Addis Media NTK

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION STREAM
INTERNSHIP REPORT
COMPANY: ADDIS MEDIA NETWORK (AMN)
Done by
BETHLEHEM AKALU ID: - ETS0218/09
BEREKET DEME ID: - ETS0193/09
MARYAMAWIT GIRMA ID: - ETS0625/09
COMPANY SUPERVISOR: Mr. Behaylu Aesmre

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: Mr. Yalemsew Abate
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

July 2021
APPRENTICESHIP REPORT on
BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY at AMN
AASTU, JULY 2021
Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank Almighty GOD for his inspiration, indescribable support
to open the way how to work and created healthy environment for us. Secondly, we would
like to express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our respected advisor Mr. Yalemsew
Abate for guidance and support that he has provided throughout our apprenticeship period
and project work. We also would like to thank Mr. Behaylu Aesmre head of technology
department of Addis Media Network for accepting us in to the company and offering us
the opportunity to explore and grasp the real world experience in the broadcasting, Mr.
Mulugeta Sisay and Mr. Habtamu for helping us understand the work flow of the media
network and for answering all our questions about the works we did even the silly once
without getting tired of it.
Finally, we are grateful to all other members and workers of Addis Media Network who
have helped us directly or indirectly starting from day one and making things easier for us
to work until the completion of this report and project successfully.
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Executive Summary
This internship report stresses on the work experience we have gathered as an Intern in
Addis Media Network, which is digital broadcasting company located in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. The internship lasted from April 04, 2021 until June 30, 2021. In this report, we
mainly have incorporated our experience at Addis Media Network especially live
broadcasting, studio installation and video/audio satellite transmission etc.
The report also briefly explains about the benefits we gained after completing the industrial
internship. Where we also have provided details about our project work that we believe
will bring solution to obtain better broadcasting bandwidth utilization efficiency, which we
think is problem in certain ways. We discuss about the project on the roles of different
digital modulation schemes on satellite broadcasting system and it is completely done over
simulation of designed components on MATLAB and Simulink computer software. The
project’s objective is to simulate mono and stereo audio signal transmission with
MATLAB using 16 APSK modulation technique through AWGN channel and after
observing the output of the System we will suggest modulator and demodulator equipment
needed to use 16APSK modulation without major alteration to the whole system. This
report will serve good information for the broadcasting company. Just a little more
investments in digital media equipment will bring about a very significant change for both
the media company and the business too.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 General introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background of Addis Media Network............................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Brief history of the company ...................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Main services .............................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3 Main customers .......................................................................................................... 2
1.2.4 Mission ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.5 Vision ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.7 Overall organization and work flow ........................................................................... 3
Organization structure ..................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Over all work experience......................................................................................................... 5
2.1 How we got in AMN ......................................................................................................... 5
2.2 The section we worked in .................................................................................................. 5
2.3 The work flow in the section ............................................................................................. 6
2.3.1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure ......................................................... 6
2.4 Studios and Production facilities ....................................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Radio studios .............................................................................................................. 7
I Studio Operations .......................................................................................................... 9
II Remote Voice-Tracking ............................................................................................... 9
III Ingest .......................................................................................................................... 9
IV Editing ...................................................................................................................... 10
V Audio Storage ............................................................................................................ 11
VI System Considerations ............................................................................................. 11
VII Audio Mixing Consoles .......................................................................................... 13
VII Audio Data Compression ........................................................................................ 15
VIII Audio Delay Units ................................................................................................. 16
VIIII Loudness .............................................................................................................. 16
2.4.2 Television Studios .................................................................................................... 17
Studio Control Rooms ................................................................................................... 17
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Master control room ...................................................................................................... 20

System Considerations .................................................................................................. 21
Studio System ................................................................................................................ 21
Television Cameras ....................................................................................................... 22
Videotape Recorders ..................................................................................................... 23
Server room ................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.3 Live broadcasting ..................................................................................................... 24
DSNG ............................................................................................................................ 24
DMNG ........................................................................................................................... 25
OB Van .......................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
3 Benefits gained from the industrial apprenticeship ................................................................ 27
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Benefits of internships ..................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 29
4 Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................... 29
4.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 29
4.2 Limitation and recommendation...................................................................................... 29
4.2.1 Limitation ................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.2 Recommendation ...................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Amplitude-Phase Shift Keying Modulation (APSK) for Satellite Broadcasting ...................... 31
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.1 Background................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Problem Statement........................................................................................................ 36
5.1.3 Aim ............................................................................................................................... 37
5.1.4 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.1.5 Justification................................................................................................................... 38
5.1.6 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 40
5.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 40
5.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 41
5.3.1 Theoretical Research .................................................................................................... 41
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5.3.2 System Design .............................................................................................................. 48

5.3.3 Circuit diagram ............................................................................................................. 49
5.3.4 Components .................................................................................................................. 50
5.3.5 Software........................................................................................................................ 52
5.4 Result and Analysis ............................................................................................................. 53
5.5 Limitation ............................................................................................................................ 57
5.6 Conclusion and Recommendation ....................................................................................... 57
5.6.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 57
5.6.3 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 58
References ..................................................................................................................................... 60
Appendices 1 ................................................................................................................................. 62
Simulation codes ....................................................................................................................... 62
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Figure 1-1 Organizational structure of Addis Media Network........................................................ 4

Figure 2-1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure ............................................................ 6
Figure 2-2 Acoustic Studio figure ................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-3 studio control room ........................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2-4 Radio studio ................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-5 Radio production room ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 2-6 Radio edit room ........................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2-7 External speaker and microphone ................................................................................ 12
Figure 2-8 Radio audio air chain block diagram ........................................................................... 13
Figure 2-9 Radio mixer ................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2-10 Radio headphone ....................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2-11 Audio processing equipment in typical air chain....................................................... 16
Figure 2-12 Studio B of AMN....................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2-13 Studio B control room ............................................................................................... 18
Figure 2-14 Audio mixer area of studio B..................................................................................... 19
Figure 2-15 CG control ................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2-16 Control room monitors .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 2-17 Master control room of AMN .................................................................................... 20
Figure 2-18 TV studio production block diagram ......................................................................... 22
Figure 2-19 Design of a three-CCD Camera ................................................................................. 23
Figure 2-20 VTR ........................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2-21 AMN server room ...................................................................................................... 24
Figure 2-22 DSNG System work flow block diagram .................................................................. 25
Figure 2-23 AMN DSNG .............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 2-24 OB Van of AMN ....................................................................................................... 26
Figure 5-1 Satellite broadcasting ................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-2 Types of TV broadcasting standards ........................................................................... 33
Figure 5-3 Channel coding and modulation in DVB-S2 ............................................................... 34
Figure 5-4 The four possible DVB-S2 constellations ................................................................... 36
Figure 5-5 32-QAM constellation ................................................................................................. 38
Figure 5-6 16(4+12) APSK constellation diagram ........................................................................ 42
Figure 5-7 Decision boundary diagram of 16(4+12) APSK.......................................................... 43
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Figure 5-8 16 APSK decision boundary 1 ..................................................................................... 44

