphone Node: The Microphone Node has eight phantom-powered mic inputs.
It also contains eight balanced stereo analog line outputs for convenient delivery of
associated headphone and studio monitor feeds to the room in which the microphones are
located. The inputs are on XLR connections while the outputs are on RJ-45. The Axial
Microphone Node can also be used as a multiple-input microphone preamp and A/D
converter or as the stage-end of a digital snake.

Telos: it’s a telephone hybrid. It can receive 12 incoming calls at the same time by
holding each call. They used it to receive message, comment or suggestion from the
audience or customer and to discuss on special issue with different customers at the same
time.

Pins (Keyboard)

Telephone
Figure 2.13 telos
Telephone: used to receive the calls.

 Pins (keyboard): used to hold the calls on air and in order to create the
opportunity for the discussion with one dialer (call) with another.

A mixing console is an electronic device for combining sounds of many different audio
signals. Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios
public address system, systems, broadcasting, television, and film post-production. When
used for live performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly
to an amplifier, unless that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to
powered speakers. . Public address systems use a mixing console to set microphones to
an appropriate level, and can add in recorded sounds into the mix. A major requirement is
to minimize audio feedback. Most bands use a mixing console to combine musical
instruments and vocals. Analog consoles remain popular due to their continuing to have
one knob, fader or button per function, a reassuring feature for the user. In SRTA the
radio studio mixing console is mix different inputs. It mixes or its inputs are three studio
guest microphones, two cd players, telephone hybrid, two tape players & four pc input by
using net-up controller. The studio technician controls every program which is
transmitting from the studio by this mixer.

Buttons

Figure 2.14 mixing console

Buttons have the function to arrange the volume of the input sound, after we select the
button. Two of them (input from the microphone).

A. digital audio mixer

Various sources of audio must be carefully controlled and blended during a production.
You will recall we said if analog audio levels are allowed to run at too high a level,
distortion will result, and if levels are too low, noise can be introduced when levels are
later brought into the normal range. Beyond this, audio sources must be carefully and
even artistically blended to create the best effect. The control of audio signals is normally
done in a TV and Radio studio or production facility with an audio mixers or audio
console.

Audio mixers are designed to do five things.

 Amplify incoming signals.

 Allow for switching and volume level adjustments for a variety of audio sources.
 Allow for creatively mixing together and balancing multiple audio sources to
achieve an optimum blend.
 Route the combined effect to a transmission or recording device Sophisticated
audio mixers or consoles also allow you to manipulate specific characteristics of
audio. The selector switch at the bottom of each fader typically switches the
output of the fader between cue, audition and program.

Figure 2.15 Digital Audio Mixers

The most important aspect of understanding mixers understands the channels. On almost
all consoles, the channels are laid out in strips; the signal comes in physically through the
back of the device, and then passes through that channel's various controls from top to
bottom, with the gain or trim at the top and the fader at the bottom. I will go through what
each of these steps does in their own.

B. switch console
Special function buttons on the switch console (a panel or accommodating a set of
controls) are used to automatically select the next caller, to control external recorders and
delays; to accesses several other unique features. Using your One- X-six code not be
either. The switch console is used to place calls, put callers on the air or on hold, and to
conference a standard telephone set may be used for call screening.

Figure 2.16 switch console

Six special function buttons which appear on the switch consoles are briefly discussed
below.

1. Next: Select the line that has been ringing in the longest. If no lines are ringing in, it
selects the line on screened hold the longest.

2. Flash/new or auto-answer

The FLASH/NEW function is primarily for use with PBXs or Centrex telephone lines
that require hooks flash to access feature. The flash/new button can also be used for
dropping a line, that is to hang up a line, and get dial ton back on the selected line without
going through the usual OFF and line button press sequence.

3. Record Mode: - This button enables the operator to conveniently start a tape
recorder. To ready the record mode, push the button once. The next time any line
 button is pressed, on output on the back of the one x-six will be activated to start
recording device.

4. Record stop: - When this button is pushed, a colure output on the back of the One-x-
six stops the recording device. You may choose to assign another function to this
button and closure.

5. Delay dump/user button:

This button activates on external profanity delay via a closure output on the back of the
One-xsix. You may choose assign another function to this button and closure.

C. Time delay

Here’s how its work: -

Connect the main programming output from any studio console. When the show begins,
press start. The Air tools 6100’s begin digitally stretching the program creating up to 40
second of delay. You can define a delay between 1 and 40 second, allowing a great
amount of flexibility when it comes to editing unwanted material.

Figure 2.17 time delay

D. Moseley

Moseley is a device used for studio Transmission link (STL). It plays a greater role in
radio transmission system. This digital studio transmit link provides a transmitter/receiver
pair that conveys high quality digital audio through a microwave radio path. It shows up
and down link frequency.

There are several signal routines: -

 Audio signal coming from on-air enter into STL.

  In STL signal processed and modulate carrier.
 Modulated signal transmitted in to transmitter antenna
 Receiver antenna accept modulated signal.
 Receivers STL accept and demodulate the signal

 Antenna radiates the demodulated signal.

 Again, the receiver antenna receives.

Studio Station STL Transmitter Receiver antenna

Antenna

Receiver Radiation Receiver

Antenna (STL)

Block diagram- 6. Signal routine

Figure 2.18 Moseley

E. Transmitter

Transmission system is a system that transmits a signal from one place to another place.
Wireless transmission is transmission which transmits a signal without a wire. It may be
digital or analog signal transmitter that consists of a power source, signal
generator/amplifier, mixer and amplifier signal to create a transmitted signal /output
amplifier.

 Modulation: When we take about a transmission, we have to remember about

modulation. Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a carrier or sinusoid.
 The sinusoidal signal that is used in carrier signal is known as data signal or
message signal.
 Use of modulation: -Modulation used to send a signal over a band pass frequency
range. It helps us to reduce antenna height. Modulation shift baseband signal to
high frequency signal which has smaller wave length and allow the use of short
antenna.

Transmitter performance: -

a. Modulation of signal in to the carrier

b. Amplifies the signal and

c. Broadcast it over the signal.

I. Power supply

The system has two power supply slot named primary A and second B, which that of
primary A only contains power supply and the second B occupied only high-power
amplifier or redundant power supply option is installed. It takes AC power and as option
DC power using a high reliability. DC power converter capable of operation from an
input range of 20-72V.

II. Networker Management System (NMS) AND system CPU

This cared incorporate microprocessor to configure and monitor the overall operation of
the system via.

a) Front panel control

b) LCD screen menus

c) Status LEDs and

d) Bare graph display

(LCD) liquid crystal display: -it is the primary user interface and provides, control and
configuration calibration functionality.

III Audio Encoder

This module directly receives and decodes the AES/EUB digital audio in to a digital
stereo audio data stream. If analog audio input in the analog data card are used and these
inputs are converted to 16/24-bit digital stereo data. The digital audio is optionally
compressed in the audio encoder module to allow for higher band width frequency, i.e.
more audio channel per RF channel at the expense of aural making compression
disadvantages. This compression is also required for existing system compatibility. The
stereo D/A convertor transform the signal back to analog for use in monitoring the signal
from the front panel which used for level monitoring the digital AES/EUB audio input on
the bare graph.

 Radio receiver: -Receiver is subsystem that takes in the transmitted signal

from the channel and processes it to retrieve the information signal. It must be
able to discriminate the signal from other signals which may use the same
channel (called tuning).
F. Studio antenna
An apparatus to receive or transmit radio waves and convert respectively to or from an
electrical signal. In case of SRTA it is directional type of antenna. Used to connect (tx/rx)
STL with omnidirectional antenna (dipole array type antenna) which found on Alamura
Mountain.
 Figure 2.19 studio antenna which found inside the company

2.7 How the branch gets information which transmitted from FM 100.9?
Before we see how the branches get information which transmitted from FM 100.9, we
have to know about optical fiber. Optical fiber widely used in fiber optic communication
which permits transmission over longer distance and at higher bandwidth. Fibers are used
instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and also immune
to electromagnetic interference. It also used for illumination Optical fiber consists of
Core surrounding by cladding, with lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by
the total internal reflection, this cause the fiber to act as a waveguide.

Transmitter
Studio STL (Uplink) Satellite Branches
Antenna

Block diagram 7: Studio to branch transmission

South Radio and Television Agency has own Nil sat. When signal is transmitted from
studio transmission link to transmitter antenna to satellite. Via their receiver antenna all
branch got signal from satellite by using downlink the transmitted signal.