Figure 5-9 16APSK decision boundary 2 ...................................................................................... 46
Figure 5-10 16APSK decision boundary 3 .................................................................................... 47
Figure 5-11 System design ............................................................................................................ 48
Figure 5-12 Circuit diagram of modulation of mono type audio signal and stereo type audio
signal Respectively ........................................................................................................................ 49
Figure 5-14 Multimedia source ..................................................................................................... 50
Figure 5-15 Matrix converter ........................................................................................................ 50
Figure 5-16 Integer to bit converter............................................................................................... 50
Figure 5-17 Modulator .................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 5-18 AWGN channel ......................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5-19 Demodulator .............................................................................................................. 51
Figure 5-20 Bit to Integer converter .............................................................................................. 51
Figure 5-21 Matrix converter ........................................................................................................ 52
Figure 5-22 Audio device writer ................................................................................................... 52
Figure 5-23 Constellation diagram ................................................................................................ 52
Figure 5-24 Constellation diagram of mono audio signal with (0.5,1.25) radius ratio ................. 53
Figure 5-25 Constellation diagram for mono audio signal at (1,2.5) radius ratio ......................... 53
Figure 5-26 Constellation diagram of stereo audio signal with (0.5,1.25) radius ratio ................. 54
Figure 5-27 Constellation diagram for stereo audio signal at (1,2.5) radius ratio ......................... 55
Figure 5-28 BER vs ring ratio of 16 APSK .................................................................................. 56
Figure 5-29 BER of 16 APSK using optimum ring ratio 2.5 ........................................................ 56
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Acronyms
AMN Addis Media Network
AASTU Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
AAMMA Addis Ababa Mass Media agency
IT Information Technology
DJ Disk Jockey
A/D Analog- to-digital converters
D/A Digital-to-analog converters
FM Frequency Modulation
CD Compact Disk
STL Studio-Transmitter Link
EAS Emergency Alert System
RF Radio Frequency
AES Audio Engineering Society
EBU European Broadcasting Union
dB Decibels
PFL Pre fade Listen
TV Television
MP3 MPEG Audio Layer-3
AC-2 Alternating Current -2
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
VTR Videotape recorders
MCR Master Control Room
FTP File Transfer Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
DMNG Digital Mobile News Gathering
OB Outside Broadcasting
DSNG Digital Satellite News Gathering
HD High definition
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SD Standard Definition
CCD Charged Coupled Device
BMC Bubble Memory Controller
ICT Information and Communication Engineering
DVB-S2 Digital Video Broadcasting’s 2nd generation satellite scheme
DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite
DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial
DVB-T2 Digital Video Broadcasting 2nd generation Terrestrial
DVB-S2X Digital Video Broadcasting 2nd generation
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting Cable
DVB-C2 Digital Video Broadcasting2nd generation Cable
ISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial
ISDB-S Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Satellite
ISDB-C Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Cable
ATSC Advance Television System Committee
DTMB Digital Terrestrial Media Broadcasting
CMMB China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting
T-DMB Terrestrial Digital Media Broadcasting
S-DMB Satellite Digital Media Broadcasting
AVC Advance Video Coding
MHz Mega Hertz
ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
APSK Amplitude and phase shift keying
ASI Asynchronous serial interface
LDPC Low Density Parity Check Codes
BCH Broadcast CHannel
FEC Forward Error Correction
PSK Phase Shift Keying
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
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QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

HPA High Power Amplifier
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
I/Q Demodulator
UHD Ultra High Definition
MATLAB MATrix LABoratory
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
TWT Travelling Wave Tube
AM Amplitude Modulation
PM Phase Modulation
ALC Automatic Level Control
DTH Direct-to-Home
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
M-APSK Multilevel Amplitude Phase Shift Keying
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
VLC Visible Light Communications
BER Bit Error Rate
SER Symbol Error Rate
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
𝑃𝐵𝐸 Bit Error Probability
NSS New Sky Satellite
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Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 General introduction
In order to achieve our B.Sc. in Electrical and computer Engineering at Addis Ababa
Science and Technology University, we were required to complete a semester of industrial
apprenticeship. We interned at Addis Media Network which is a Satellite Broadcasting
company.
We have completed our apprenticeship at broadcasting company, most of the share owned
by the Addis Ababa city administration and is a 24-hour news channel. The headquarter is
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The company was known by the name by Addis Ababa Mass
Media Agency (AAMMA) before it was changed to its current name Addis Media Network
(AMN). AMN is highly known for its use of latest broadcast technology in news gathering
and program production.
In this report, we will first describe about Radio communication system, Satellite TV
system and how a live broadcasting is done.
1.2 Background of Addis Media Network

1.2.1 Brief history of the company
The Addis media network or before the name change known by Addis Ababa Mass Media
Agency (AAMMA) was founded in 1985 by the President of the Ethiopian Press Public
Relations Agency. The company has created various events and opportunities in Addis
Ababa.
One of these manifestations is the Addis Ababa City Government Media Agency, which
was established in Proclamation No. 20/2002, and is a board of directors of the Addis
Ababa City Administration.
As a result, the Agency has been using the print and electronic media to monitor the
political, social, economic changes and developments of the city. The company begin with
a view to collect, consolidate and disseminate data from the city administration and provide
it for Ethiopians and the international community on urban, national and international level.
It is furthermore managed to make advertising and related work that will generate revenue
at the reasonable price along with the content that is transmitted.
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1.2.2 Main services

There are many services provided by Addis media network. Some of them are listed below.
 Prepares and distributes news and news items, programs, descriptions and analyzes that are
relevant to the city's inhabitants.
 Establish and organize electronic format broadcasting media and develop a strategy for the
intensification of efficient use of modern technology by qualified technicians and
technicians.
 Promote general government policies, strategies and laws. The city will facilitate and
comment on these topics.
 Shall actively co-operate with the pertinent bodies of the inhabitants of the city regarding
the constitution of the city, the charter of the city, other laws, and especially human and
democratic rights.
 Provide funeral arrangements that will enrich the general public's awareness.
 Promote the cultural, historical and natural resources of Addis Ababa City with the
pertinent bodies.
 Carry out and present the City's developmental, democratic and good governance issues,
events and agendas.
 Provide photographic, advertising, documentation and other Services at a reasonable rate
to a client.
1.2.3 Main customers

At first the main customers of Addis Ababa mass media agency were the people who live
in the Addis Ababa region but now since the service reaches almost everywhere through
satellite broadcasting anyone around the world can use the service by adjusting the
direction of their satellite receivers to the specific degree and direction of the broadcast.
1.2.4 Mission
The mission of Addis Media Network is to establish a modern, efficient and credible
information sharing system through the provision of information service to the national
and urban issues in collaboration with Addis Ababa City Administration and residents. And
to ensure the proper development of good governance in the city.
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1.2.5 Vision
The AMN aspires to be one of the five best media outlets in Africa in few years to come
and play a core role in the creation of a democratic society that plays an active role in
promoting rapid and balanced media development.
1.2.6 Objectives
 Help to share indigenous knowledge and the culture embedded among the nation since all
sorts of cultures, practices, customs, and experiences are casted through media.
 Helps to preserve all languages hence less endangerment.
 Working for informed Society that can play an important role in development, democracy
and good governance.
 Providing information based on government policies and strategies for inculcating national
consensus.
 Working for the realization of the society’s constitutional rights of freedom of expression
in free and democratic manner.
 Disseminating the regional nations, nationalities and people’s history, language and
cultural values and natural and manmade heritages.
 Providing free, balance and fair news and information.
1.2.7 Overall organization and work flow

The overall organization management hierarchy of Addis Media Network consists of
several departments.
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Organization structure
The structure of company is generalized in the flow chart below
Figure 1-1 Organizational structure of Addis Media Network
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Chapter 2
2. Over all work experience
2.1 How we got in AMN
After the end of four-year courses in electrical and computer engineering department in
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University the industrial apprenticeship program
starts which lasts for four months. Due to the crashed program to compensate the one-year
break for CO
VID 19 global pandemic our internship lasted for three months. So, we submitted the paper
work for the company that was given from our campus requesting for internship and AMN
technology department gave us our acceptance letter. Then we submitted the acceptance
letter to our campus. We received the documentation needed to log our day-to-day work
and evaluation paper to be submitted to the company we got accepted in. finally after we
submitted those papers to AMN we started our work as apprentice.
2.2 The section we worked in
We work in the electrical and IT department section. Mainly with the maintenance and
engineering crew. This crew work on the maintenance of different sections of the
broadcasting equipment and also carry out the installation from simple of new devices to a
whole new studio. The team also install system needed to broadcast live scene from
anywhere if the event is outside the main studio in AMN building.
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2.3 The work flow in the section
2.3.1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure
Figure 2-1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure
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2.4 Studios and Production facilities