Radio automation system (FM 1oo.9)

Radio automation system is the use of control systems and information technologies
reducing the need for human intervention. In short, a step beyond mechanization. This
system is worked without human interface; it works by its automatic system. I work on
this section by controlling the automation device in order to operate full time without
system breakdowns. Devices like on air pc, mixer, server, production mixer and pc. The
following figure shows auto transfer system of FM 100.9 radio station.

RF splitter- provides RF driver signal to each 48 power amplifiers separately.

Section three consists of: -

A. tuning
B. Combiner

A/Tuning: - is used for frequency setting; i.e. making frequency constant, Whereas
Loading is used for balancing (matching). The other important electronic device which is
found in the transmitter room is the Dummy load (Artificial antenna). It is used instead of
Antenna when checking of Transmitter is needed after Transmitter is maintained. And
also, it is used to dissipate the output power of DAX (5KW) while DX (10KW) is
operating.

B/Combiner: - which is made up of Ceramic Capacitor, Regular capacitor and Inductor,

in these parts two coaxial cable are combined.

1. Coaxial cable from 10Kw transmitter and

2. Coaxial cable from 1 Kw transmitter (Standby transmitter).

Inside the combiner there is a rotating switch. These switches are rotating and connecting
one of the selected Antennas with the Outdoor Antenna or with Antenna of 84m. Also, I
should note that Dehydrator enters to the coaxial cable that goes: -

Wave length (λ) =speed of light/generated frequency

λ=3*10^8m/s/938 kHz
=320m

Hence Length of the antenna (L) is one fourth of the wave length.

L= λ/4=320/4

L= 80m
 Figure 2.20 Antenna which is found on Alamura Mountain
 Mixer: - It allows 8 mice to be plugged in, along with 8 stereo audio sources,
such as a CD player, cassette player, minidisc player or computer. It has a clean
feed output, which allows a telephone to be patched into the studio through a
hybrid (also included in the deluxe package). It also has a relay feed which sends
a signal to turn on an “ON AIR” light outside the studio and switch off the
monitor speakers when the microphone faders are opened. This will stop people
making too much noise outside the studio and stop feedback from the speakers
entering the microphones. (Switch and “ON AIR” lights can be added to the
package as extras.
 Microphone: - Microphone is an acoustic –to-electric transducer or sensor that
converts sound in to an electric signal. These clear-sounding microphones are
sturdy and durable, and able to handle dusty, dirty conditions and being dropped
by accident.
 Audio distribution amplifier (ADA): -Audio distribution amplifier (ADA) is
one of the basic components in radio transmit ion system. The main function of
ADA is to amplify the audio signal for the customers listen the program loudly. A
device used to amplify is called microphone. The end product of ADA is transfer
to central processing unit (CPU) room.
 Satellite transmission link (STL): - Satellite transmits link is the basic part of
the CPU and its main function is to link the data between transmit antenna dish
 and receiver antenna dish. It uses RF cable to transmit data from CPU to transmit
antenna dish. In receiver antenna dish there is receiver, its purpose is to receive
data (audio level) and transfer it in to audio processor which is used to arrange the
incoming data (audio level) and it will be passed to power amplifier. The
processed data (audio level) will be sending to air with 10 KW transmitter, power
supply, exciter and power amplifier. The output of power amplifier is connected
with RF cable at the top of 80m height tower on the mountain which is found in
Alamura and finally it distributes 100.9 FM (frequency modulation).

 Types of antenna is Omni-directional dipole array with 8-bay.

2.8 Server
Server is a device or computer on which all the file saved, control and goes to the receiver
at station. All data from production room and on-air room enter this section. As a
provider of services the server must compute requests and has to return the results with
an appropriate protocol. A server as a provider of services can be running on the same
devices as the client is running on, or on a different device, which is reachable over the
network. The decision to outsource a service from an application in form of a server can
have different reasons.

 Performance: in certain circumstances the clients are inefficient devices, which

have interfaces to high performance demanding applications. In this case the
computation is done on a higher-performance server. Today this approach is less
used, but has still its area of application, e.g., virtual reality computations for film
scenes.
 Central data management: This aspect of the client-server model does have the
most impact today. Data is stored on a server, which can be used or manipulated
from different clients. typical examples of services provided by a server are:
 File server: one server provides multiple clients with a file system. Tasks of this
server include access control and transaction control (only one client may access a
file with write permissions at a time)
  Web server: the web server provides multiple clients (web browser on different
devices) with information. The information can be static on a web server or
dynamic, generated by different service applications.

 Server is used for: -

 Storing data, video and music file

 A computer program running as a service, to serve a needs or requests of

other program

There are two servers found here with memory capacity of 250GB each. This are called
AVA and

AVB server. The two servers are controlled by two PC’s with audio volt software
package. Each of the servers has dual power intake batteries to avoid failure to the
maximum possibility.

Figure 2.21 server of SRTA

Alto: Is also another part of server. It consists’ a number of hard disks which are used for
storing files for a long period of time.
2.9 Procedures we have been using while performing our work tasks
We used procedures and different techniques to perform the tasks in fantastic manner.
Firstly, we scheduled out the table in three formats namely day report, weekly report and
monthly report very carefully secondly, we have tried to perform the tasks as schedule
lay out. Thirdly by asking any vaguely things my company advisors and technicians they
we have got gladly description to the ambiguous questions and information about
equipment’s and operation.

2.10 our performance at the company

We have got chance to see and perform some tasks. For instance, we have got chance
to do with studio technician for a few days at different time during internship time.
But my main performance during inter ship time was checking and asking the uses and
operation of each equipment used for RF transmission and TV broadcasting system in
our hosting company.

2.10.1 Challenges we have been facing while performing our work tasks
There are some challenges occurred when we did our work on SNNPR Radio and
Television Agency.

 For the workers there were busy on a work, so they could not show for us
properly.

 Lack of computer and internet access.

 Lack of maintenances and work shop room.

 Didn’t allow sometimes us to operate, even to touch an equipment.

 Our guider is no voluntary to work for additional day since he is busy on his own
position (work).

2.10.2 Measure we have been taken in order to overcome the challenges

We had taken some measure to solve above challenges, such as we tirade to arrange the
time they will be free and help us and also adjust time as well as day Used to see
equipment’s operation repeatedly Use our own pc and internet access available in the
city. Unclear questions asked to our advisor.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.The Overall benefits we gained from the Internship
3.1 practical skills
Before we entered the internship program, we only had a basic understanding of radio
and television broadcasting. The internship helped me to have a close up view of how
broadcasting is done and made us understand all the processes involved. The following
are some of the practical skills we’ve gained:

 Being able to read and understand flow charts and their hardware realizations.

 Basic understanding of main components of a radio and television studio

equipment’s like studio cameras, audio/vision mixers etc.…
 During these three months of our internship program we were able to bridge the
gap between student life and professional life.
 This internship experience have made us respect the company advisor stream
more and more throughout these three months.
 In overall within these three months we had the opportunity to improve my
theoretical knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills and etc.

3.2 Theoretical Knowledge

During internship we got theoretical knowledge some of these are:
 Learning and reading different Manuals that were used as guidance.
 Learning the different studio equipment’s and their application in the studios.
 How to read the installation studio schematic diagram.
 Learning different kinds of electronics devise and their use in real life. For Example
mixer, microphone, antenna, video camera, monitor, studio equipment’s, parabolic dish
and so on.
 Generally we understood how to radio and television broadcast.

3.3 Interpersonal Communication Skills

During the internship we had been able to improve our communication skill and gained
confidence on how:

 To ask different questions which are related to the real world.

  We can make discussions with worker’s example mentor, technician.

 To answer questions when our supervisor asked me.

 And also improve working with different people gains, different knowledge, how
we agree with their behavior by tolerating the difference.

3.4 Leadership Skills

At the company we have been able to see different workers in their hierarchy how they
lead the company in straight way. At this understands that we can to be a leader and how
we can develop our leadership skill.

In General, the Leadership skills we gained are:

 Good speaking ability.

 To have the ability to listen to others.

 To be decisive (able to make decisions quickly).

 Good management skills.

 Hard working.
 Respecting new ideas
 Information seeking.
 Co-operative working skills between leader and handy man (dab).

3.5 Work Ethics related issues

Work ethics is generally accepted guidelines for right & wrong behavior in work place &
it involving several principles related to effective work habit & personal qualifications.
We understand that the following rules and regulations are all of the time required from
the any workers to be fulfilled: -

i. Being punctual.

ii. Being honest for whatever you do.

iii. Having willing to do some task.

iv. Integrity.
 v. Transparency.
vi. Accountability and others.

3.6 Entrepreneurship skills

Enhancing our leadership skills is essential to stay with the times and ahead of others in
the company. We have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to
make the team he is leading initiated and encouraged.