2.4.1 Radio studios
This section explains the facilities used for making radio programs, from the microphone
in the studio to the link that takes the program to the transmitter.
The Radio studio in AMN is a special room where audio programs or contributions are
produced for broadcasting. Apart from its technical facilities, the important thing about
the studio is that its designed or adapted to be isolated from outside sounds, so there is no
background noise interference with a program. Inside it has special acoustic treatment
on the walls and ceilings to control the amount of reverberation (the persistence of sound
due to multiple reflections after the sound source has stopped), so it does not sound as
though a speaker is in a very live environment like a bathroom.
Figure 2-2 Acoustic Studio figure
The AMN Local radio stations have more than one studio. There are several varieties,
depending on the type of programming and whether they are primarily for on-air use or for
recording. A major distinction between the studios is whether the studio has a separate
control room or whether there is a combined, combo, studio and control room.
In a combo, the control board operator is also the presenter or disk jockey (DJ), who does
both tasks simultaneously whenever that’s needed. The combined arrangement is
extremely common for on-air studios.
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But in case of AMN a studio with separate control room is used. A studio with a separate
control room is used primarily for more complex productions. The presenters and guests,
or artists (known as talent) are in the studio, and one or more technical operators, often
with other production staff, are in the control room with the technical equipment. There is
a soundproof window between the two areas, for visual communications. Since the AMN
is a very large radio station and broadcasting center, it has larger studio intended for live
music or other performances, with more space in both the studio and control room and
more equipment.
Figure 2-3 studio control room
Figure 2-4 Radio studio
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I Studio Operations
Sometimes the radio station produces on-air programs with one or more live presenters and
guests in a studio at the station, playing music and other program segments from various
devices, and taking phone calls on the air. When needed, the on-air studio operator also
selects another studio in the building (e.g., associated with a newsroom), or selects a feed
from a remote source, such as a network or remote sports venue, and integrates that source
into the on-air program. Depending on the station, in some cases whole programs may
also come from a network or program syndication source, with a live feed or recorded
medium.
II Remote Voice-Tracking
Remote voice-tracking takes the process one step further. In this case, a presenter
or DJ at a remote location (maybe his or her home) records all of the voice segments that
link a program together, and stores them as audio files on an audio workstation
or computer. These files are then transferred (over the Internet, a private network,
or a phone line) to the hard drive storage at the local station.
The segments are identified in the automation playlist and are played out on-air seamlessly
with the music, just as though the DJ was in the studio.
Similar techniques allow station group to share programming among different stations, and
in some cases, to control and monitor operations from centralized remote locations.
This is known as central casting.
III Ingest
Ingest involves receiving program material from outside sources and preparing it for use
by the station. Feeds from networks frequently come in on satellite links, and live feeds
may be fed to the on-air mixing console, as shown in Figure below. Other material may be
fed to a recording device for integrating into later programs. Material may also be moved
as audio files between workstations or computers within the radio station, so in AMN the
ingest workstation is separated from the on-air studio. Program segments may be produced
at a different geographic location, different studio or different ingest room and transferred
to the station over a private data network.
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Figure 2-5 Radio production room
IV Editing
All editing is carried out using hard disk–based audio workstations. AMN has a unit
dedicated for this purpose. Most types of hard disk recorders are provided with editing
software.
Figure 2-6 Radio edit room
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V Audio Storage
The radio AMN stations have much of their prerecorded music, commercials, and other
material stored on computer hard drives and also in the deep archive. The continually
increasing size of this type of storage and continually decreasing cost per megabyte have
made this possible. Advantages of hard disk storage and playout systems, compared to
previous analog systems, include the following:
 Increase in audio quality

 Much reduced wear and tear and increased reliability
 Easy automation with a single computer program on a single machine
 Automatic creation of the program log
 More efficient use of station personnel
VI System Considerations
a) Stereo or Mono
In AMN most of the audio equipment and studios are designed to work in two-channel
stereo mode, and virtually produce stereo programming. But the station may combine the
left and right channels to a mono signal at the output of the studio chain.
b) Analog or Digital
The aim of AMN radio broadcasting is to replace equipment based on analog signal
processing with digital equipment. There are many advantages to this change, including
those noted above for hard disk–based storage and a general increase in capabilities.
However, the station still uses analog audio mixing consoles and analog interconnections
because they have serviceable legacy installations. Most items of digital audio equipment
in are used as digital “islands” in an overall analog system, using analog- to-digital and
digital-to-analog converters. Every A/D and D/A conversion introduces a small quality
loss, so the number of conversions backward and forward is kept to a minimum wherever
possible.
Microphones at the start of the chain are inevitably analog, as are loudspeakers and
headphones. However, it is possible to have a DJ’s voice converted to digital immediately
after leaving the microphone and have it remained in digital form until after it has been fed
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into the transmitter. An analog FM transmitter accepting digital inputs will, of course,
convert the signal back to analog for transmission.
Figure 2-7 External speaker and microphone
c) Air Chain
A station’s air chain is the path that its on-air program material follows from the program
source to the transmitter. As a rule, the arrangement for a local radio station on-air studio
and air chain up to the studio-transmitter link (STL) will be something like the much-
simplified block diagram in Figure.
Microphones and other program sources feed into an audio mixing console; the output of
the console will usually pass through an audio delay unit and then through some sort of
distribution system (not shown in the figure) to the Emergency Alert System (EAS)
equipment. The output of the EAS goes through various items of audio processing
equipment that adjust the overall sound of the station and then to the STL for sending to
the transmitter.
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From Compresso To
mixing Equalizier Limiter Clipper
r/Expander transmitter
board
Figure 2-8 Radio audio air chain block diagram
VII Audio Mixing Consoles

The audio mixing console is a device that allows several program sources to be mixed,
monitored, and fed to the transmitter. It is often referred to as a mixing board, control board,
or just a mixer board.
Figure 2-9 Radio mixer
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The mixing board has multiple signals fed into it from different program sources, such as
microphones, CD players, or a hard disk recorder. It has controls that allow the operator to
select each source and feed one or more simultaneously to a mixed program output called
a bus (from “bus bar,” a metal junction bar joining two or more electrical circuits). Each
input has a level (volume) control known as a fader (also known as a pot from the name
potentiometer, the variable resistor component used in most mixing boards). Faders often
used to be rotary controls; today, sliding linear faders are universal, and the control moves
in a straight line. Other input channel controls usually include a pan-pot (to adjust where a
mono sound source appears to be located when heard on a stereo system), balance for stereo
channels, and, in some cases, equalization to adjust the sound for treble, bass, and so on.
a) Inputs
Board inputs are of two main types: microphone and line inputs. Each feeds a channel on
the mixer (not to be confused with RF channels used for transmission). Microphones have
very small signal outputs and require sensitive channel inputs, which are always analog;
most other equipment and distribution systems provide audio at a much higher line level.
Audio levels are usually quoted in decibels(dB), which is a ratio compared to a standard
level.
The mixing boards, whether operating as analog or digital systems internally, are equipped
to accept both analog and AES/EBU digital line level inputs.
b) Outputs
As well as the main program output, the board produces a mix-minus version of the
program to send back to telephone callers. This contains the complete program but without
the contributor’s own audio. If their own voice is returned over the telephone, it may get
fed back into the input channel again, creating a feedback loop.
Mix-minus may also be used on occasions as a cue feed for other live contributions. Boards
usually have other auxiliary outputs, including a feed to recording devices that may be
different from the on-air program.
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c) Monitoring
Audio monitoring is provided to allow the operator to listen to the program output or
selected sources to check for program content and quality. Audio monitoring may be on
high-quality loudspeakers in the control room, but, if the control room is also the studio in
a combo arrangement, headphones are used to prevent interference with live microphones.
Sometimes a small loudspeaker is also built into the console.
A necessary feature is cue or pre fade listen (PFL) monitoring, which allows a source to be
monitored before it is faded up for use.
Figure 2-10 Radio headphone
VII Audio Data Compression

The digital bit rate from a CD player is more than 1.4 megabits per second. This means
that long segments of music or other programs will require very large files when recorded
on a hard disk. A technique called audio data compression, based on perceptual coding,
may be used to reduce the amount of data needed to transport or store digital audio. There
are many different audio compression systems. The most commonly used in radio are
MPEG-1 layers 1 and 2, MPEG layer 3 (usually known as MP3), and AC-2. The audio
compression type used in AMN is MPEG 4 layer 2.
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VIII Audio Delay Units

The audio delay unit (also known as the profanity delay) follows the audio console and
usually provides between five and ten seconds of audio storage and delay. It is used for
live programming, where it is possible that a contributor (perhaps a telephone caller) may
say something unacceptable on the air. If that happens the operator can press a button that
“dumps” the offending words before they leave the delay unit heading for the transmitter.
VIIII Loudness
Several pieces of equipment are typically used to make a radio station’s signal sound as
loud as possible, while maintaining modulation within permitted limits: equalizers,
compressors/expanders, limiters, and clippers. They are generally installed in a
station’s air chain in the order of the boxes shown in Figure
Figure 2-11 Audio processing equipment in typical air chain
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2.4.2 Television Studios

This section explains the facilities used for making television programs, from the cameras
and microphones in the studio to the link that takes the program to the transmitter. We will
cover the major parts of the production and distribution chain, and then discuss particular
studio systems and equipment.
Figure 2-12 Studio B of AMN
Studio Control Rooms

One studio control room multiple house staff and equipment for the purposes listed below
are combined in one room due to the space available at the AMN.
 Lighting control
 Vision (camera) control
 Sound control
 Production control
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Figure 2-13 Studio B control room
The lighting control section houses the lighting console with memories for different
settings of light intensities, cross-fades, and so on.
The lighting director uses the lighting console to remotely control each lamp in the studio
to achieve the desired effect. The studio action is viewed on picture monitors in the control
room, showing the output of each camera. The vision engineer also looks at the picture
monitors and the waveform monitors for each camera, and adjusts remote camera controls
to produce good-looking pictures that are also technically correct.
The audio control area of AMN has an audio mixing console and associated equipment,
where the sound supervisor is responsible for producing the audio mix from the studio
microphones and other sound sources.
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Figure 2-14 Audio mixer area of studio B
Production control contains desk with control panel for the video switcher, operated by the
technical director, and other equipment such as a character generator and graphics system.
This is also where the producer and other production staff sit. A bank of picture monitors,
often mounted in a monitor wall, shows the output of each studio camera and other video
sources, with two larger monitors for the Program and Preview outputs.
Figure 2-15 CG control
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Figure 2-16 Control room monitors
Master control room

The master control room in AMN is able to accept video material in any format and store
the associated metadata in an easy and reliable way at the archive and deep archive in the
server room. First traditional videotape ingests were done using VTRs controlled remotely
but with manual supervision if required. Now file-based ingest is done as the MCR is able
to connect to remote FTPs as well as corporate LANs.
Figure 2-17 Master control room of AMN
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System Considerations
It will be apparent from the previous description that having to deal with vision as well as
sound produces a major increase in complexity for a television studio. This extends all the
way through the system. As with radio, some basic considerations apply to all tele-vision
systems, including the following points.
a) Standard or High Definition
Addis Media Network programming is produced and distributed both in high definition
(HD) format and standard definition (SD) format.
b) Analog or Digital
The aim of Addis Media Network television broadcasting is to replace nearly all analog
equipment with digital. Not only for recording and editing video signals easily, but also
throughout the program chain, and is virtually obligatory for high-definition systems.
As with audio, some digital video equipment, such as a digital server, used as a digital
“island” in an analog system, using analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters on
the unit’s input and output.
c) Compressed or Uncompressed Signal Distribution
There are alternative methods for distributing and recording digital signals within the
broadcast plant, involving compressed bit streams in place of baseband signals.
File Transfer or Real-Time Video and Audio Distribution in both the Video Servers and
Ingest and Conversion, there is an increasing use of data files for moving program material
about. AMN uses computer networks instead of standard video and audio distribution.
Studio System
Much-simplified block diagram of a TV production studio system of AMN, showing a
video switcher with various program sources, including cameras, video recorders and video
servers, graphics system, character generator, and possibly other local and remote sources.
It is apparent that the general arrangement is similar to the radio studio system.
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Where a source, such as a video server, provides an audio feed as well as video, then the
audio is fed to a separate audio mixer, which is controlled separately from the video
switcher, and which also takes audio-only sources such as the studio microphones, music,
and sound effects and produce a program output.
As shown in the figure, there are several outputs from the switcher to feed picture monitors,
the video recorder or server, and the program distribution. Not shown on the figure are the
picture monitors that are provided for all program sources, or additional outputs for
technical monitoring positions such as vision, lighting, and sound operators.
Figure 2-18 TV studio production block diagram
Television Cameras
AMN are currently using best-performing CCD color cameras, as used for broadcasting,
actually use three CCDs—one each to scan the electric charge image created by the red,
green, and blue light coming through the lens. The light from the lens passes through an
optical beam splitter, based on glass prisms, which splits the incoming optical image into
three different color beams (red, green, and blue). The beams then pass-through additional
filters, which remove any remaining unwanted colors, and the purified individual color
images fall onto their own individual CCDs, where they are scanned.
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Figure 2-19 Design of a three-CCD Camera
Videotape Recorders
Videotape recorders (VTRs) use magnetic tape as the media on which the program material
is stored.
VTR uses both analog or digital recording. The VTRs at AMN are currently used for
different purposes rather than recording programs. They are used as
 Embedder and Dis-embedder
They embed audio and video signals from different sources for transmission purpose
Also dis-embed embedded signals in to separate audio and video signals; this is done
mainly for editing purpose separately.
 Encoder and Decoder
They are used to encode and decode signals they receive as needed for transmission
purpose.
Figure 2-20 VTR
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Server room
Figure 2-21 AMN server room
2.4.3 Live broadcasting

DSNG
Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) system is used as mobile earth station. To
perform live broadcasting from a remote place where any physical link like optical fiber,
transmission wire, radio link is not available, then the satellite link is the only way to send
the raw footage to the TV station.
After transmitting the raw footage by DSNG, main station receives that signal. It comes
to the base band section, processed and then made ready for final on-air through the main
up-link antenna.
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Figure 2-22 DSNG System work flow block diagram
Figure 2-23 AMN DSNG
DMNG
DMNG stands for Digital Mobile News Gathering. DMNG is basically a mobile app. AMN
sometimes use this system Where cable connection is unavailable and satellite link is
unnecessary.
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OB Van
A television production truck or OB van is a small mobile production control room to allow filming of
events and video production at locations outside a regular television studio. AMN uses it for remote
broadcasts and outside broadcasting(OB). Sometimes the OB require a crew of as many as 20
people, with additional trucks for additional equipment like a power generator and BMC cables as well
as a satellite truck(DSNG), which transmits video back to the studio by sending it up through
a communications satellite using a satellite dish, which then transmits it back down to the studio.
Figure 2-24 OB Van of AMN
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Chapter 3
3 Benefits gained from the industrial apprenticeship
3.1 Introduction
An internship at AMN was a good introduction to the career we may want to pursue after
we complete our BSc. Despite the main purpose of the apprenticeship being for the intern
to gain experience in the field of work, this internship allowed us to receive university
credit upon completion. Working as an intern at AMN has helped us gain valuable work
experience, fulfill our college requirement and gave as a material to add to our resume.
They introduced us to many aspects of full-time employment while allowing us to explore
our interests and form our personal career goals.
3.2 Benefits of internships