To improve this leadership skill we tried to improve the following basic things:

 Critical Thinking
 Listening Effectively
 Discipline
 Be a Follower……etc.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. PROJECT CARRIED OUT

Design and
Implementation of a
Smart & Portable
Wireless FM
Transmitter
Design and
Implementation of a
Smart & Portable
Wireless FM
Transmitter
Design and
Implementation of a
Smart & Portable
Wireless FM
Transmitter
Design and
Implementation of a
Smart & Portable
Wireless FM
Transmitter
4.1 Problems identified and solution proposed

4.1.1 Identified Problems:

1. We saw different kind of transmitting system such as AM transmitter,
conventional FM transmitter yet there are high energy consumed, high CO2
emission, and poor transmitting signals quality, less accurate can’t be accessed
remotely.
2. We saw manually controlled (accessed) TV and Radio system
3. We saw analogy device like transmitter, amplifier, and etc.

4.1.2 Proposed solution:

1. Design and Implementation of a Smart & Portable Wireless FM Transmitter
2. Using IP and GSM based controlled TV and Radio system.
3. Using digital device

4.2 We selected the Project from identified problem:

4.3 Design and Implementation of a Smart & Portable
Wireless FM Transmitter

4.3.1 ABSTRACT
The evolution of smart technologies makes end users to choose portable, cost-effective
and reliable devices for their daily life usage. The optimum service and superior quality
of any such devices are always remain the centers of attraction for any customer. The
advent of new technologies gives the smart FM transmitters also a unique shape.
Depending on the dynamic requirements, the customer needs always changes with time.
Keeping this fundamental issue in mind, in this work, we have designed and implemented
a smart FM transmitter model keeping the key features in mind. Its small size, long
battery life, and easy portability make it very useful to be used in day to day life. It has
the potential of real-time noise cancellation features to get the optimum sound quality at
the receiver end. The Digital Frequency Modulation Scheme has been used here to boost
the signal strength for long-range communication. The used components are very cost-
effective and reliable for prolonged use. The test case has given high-quality sound
reception at the receiving end from the source end using our model. This smart
transmitter section model has been found to be very effective for the future digital
communication system. The specific station catching ability and low tone scanning
capability make it superior to other existing similar kinds of devices. It can be used at
home, or institutional premises, or any other distant trials for effective information
exchange.

4.3.2 Introduction:
The industry revolution gives technological growth a massive height, and as a result, we
are expecting all devices to be digital in nature in the near future. Digitization makes our
life easy and secure. We are always looking toward technology with simple and cost-
effective applications. The up-gradation of wireless communication technology also
changes the way the devices appear. The Digital Modulation schemes are being used for
effective long-distance communication to transfer information from one place to another.
The end-users want to enjoy these smart communicating devices with upgraded
modulation schemes in a way that must suit their daily life activity. It has been seen that
smart products with easy accessibility, low cost, high power efficiency, and high
reliability gets higher demands with respect to other existing products. Keeping this
fundamental requirement of the end-user in mind, we have aimed to develop a
unique prototype of wireless FM transmitter, which can be used to develop smart
communicating devices. The concept used here is simple and straightforward, which uses
the FM schemes to generate modulated signals and transmit them at a satisfactory
distance with HD sound quality. The fundamental task of an FM transmitter circuit is
demodulate and amplify FM signals for long-distance communication using a single
transistor circuitry. Frequency Modulation (FM) is performed by modulating the
carrier wave frequency depending upon the variation of the message signal, which
carries adequate information. Generally, the radio frequency used by FM transmitter
is in the range of VHF (Very High Frequency) that is 87.5 to 108.0 MHz. Our smart
transmitter prototype model accomplishes the most excellent range with minimum
power requirement. The performance and working of the wireless audio transmitter
circuit depend on the induction coil and variable capacitor. The basic components
required for the FM transmitter are: antenna, RF amplifier, modulator, audio pre-
amplifier, and microphone.

.
4.3.3 Problem of the statement
We saw different kind of transmitting system such as AM transmitter, conventional FM
transmitter yet there are high energy consumed, high CO2 emission, poor transmitting
signals quality, less accurate, can’t be accessed remotely, doesn’t allow digital
communication, the local operator can’t be change the device configuration.so we look a
transmitter which have highly transmission power efficient, low CO2 emission, good
transmitting signals quality, more accurate, can be accessed remotely, does allow digital
communication, the local operator can be change the device configuration so we prefer to
design Smart and portable FM transmitter. In general the main problem that we are going
to focus is the low energy consumed TX, high signal quality and any other thing.