Some of the benefits of working as an apprentice at the AMN are listed below.
 Job experience
We have gained valuable exposure to how the system of TV broadcasting is carried out.
We took part in meetings and performed assigned tasks for the company whenever we were
required.
 Research experience
We had a chance to test the research skills we learned in our college courses in a practical
setting and meaningfully contribute to the important work the company does.
 Access to a variety of tasks and departments
The AMN company enabled us to get exposure to people in various departments and jobs
like the engineering department as well as the ICT department. The company management
made us work almost in every possible department where we got to see how each
department works and this will help us decide what kind of job in the broadcasting industry
we might like to pursue.
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 Mentorship
Although most valuable mentor relationships often start with a personal connection that
enhances the experience for both the mentor and the mentee, working as an intern in AMN
may allowed us to meet a potential mentor naturally and we believe that we have
established a relationship that helps guide our career path.
 Help guide career goals
During our education in AASTU, we have studied a variety of subjects to determine our
interests. This internship gave us job experience by introducing us to daily rigors and tasks
without a firm commitment to this precise career track. It helped us decide if certain jobs
at the broadcasting industry fit our individual personality and our talents and allowed us to
meet people who gave us career advice and guidance.
 Create a professional network
The Internship at AMN was practical way to expand our job network. We have mate many
professionals we hope that might be the most valuable connection to our future jobs.
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Chapter 4
4 Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
We can generalize that the overall apprenticeship program was very fruitful in terms of
helping us gain experience of the real-world working environment. During the time of our
work as interns at AMN we have developed different skill including learning how to work
in group and develop team spirit, leadership skills, identifying problems and trying to
produce solutions to them and also improve our communication skills with the staff of the
company as well as with each other.
So, we can conclude that our internship period was a rewarding experience and provided
us with new perspectives of the work environment before we even didn’t get in yet.
4.2 Limitation and recommendation
4.2.1 Limitation
Even though we had an overall good experience throughout the internship, there were some
hardships we faced that can be improved to make the apprenticeship at the company more
efficient. Here is the list of limitations we faced from both sides.
a) Limitations of AMN
 During our apprenticeship period in the company, there were times where the
coordination of interns could have been handled better.
b) Limitations of the university
 The university and specifically our department should have arranged a proper
communication with companies on our behalf to make the acceptance process much
easier.
 If our department was not able to do the point mentioned above, at least it could
have given us some time to look for companies for the apprenticeship
 We also had faced financial difficulty during the internship program as the required
body didn’t make our internship payment on time.
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4.2.2 Recommendation
We really appreciate the whole working environment at AMN, which is really good and
inspired us to do more during our stay there. But there are some shortcomings in every
good thing so we recommend few changes at AMN to make it easier for interns like us
adjust quickly with the works we do.
 Well planned schedule of the key works to be done for the apprenticeship period
by the company
 And office for the interns to carry out some of the works
 The university should be more warry about the internship companies and payment
beforehand to reduce the difficulties faced by the interns.
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Chapter 5
Amplitude-Phase Shift Keying Modulation (APSK) for Satellite Broadcasting
Abstract
The DVB-S2 standard supports multiple types of modulation schemes such as QPSK, 8-
PSK, 16-APSK and 32-APSK. The one currently used by most TV broadcasting standards
including Addis Media Network is QPSK. QPSK is the commonly used type of PSK which
uses 2 bits to store data and maps them onto one symbol and there are a total of 4 symbols
mapped and hence the name quadrature. It is reliable scheme because it has only a small
number of bits per symbol which makes it resistant to inter-symbol interference. But the
drawback of this scheme is that it has low symbol period which can be a major problem as
it will not utilize an allocated bandwidth efficiently.
In this project, we try to provide an alternate scheme that can overcome the obstacles QPSK
faces with little compromise. The scheme we found the most desirable for TV broadcasting
application is APSK. APSK provides a higher symbol rate than QPSK which utilizes the
bandwidth efficiently. Among the multiple arrays APSK can be used in, 16-APSK becomes
the most superior one among others especially if we consider the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of
the transmission. We also deduce, using mathematical and theoretical reasoning that certain
optimum ring ratio for the symbols circles are being mapped on to for better transmission
efficiency. We demonstrate transmission of a mono and stereo audio using MATLAB’s
Simulink and observe how 16-APSK performs under different SNR values. We also use
MATLAB to show graphically the BER of 16-APSK which can be used to for comparison
to other modulation scheme. Finally, we will recommend equipment that Addis Media
Network can buy to use 16-APSK scheme for their transmission without major alteration
to the already installed system.
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5.1 Introduction
Satellite broadcasting is the distribution of multimedia content or broadcast signals over or
through a satellite network. The broadcast signals usually originate from a station such as
a TV or radio station and then are sent via a satellite uplink (uploaded) to a geo-stationary
artificial satellite for redistribution or retransmission to other predetermined geographic
locations through an open or a secure channel. Downlinks are then received by base stations
such as small home satellite dishes or by base stations owned by the local cable network
for redistribution to their customers.
Figure 5-1 Satellite broadcasting
Strictly speaking of digital satellite television broadcasting, there are different types of
digital television standards that can be adopted and they may vary throughout the different
parts of the world. AMN uses Digital Video Broadcasting’s 2nd generation satellite scheme
(DVB-S2) which is a European standard used in many countries. It offers more bandwidth
than earlier generations such as DVB-S. It also has more flexibility, costs less, requires less
antenna size and amplifier power.
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DVB standards
•DVB-T, DVB-T2 (Terrestrial)
•DVB-S, DVB-S2, DVB-S2X (Satellite)
•DVB-C, DVB-C2 (Cable) and others
ATSC standards
•ATSC, ATSC 2.0, ATSC 3.0 (Cable/Terrestrial)
ISDB standards
•ISDB-T, ISDB-S, ISDB-C
DTMB standards
•DTMB, CMMB
DMB standards
•T-DMB, S-DMB
Figure 5-2 Types of TV broadcasting standards
Under DVB-S2, there are other subsystems that are as equally important for a transmission
to occur. Video and audio codecs, modulation and forward error correction (FEC) types
are the most significant ones among other factors. Video and Audio codecs seek to
represent a fundamentally analog data set in a digital format. Various MPEG formats are
the most commonly used and AMN uses MPEG-4 AVC or simply known as H.264 for
video and MPEG Layer 2 for audio transmission. FEC or channel coding is a technique
used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication
channels. It gives the receiver the ability to correct errors without needing a reverse
channel to request re-transmission of data. There are several types of FECs to be used for
digital satellite transmission like 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 etc. AMN chooses to use the 3/4 error
correction method.
The modulation used for transmission is the main focus for this project. In general view,
modulation is the process where the characteristics (phase, frequency or amplitude) of the
high frequency carrier are varied in accordance with the baseband signal. The baseband
signal carries the basic information such as the output of video camera, voice coder or
digital television. In practical point of view, it is more convenient to carry the modulation
at the intermediate frequency-typically 70MHz. Satellites are usually operating at
Gigahertz range of frequency and the modulation signals are up-converted to the
transmission frequency and amplified before going on air. Since the data we are trying to
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transmit from a TV studio is a digitally processed one rather than being an analog data, we
will consider different types of digital modulation techniques and try to deduce, through
thoroughly conducted research and simulation, the optimum one among them. We also
encourage AMN to use the findings we will get to their own benefit and apply them where
they see fit in their broadcasting.
5.1.1 Background
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broad-band applications,
developed by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Project in 2003. Compared with the
traditional DVB-S specification, DVBS2 enjoys higher spectrum efficiency with
approximately 30% improvement due to the high order APSK modulations, i.e., 16APSK
and 32APSK modulations. Also, Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) is employed,
which works efficiently in nonlinear satellite channels with versatile receiver equipment.
Specifically, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and BCH codes-based channel
coding is adopted, combined with QPSK/8PSK/16APSK/32APSK modulations.
The scheme of channel coding and modulation at the transmitter side of DVB-S2 system
is depicted schematically in Figure 3. The previous data are encoded with the concatenated
codes of BCH and LDPC, which conforms to different code rates, i.e., from 1/4 to 9/10.
Then, the coded data are mapped into QPSK/8PSK/16APSK/32APSK constellations.
Attached with the Physical Layer Header, the resultant data are scrambled and modulated
to the corresponding carriers and sent out.
Figure 5-3 Channel coding and modulation in DVB-S2
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The constellations of QPSK, SPSK, 16APSK and 32APSK are shown in Figure 4. QPSK
and 8PSK are virtually constant envelope modulations typically proposed for broadcast
applications, such as DVB-S. For some specific broadcasting applications, such as
interactive application operating with multi-beam satellites, 16APSK provides extra
spectral efficiency with very limited linearity requirements. Moreover, 32APSK aims to
professional applications, requiring a higher level of available C/N and the adoption of
advanced pre-distortion methods in the uplink station to minimize the effect of transponder
nonlinearity. Whilst, these modes are not as power efficient as the other modes, the data
throughput is much greater.
The APSK is the combination of amplitude shift keying and phase shift keying, which
means that the signals in the constellations have both amplitude variations and phase
variations. This results in a circle with two or more radii. When the number of symbols
gets higher, it is advised not to use PSK because the symbols will be closely packed, so
APSK is useful for higher modulation number M, where 𝑀 = 2𝑘. Since there can be any
number of symbols on different radii, different versions of same M-APSK can be designed.
For representing 16 symbols by APSK, either of (12+4), (10+6), (8+8), (6+10) or (4+12)
symbols on the inner ring and outer ring respectively can be used. Since DVB-S2X uses
up to 256 APSK, there can be different versions of 256 APSK depending on how many
symbols are put on each ring, but ETSI has provided the best constellation for all of their
different modulating schemes. Here, through research, the best constellation is found out
and evaluated to see whether it matches the one provided by the ETSI themselves.
The 16-APSK constellation has fewer amplitude levels than 16-Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (16-QAM) constellation and thus is more applicable for the non-linear
transponders in satellite communication. It is showed that coded APSK with simple digital
pre-distortion techniques can achieve very good performance with satellite high power
amplifier (HPA) driven at saturation in. Fewer amplitude levels is also helpful to reduce
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) when the 16-APSK is used in Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
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Figure 5-4 The four possible DVB-S2 constellations
5.1.2 Problem Statement

The modulation type used by AMN is QPSK with the DVB-S2 standard which also
happens to be one of the simplest schemes from the variety of schemes provided by DVB-
S2. In QPSK, the RF carrier is shifted between four different phases. Each of these four
states can be used to represent 2 binary bits of information. Each state is the same distance
from the origin, and so has the same amplitude, but a different phase.
One way to recover these states from a signal is by using an I/Q demodulator, which splits
the signal into an In-Phase component and a Quadrature component (the values of the
state’s relative to the I-axis and Q-axis respectively). For QPSK, there are two possible I
value and two possible Q values. By detecting these values, you can determine which state
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the signal is in at each clock period, and retrieve the bits assigned to that state. Retrieving
these bits over many clock periods reconstructs the signal.
QPSK is a highly robust modulation scheme. The states are far apart, so even if the
constellation is distorted during transmission, it is often still possible to retrieve the
transmitted data. Although it is robust, QPSK does not send very much information (only
2 bits per symbol). This can be a major drawback because:
 It doesn’t use the allocated bandwidth efficiently as it only transmits data 2 bits per
symbol
 As mentioned in the background of this paper, DVB-S2 was developed to be a higher
successor to earlier standards by increasing the spectral efficiency of the overall system.
It achieves that by using newer type of modulation technique which is the APSK.
Hence, using the QPSK scheme with the superior DVB-S2 hinders the very basic
advantage that this standard provides.
 It also will not adapt well to the newer resolution qualities that video is being
transmitted at. AMN currently uses the 1920x1080i resolution with 50 Hz frames per
second but there are more high defined ones like 2K, 4K, UHD and 8K. QPSK will not
be able to transmit these resolutions efficiently with only 2 bits/symbol.
5.1.3 Aim
Considering all the drawbacks of QPSK we mentioned above, we try to find an alternate
modulation scheme that can overcome these obstacles while still maintaining the
advantages QPSK brings to the transmission process. In general, our aim for this project
includes:
 To show why APSK is better alternative to QPSK

 To use DVB-S2 standard to its fullest efficiency by using other modulation schemes it
provides
 To use the allocated bandwidth for a satellite transmission efficiently
 To provide AMN an alternative scheme it can to enhance its transmission process
 To find a scheme that can adapt to non-linear communication channels
 To design a transmission system with the 16APSK scheme
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5.1.4 Objective
Our objectives for this project are:
 To simulate mono and stereo audio signal transmission with MATLAB using 16 APSK
modulation technique through AWGN channel
 To suggest the modulator and demodulator equipment needed to use 16APSK
modulation
5.1.5 Justification
We have already stated the shortcomings of QPSK and now we proceed to the possible
solutions to overcome them and provide justification for the one we finally pick.
Another common scheme is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). In QAM, the I and
Q signals move back and forth within a finite set of discrete values. By linear combination
of these I and Q values a larger constellation is achieved. If only two values of I and two
values of Q are used, you get something with four states that looks like QPSK. If four I and
four Q values are used, you get 16 states (referred to as 16-QAM). Six I and six Q values
can be used to produce 32-QAM. The big advantage of QAM over QPSK is the amount of
data that is carried per symbol. For 32-QAM each symbol represents five bits of
information (25=32). As the bandwidth of the signal largely depends on the symbol rate,
you can send 2.5 times as much data as QPSK in the same bandwidth. Many QAM schemes
exist, with 1024-QAM being used in some applications.
Figure 5-5 32-QAM constellation
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In satellite transmission, the high-power travelling wave tube (TWT) and solid-state power
amplifiers used to transmit the signal are often used at or beyond their compression levels
in order to maximize their conversion efficiency and get as much output power as possible
given the limited power available on the satellite. Distortion from these amplifiers can
“move” the states around on the constellation and make it difficult to determine which state
the signal is in. Looking at the constellation diagram, the “inner” states (closer to the origin)
are lower power states, and may not be distorted, while the “outer” states may drive the
amplifier into compression and experience distortion. One type of distortion (AM/AM)
will tend to draw these outer states in toward the center of the constellation diagram,
relative to the inner states. Another type (AM/PM) will affect the phase of the outer states,
causing them to rotate around the origin relative to the inner states. Coding techniques
allow the signal to recover from errors, but only to a point; if the distortion gets large
enough, the link breaks down.
An ideal modulation scheme for satellite transmission would give better spectral efficiency
(bits per symbol) than QPSK, but be more resistant to distortion than QAM. APSK can be
a way to obtain the best of both worlds. In APSK, the symbol points are configured in
concentric rings of constant amplitude. (Refer to figure 30)
Like QAM, APSK gives more bits per symbol than QPSK, allowing more data to be sent
in the same bandwidth. But unlike QAM, the states are configured in rings, with the intent
that symbol points in a given ring will react the same way to compression. This has two
positive effects. The first is that compression of the signal tends to have less of an effect
on the spacing between states (sometimes referred to as the “Euclidean distance”), and so
the states are easier to distinguish from each other during demodulation.
The second advantage of APSK is that it lends itself to pre-distortion. By varying the space
between rings before transmission, it is possible to pre-distort the signal in a way that
counteracts the effects of transmission distortion and thereby gets a better output. In static
pre-distortion, the spacing between rings is set and fixed. In dynamic pre-distortion, the
signal received from the satellite is monitored and measured, and the results are fed back
to the pre-distortion circuitry for adjustment. Because of the presence of Automatic Level
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Control (ALC) circuitry in the transmitter and the relatively stable operation of the satellite
amplifier, static pre-distortion can give good results over long periods of time.
5.1.6 Scope
This project is done on radio transmission of both mono and stereo type of audio signal by
using APSK and QPSK modulation schemes. The project simulates different types of audio
signals on MATLAB and compares how one scheme is better than the other in terms of
constellation diagram, BER vs SNR and their sensitiveness to noise in the transmission
channel. We couldn’t simulate video source as the MATLAB version that is available to
access did not run video as it should to test the transmission. Prototype for the design
couldn’t be prepared as the components individually aren’t available in the market and the
integrated ones are expensive.
5.2 Literature Review