4.3.4 Objective of the project

4.3.4.1 General objective
The main objective of this project is Design and Implementation of a Smart & Portable
wireless FM transmitter.

4.3.4.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this project are:

 To know about the working principle of smart and portable FM transmitter.

 To know about Frequency Modulation with a three transistor circuit.

 To know about capacitors and inductors in smart and portable FM transmitter.

 To have knowledge about transistors application in smart and portable FM

transmitter.

 To master our self in doing this project with multism software.

 To be familiar with the use of design and simulation tools in the design process.
4.3.5 Methodology and tools
4.3.5.1 Methodology:
Methods used in this project

 Flow graph

 Circuit design

 Circuit analysis

 Simulation lab

DC
power

Pre- MPX FM
emphasis modulator modulator
Audio

input
Buffer Carrier Osc
Amp

Freq.multi
plexer

RF amp

antenna receiver

Block diagram 8: FM transmitter operating principle

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 The microphone converts sound pressure wave to electrical signals.

 These audio voltages are amplified by the audio amplifier.

 The amplified audio is used to control the deviation of the frequency controlled
oscillator.
  The low power of the frequency modulated carrier is boosted by the Radio
Frequency amplifier.

 The aerial is driven by the amplifier and produces an electromagnetic wave.

 Under normal conditions the transmitted signal will travel as far as the horizon

4.3.6 Scope of project

We have identified the scope of this project. The scope can be used as a guideline for us
to conduct this project in order to complete this project in a time given and as in a plan
from the earlier stage.

 Basically this project focused on:

I. Identifying the components and materials:

In the process of identifying the components and materials we were enterable to get small
value capacitor.so we reconstructed the circuit based on the materials available in our lab.

ii. Designing and layout:

In this process we have used the simulation software, where it is provide the designing,
simulation and layout design for PCB.

iii. Project Circuit Board (PCB):

In the part of Project Circuit Board (PCB) process, we have requested to electrical
Engineering Department but we did not get it because there was a small number of PCB.
iv. Testing and analyzing:

In this process of testing and analyzing, we have performed the job related to signal
amplification and its transmission at the lab. The testing parts have to test using the
circuit board, oscilloscope and the working smart and portable FM transmitter while
analyzing process some have to do at the lab.

4.3.7 Expected outcome:

In is project there is some expected result according to its process and procedure. So that
according to the objective of the project in this project the expected outcome depend on
the material used in the project.
4.7 Frequency Spectrum
Frequency is defined as the number of complete electromagnetic energy wave cycle that
occurs each second. A frequency spectrum is a method of classifying, by their commonly
understood names, the discrete and unique element of all electromagnetic occurrences in
terms of the frequency of radiated energy induced each second. Radio wave, Television
broadcasts, X-rays, Microwave, and infrared transmission are in all electromagnetic
radiation whose essential attributes can be defined and identified by frequency or amount
of radiation each type produces.

TABLE1.1 Ranges of Frequencies and wavelength

Frequency Designation abbreviation Wave Length

3-30KHZ Very low VLF 100,000-

frequency 10,000m

30-300KHZ Low frequency LF 10,000-1,000m

300-3,000KHZ Medium frequency MF ,1000-100m
3-30MHZ High frequency HF 100-10m
30-300MHZ Very high VHF 10-1m

frequency

300-3,000MHZ Ultra-high UHF 1-10m

frequency

The main frequencies of interest for FM are from 88MHZ to 108MHZ with wave length
3.4 and 2.77m respectively.

4.3.8 Frequency modulation

Modulation is the process of facilitating information over a medium. Sound transmission
in has limited range for the amount of power your lungs can generate. To extend the
range your voice can reach, we need to transmit it through a medium other than air, such
as phone line or radio. The process of converting information (voice in this case) so that
it can be successfully sent through a medium (wire or radio waves) is called modulation.
There are two types of modulation techniques: analog and digital modulation. The analog
modulation modulates analog information signals while digital modulation modulates
digital information signals. Analog modulation is divided in to different types such as
amplitude modulation and angle modulation. Amplitude modulation a type of modulation
where the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information
bearing signal. Angle modulation varies the angle of the carrier by an amount
proportional to information signal. Angle modulation can be divided in to two such as
frequency modulation and phase modulation. Phase modulation (pm): angle modulation
in which the phase of the carrier is caused to depart from its reference value by an
amount proportional to the modulating signal amplitude. Frequency modulation (FM):
angle modulation in which the instantaneous frequency of a sine wave carrier is caused to
depart from the carrier frequency by an amount proportional to the instantaneous value of
the modulator or intelligence wave.

4.3.9 The advantage of smart FM transmitter over conventional or

normal FM transmitter
 Smart transmitters consist of microprocessors and have bi-directional
communication.
 Smart transmitters include secondary sensors that can measure and compensate
for environmental disturbance.
 Signal conditioning will be done and also analog to digital conversion.
 Smart Transmitters consists of multiple sensors and covering various
measurement ranges and allow automatic selection of the required range.
 Smart transmitters have a self-calibration capability that allows the removal of
zero drift and sensitivity drift errors.
 Smart transmitters will have a self-diagnostic capability and one can plan for
maintenance requirements.
 It can adjust for non-linearities and give linear output.
 Smart transmitters provide improved accuracy and reliability.
  Long term stability can be improved, re-calibration frequency can be reduced.
 Reduced maintenance costs.
 Allows interoperability and becomes possible for selecting vendors of choice.
 Allows remote re-calibration and re-ranging.

4.3.10 Disadvantages of smart FM Transmitters

 As a part of preventive maintenance, calibration or validation can not be avoided, though
the transmitters are SMART.

4.3.11 Circuit design and analysis

Figure 4.1 Circuit diagram of wireless FM transmitter realised using multisim

simulator

4.3.12 Circuit Operation

Our FM transmitter circuit consists of three distinct stages.

Stage I: Audio pre-amplifier and FM Modulator.

Stage II and III: RF power amplifier stages which sequentially boost the RF Power in the
FM band for the received audio.

The electret Microphone is used to catch the audio from its surroundings and pass it to
the transmitter unit. The signal caught by the Mic. is applied as an input to the first
transistor stage. Here, the audio amplification has been done. Due to the applied base
voltage, the junction capacitance of the transistor varies. The audio signal causes the
junction capacitance to modulate from the first stage which also is the main reason of the
frequency variation of the oscillator circuit. The frequency oscillator circuit is connected
using the Hartley Configuration [21]. The output modulated signal coming from the
oscillator unit is then applied as an input to the next state. Furthermore, two stages of
amplification have been used here to boost the output signal for long distance
communication. The final stage consists of a RC unit for unwanted noise cancellation.
Only the signal with higher amplitude passes through it, and the low power noise signals
are filtered out. This stage generates the effective long-distance noise free transmission of
our test case.

4.3.13 selection of tank circuit

We know frequency of oscillation is given by f = 1 / 2 x √LC in Hz

To determine or calculate the tank circuit we select the appropriate operating frequency
that must be between 88 up to 108Mhz. and we choice to be 100 MHz and we also select
a very small value of inductor so we can calculate the tank capacitor now..

4.3.13.1 Selection of capacitors

Here we select variable capacitor C3 and C15 are 22pf, and other capacitors
C1,C2,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C9,C11,C12,C13,C14 have values
1pf,1nf,10pf,10pf,10nf,1nf,10pf,1nf,1nf,1nf,110nf,100uf,10pf respectively. This
capacitor serve the purpose of keeping the tank circuit to vibrate.

4.3.13.2 Selection of resistors

we select the values of resistors R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11 to be 10K,
4.2K,4.7K,22K,68ohm,2.2K,22ohm,1K,10ohm,22K and 10ohm respectively.

4.3.13.3 Selection of transistor

Here we select three transistors BC547BP

4.3.13.4 Inductor
Let us select a three Inductors there values are 0.1uH each.

4.3.13.5 Selection of antenna

Since the range is about 2km, we can prepare an antenna using a stick of wire of 30
inches
Approximately which would be about ¼ of the transmitting wavelength.

4.3.14 Result and discussion

In this section a test case is shown. A set of input was given to the circuit designed in the
simulation platform, and the corresponding output was generated accordingly. We have
tested for various sets of input parameters, and one of such cases is detailed here.