Satellite communications are providing a key role in the worldwide digital information
networks. Among other applications, satellite communications provide the platform for
Direct-to-Home (DTH) digital TV broadcasting as well as interactive and subscription TV
services, mobile services to ships, aircraft and land-based users, and data distribution
within business networks. Recent trends in satellite communications show an increasing
demand to replace or complement conventional modulation schemes, such as Quaternary
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), with higher-order M-ary modulation schemes. [1]
When the transmitted signal is characterized by a high peak-to-average power ratio

(PAPR), the considered scheme suffers from serious degradation of its performance when
the signal passes through a non-linear channel. Amplitude phase shift keying (APSK),
which presents a lower PAPR when compared to the conventional quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM), is a good modulation scheme to be used in non-linear channels. An
APSK constellation is constructed by a distribution of symbols on concentric rings. APSK
have been proposed for radio frequency (RF), for satellite, and for optical communications.
DVB-S2 and DVB-SH satellite broadcasting standards currently deploy 16- and 32- APSK
modulation using the consultative committee for space data systems (CCSDS) mapping.
Such standards also include hierarchical modulation as a mean to provide unequal error
protection in highly variable channels over satellite. Foreseeing the increasing need for
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higher data rates, in the last years several works tackling the problem of guaranteeing
scalable quality in satellite communications through hierarchical modulation have been
presented and integrated in standards such as DVB-S2 and DVB-SH. [2]
The concept of circular APSK modulation and its suitability for nonlinear channels was
already proposed in 1970’s but, at that time, it was concluded that APSK performs worse
than PSK schemes for single carrier operation over nonlinear channel. However, based on
the recent pioneering work of some of the authors reported in , this conclusion was reverted
and thus APSK has become nowadays a state-of-the-art modulation scheme for advanced
satellite communications.[3]
Amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) arises as a potential solution to mitigate performance
degradations due to channel non-linearity. Since it combines the characteristics of phase
shift keying (PSK) and those of amplitude shift keying (ASK), APSK is also likely to be
robust in systems influenced by phase noise. It is therefore solicited in cascaded systems
involving visible light communications (VLC) as second communication technology. The
bit error rate (BER) performance is compared to those of QAM and PSK. Findings reveal
that for 2η = 4 (η being the common number of symbols per ring), the proposed APSK
scheme has similar performance with QPSK and 4QAM, and, for 2η > 8, the APSK scheme
outperforms the corresponding PSK, making it a good candidate for cascaded VLC
systems. [4]
5.3 Methodology
5.3.1 Theoretical Research
Since APSK modulation is used for the system, it is essential to know how to maximize its
advantages over other modulating techniques so that the design can be made more
effective. Since it has already been proved in previous studies that the number of symbols
on outer ring should be greater than that in the inner ring, (4+12) constellation is used in
this system. But again, the ratio of the outer radius to the inner radius can be varied. So,
𝑅
this section is about finding the optimum ring ratio (𝑅2) for maximizing the performance of
1
the system.
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A constellation model with 4 symbols on the inner ring with radius ‘𝑅1 ’ and 12 symbols
on the outer ring with radius ‘𝑅2 ’ is shown in Figure. Let the ring ratio be represented by
β such that,
𝑅2
𝛽= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 > 1 ( 5.1)
𝑅1
For simplicity in calculation, assume 𝑅1 = 𝑑 which gives, 𝑅2 = 𝛽.𝑑
Figure 5-6 16(4+12) APSK constellation diagram
The performance of 16 APSK model is evaluated based on different ring ratio by analyzing
the BER curve. The BER curve is analytically derived using the symbol error rate (SER)
first. Then the one-bit error, two-bit errors, up to 𝑘 = log 2 𝑀 bit errors are added using
permutation and combinations. In this case, there were 4 bits in a symbol, so 1-bit error, 2-
bits error, 3-bits error and 4-bits error are added up to calculate the BER.
In general, BER can be evaluated by:

𝑟
𝑏×
2
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 ( ) 5.2
𝜎
Where ‘r’ is Euclidean distance between 2 symbols, ‘b’ is the number of bits per symbol
𝑁
and 𝜎 = √ 2𝑜 is a parameter relating to noise component.
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To proceed with the bit error probability, a relation between the average symbol energy
and distance, ‘𝑑’ has to be established, which is given by:
1
𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 = [(𝑁1 × 𝑅12 ) + (𝑁2 × 𝑅22 )] 5.3
𝑀
Where 𝑅1 = 𝑑, 𝑅2 = 𝛽𝑑, 𝑁1 = 4 (number of symbols on the inner ring), 𝑁2 = 12 (number

of symbols on the outer ring), 𝑀 = 16 and 𝑑 = 1.
So,
1
𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 = [(4𝑑 2 ) + (12𝛽 2 𝑑 2 )]
16
1
= 4𝑑 2 [1 + 3𝛽 2 ]
16
𝑑2
= [1 + 3𝛽 2 ] 5.4
4
Therefore,
4𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑑 = √1+ 3𝛽2 5.5
From the constellation diagram, it is seen that there are three different types of decision
boundaries which can result in bit error. Those boundaries are shown in the Figure 32.
Figure 5-7 Decision boundary diagram of 16(4+12) APSK
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The dimension shown in the decision boundary diagram is half the distance between two
adjacent symbols. All the distances are normalized by one unit ‘𝑑 = 1’ such that the
distances are represented as a factor of ‘𝑑’. The calculation of decision boundary dimension
is explained below.
Decision boundary 1
This is the decision boundary represented by the red color in the decision boundary
diagram. There are four such boundaries. The probability of correct decision can be defined
as the product of probabilities of all noise components in each direction causing the symbol
to be received outside the decision boundary is less than the distance between half the
distance between adjacent symbols. The five distances components as shown in Figure 33
are calculated using cosine law, which is shown in the expression below.
Figure 5-8 16 APSK decision boundary 1
From the figure above,
𝐷(1101→1110) 𝛽−1
𝑛𝑎1 = = 𝑑 5.6
2 2
Similarly,
𝐷(1101 → 1111) √1 + 𝛽 2 − √3𝛽

𝑛𝑎2 = = 𝑑
2 2
𝐷(1101 → 1000) 1
𝑛𝑎3 = = 𝑑
2 √2
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𝐷(1101→0101) 1
𝑛𝑎4 = = 𝑑 5.7
2 √2
And,
𝐷(1101→1100) √1+𝛽 2 −√3𝛽

𝑛𝑎5 = = 𝑑 5.8
2 2
Assuming the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), the probability of correct decision
is given by:
𝑏×𝑛𝑎1 𝑏×𝑛𝑎2 𝑏×𝑛𝑎3 𝑏×𝑛𝑎4

𝑃𝑎𝑐 = (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) ×
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝑏×𝑛𝑎5
(1 − 𝑄 ( )) 5.9
𝜎
Therefore, the probability of error is given by:
2 2
𝑏×𝑛𝑎1 𝑏×𝑛𝑎2 𝑏×𝑛𝑎3
𝑃𝑎𝑒 = (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) 5.10
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
Substituting values,
2 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑒 = 1 − {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × (𝛽 − 1)√1+3𝛽2 × )} × {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 ×
𝑁𝑜
2 2
2(1+𝛽 2 −√3𝛽) 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔
√ × )} × {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × √1+3𝛽2 × )} 5.11
1+3𝛽 2 𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜
Decision boundary 2
This is the decision boundary represented by the blue color in the decision boundary
diagram. There are four such boundaries. In this case, there are three noise components
which are calculated by a similar method as before.
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Figure 5-9 16APSK decision boundary 2
𝐷(1010→1001) 𝛽−1
𝑛𝑏1 = = 𝑑 5.12
2 2
Similarly,
𝐷(1010 → 1011) √2 − √3
𝑛𝑏2 = = 𝛽𝑑 5. 13
2 2
And,
𝐷(1010 → 1000) √2 − √3
𝑛𝑏3 = = 𝛽𝑑 5. 14
2 2
So, the probability of error is given by:
2
𝑏×𝑛𝑏2 𝑏×𝑛𝑏1
𝑃𝑏𝑒 = 1 − (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) 5.15
𝜎 𝜎
2
2 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 2(2−−√3𝛽) 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑒 = 1 − {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × (𝛽 − 1)√1+3𝛽2 × )} × {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × √ × )} 5.16
𝑁𝑜 1+3𝛽 2 𝑁𝑜
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Decision boundary 3
This is the decision boundary represented by the green color in the decision boundary
diagram. There are eight such boundaries. In this case, there are three noise components
which are calculated by a similar method as before.
Figure 5-10 16APSK decision boundary 3
𝐷(0000→0001) √1+𝛽 2 −√3𝛽