4.3.14.1 The input signal to the circuit

Input Specification:

A Signal (Defined waveform e.g. Sinusoidal Wave) in the audio-frequency range 20Hz to
20 kHz is provided as input. The test case input frequency of the modulating signal is 2
kHz. Input through Function Generator

4.3.14.2 Output signal of the circuit

The output signal has been demonstrated at the Digital Oscilloscope. The output as seen
in the Digital Oscilloscope:
The output signal of the circuit is shown in the figure below that taken from the multism
simulation software

Figure 4.3 output modulated signal

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDAION
5.1 The internship conclusion
Program is intended to introduce the students to the real experiences of the job they will
be working on after graduation. Starting from finding the hosting company working
inside and observing the ways in which the work flows and the job is done to the how the
experiences affects the interns, the internship program is a great way to let students face
the area challenges and benefits of being a professional there are two types of
communication, one to one communication, a transmission between a single transmitter
and receiver and broadcasting which a way of communicating between a single sender all
the receivers who need the information.

The SRTA has a job of broadcasting news informative and entertaining programs through
its radio and television channels. Working inside the SRTA, I was able to experience
most of the steps taken in order to successfully transmit a radio or television program.
I’ve found the overall experience of the internship a good way of experiencing the
practical way of acquiring and practicing theoretical knowledge.

Generally, I conclude that my internship was a rewarding experience and provide me with
some new perspectives that I didn’t get yet.

5.2 The project Conclusion

In this project we conclude that the smart transmitters work on the Highway Address
Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. HART protocol is a digital communication
protocol that allows smart transmitters to superimpose the analog signals.

This smart FM transmitter have high transmission power efficiency and less CO2
emission, small size, long battery life, easy portability and it has the potential of real-time
noise cancellation features to get the optimum sound quality at the receiver end.

The used components are very cost-effective and reliable for prolonged use. The test case
has given high-quality sound reception at the receiving end from the source end using our
model.

This smart transmitter section model has been found to be very effective for the future
digital communication system.

The specific station catching ability and low tone scanning capability make it superior to
other existing similar kinds of devices. It can be used at home, or institutional premises or
any other distant trials for effective information exchange. Compares to other methods:
The use of non-linear amplifiers, e.g. class C, etc. improves the energy efficiency .Linear
Amplifiers are not required at the transmitter end: Only frequency variations are done so
no

Such amplifiers are required at the transmitter side. It makes the model cost effective and
economical. Are trying to do such problems our practical implementation is not done so
we are search other option to do the project which multism simulation software.
Simulation software because we are familiar with it .then we get the desired out as shown
in figure above.in the figure the input signal is sinusoidal and the output signal also
amplified sinusoidal signal

Whereas, the conventional transmitters work on basic loop current generated

electromagnetism principle that does not allow digital reading. Smart transmitters can
also communicate via Foundation Fieldbus,

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
5.3.1 Recommendation for company
The company haven’t prepared class rooms which is used for interns.

The company has no internet access, so the company should have to prepare
internet access for interns.
There is no training program for the employees to enhance their performance.
 Technician does not have manuals or modules. The company has to prepare
enough manual/ handout and give it out to technician for the future and the
company must put the copy of the manual in the library, so that technician can use
of them whenever necessary.

5.3.2 Recommendation for university

 We strongly recommend for the university to provide short term courses related
To field works like report writing and problem identification before we start our
Internship period in the company

 The university should also strengthen its relationship with the company to
address problems that might affect the internship period

 The university should give sufficient allowance to student in order to motivate

Them to do the internship effectively

 The difficulty of obtaining internship placements to different organizations

Should be addressed by the university by arranging events that aims to connect

students with internship offering organization

Reference
[1] Digital Communication, John Wiley & Sons.

[2] Replika Press Pvt. Ltd., N. Delhi, India, 2000-2001.

[3] Communication Systems.

[4] Simon Hykin, Introduction to communication system, 4th edition

[5] Floyd, fundamental of electronics, 7th edition

[6] Alexander Sadiku, fundamental of circuit 4th edition

[7] www.electronicshub.org

[8] Continuous frequency, amplitude and Phase Modulation,

[9] IEEE transactions on communications Modulation

APPENDIX
Glossary of some radio and TV terms
PCR-program control room

VTR-video tape recorder

CCU-camera control unit

TX-transmitter
AM-amplitude modulation

UPS-un interrupted power supply

AVR-automatic voltage regulator

SD-standard definition

HD-high definition

FM-frequency modulation