𝑛𝑐1 = = 𝑑 5.17
2 2
Similarly,
𝐷(0000→1000) √2−√3
𝑛𝑐2 = = 𝛽𝑑 5.18
2 2
And,
𝐷(1000→0010) √2−√3
𝑛𝑐3 = = 𝛽𝑑 5.19
2 2
So, the probability of error is given by:
2
𝑏×𝑛𝑐1 𝑏×𝑛𝑐2
𝑃𝑐𝑒 = 1 − (1 − 𝑄 ( )) × (1 − 𝑄 ( )) 5.20
𝜎 𝜎
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2
2(1+𝛽 2 −√3𝛽) 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 2(2−−√3𝛽) 𝐸𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑒 = 1 − {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × (𝛽 − 1)√ × )} × {1 − 𝑄 (𝑏 × √ × )} 5.21
1+3𝛽 2 𝑁𝑜 1+3𝛽 2 𝑁𝑜
From the constellation, it is seen that there are four symbols in decision boundary 1, four
symbols in decision boundary 2 and eight symbols in decision boundary 3. So, the total
probability of error is:
4×𝑃𝑎𝑒 4×𝑃𝑏𝑒 8×𝑃𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝑒 = + + 5.22
16 16 16
The un coded Bit Error Probability (𝑃𝐵𝐸 ) for 16 APSK modulation scheme is the sum of
probabilities of one, two, three and four-bit errors as shown below:
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 𝑃1 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃2 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃3 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃4 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(4𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 + 4𝐶3 + 4𝐶4 ) × 𝑃𝑒

=
16
15×𝑃𝑒
= 5.23
16
Therefore,
15
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 256 (4 × 𝑃𝑎𝑒 + 4 × 𝑃𝑏𝑒 + 4 × 𝑃𝑐𝑒 ) 5.24
Where nCk refers to the combination
5.3.2 System Design
Source Modulator Channel Demodulator Sink
Figure 5-11 System design
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5.3.3 Circuit diagram
Figure 5-12 Circuit diagram of modulation of mono type audio signal and stereo type audio signal Respectively
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5.3.4 Components
The components we used for this demonstration are:
1. From Multimedia File - reads audio samples, video frames, or both, from a
multimedia file and generates a signal with data types and amplitude ranges such
as double, single. int16, unint8. We use this block as a source for our transmission.
Figure 5-13 Multimedia source
2. Convert 2-D to 1-D - reshapes an M-by-N matrix input to a 1-D vector that has a
length of M*N. We use this block to adjust the stereo audio output to the integer to
bit converter because the latter block only accepts a 1-Dimensional matrix as an
input.
Figure 5-14 Matrix converter
3. Integer to Bit Converter - maps each integer (or fixed-point value) in the input
vector to a group of bits in the output vector. It is single-rate and single-channel
block. It maps each integer value (or stored integer when you use a fixed-point
input) to a group of M bits, using the selection for the Output bit order to determine
the most significant bit. The resulting output vector length is M times the input
vector length.
Figure 5-15 Integer to bit converter
4. M-APSK Modulator Baseband - modulates the input signal using M-ary APSK
modulation. The output is a baseband representation of the modulated signal. M,
the Modulation Order for M-APSK, equals the sum of the elements in Constellation
points per circle.
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Figure 5-16 Modulator
5. AWGN Channel - adds white Gaussian noise to the input signal. It inherits the
sample time from the input signal. We use this type of channel since most satellite
communication scenarios can be modeled by it.
Figure 5-17 AWGN channel
6. M-APSK Demodulator Baseband - demodulates a baseband representation of an

M-ary APSK modulated signal. M is the Modulation Order for M-APSK.
Figure 5-18 Demodulator
7. Bit to Integer Converter - maps groups of bits in the input vector to integers in
the output vector.
Figure 5-19 Bit to Integer converter
8. Convert 1-D to 2-D - reshapes a length-Mi 1-D vector or an Mi-by-Ni matrix to an

Mo-by-No matrix, where Mo is specified by the Number of output rows parameter,
and No is specified by the Number of output columns parameter. We use this block
to reverse the effect done by the 2-D to 1-D block so that our sink can play stereo
audio as it was first transmitted.
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Figure 5-20 Matrix converter
9. Audio Device Writer - The Audio Device Writer block writes audio samples to an
audio output device. Parameters of the Audio Device Writer block specify the
driver, the device, and device attributes such as sample rate and bit depth. We use
this block as a sink to our system.
Figure 5-21 Audio device writer
10. Constellation Diagram - displays real and complex-valued floating and fixed-
point signals in the I/Q plane. We use this block to perform qualitative and
quantitative analysis on modulated single-carrier signals.
Figure 5-22 Constellation diagram
5.3.5 Software
We used MATLAB v. R2021a for our software demonstration. We also used Simulink to
simulate the transmission of an audio through an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel
using 16-APSK and QPSK.
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5.4 Result and Analysis

The outputs of the demonstration are as follows:
Figure 5-23 Constellation diagram of mono audio signal with (0.5,1.25) radius ratio
The above figure shows the transmission of a mono audio over 16-APSK with radius
𝐸
ratio of inner to outer ring (0.5,1.25) at different 𝑁𝑏 values which are 15dB and 18dB
0
respectively.
After simulating the system design on MATLAB, we can see that the quality of the audio
transmitted through the AWGN channel changes, the one with 18 dB being clearer.
Figure 5-24 Constellation diagram for mono audio signal at (1,2.5) radius ratio
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The above diagram demonstrates how much the ring radius affects the quality of the
𝐸𝑏
transmitted signal. We kept the value of constant and changed the inner ring radius to
𝑁0
1 and the outer to 2.5 according to the optimum ratio and as we can see the constellation
points get less affected by noise.
Figure 5-25 Constellation diagram of stereo audio signal with (0.5,1.25) radius ratio
Similarly, we transmitted a stereo audio since most radio and video transmission are stereo.
𝐸𝑏
The constellation to the left is that of 15dB value while the one on the right is at 18dB.
𝑁0
We can see that the 18dB is less affected by noise since it has the greater assigned power
to its transmission.
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Figure 5-26 Constellation diagram for stereo audio signal at (1,2.5) radius ratio
If we were to change the radii of inner and outer circles the same as for the mono audio,
we can see that we have almost identica outputs. The symbols with larger radii are affected
much lesser than since the demodulator can map the desired symbols without any
intersymbol interference.
From the graph on figure 53, it is clear that the optimum ring ratio for 16 APSK is 2.5,
where the bit error rate is minimum. It is also obvious that the effect of ring ratio is more
𝐸
prominent with a higher value of 𝑁𝑏 . Now, after finding the optimum ring ratio 2.5 for 16
0
APSK, the value of 𝛽 is substituted by 2.5 to calculate the BER curve of the uncoded 16
APSK in
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Figure 5-27 BER vs ring ratio of 16 APSK
Figure 5-28 BER of 16 APSK using optimum ring ratio 2.5
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5.5 Limitation
Even though we have successfully simulated the transmission of a 16-APSK modulated
mono and stereo audio over AWGN channel, we still had some limitations on the overall
scope of the project. These limitations were:
 We were only limited to use MATLAB for the simulation of the proposed circuit
design due to the fact that most the advanced software that were capable of
analyzing satellite transmission were company owned and the rest required
subscription which we could not afford.
 We could not simulate transmission of a video using 16-APSK because of the slow
rendering process of MATLAB but we have seen that 16-APSK can modulate a
video source successfully.
 We could not make a prototype of the designed system because most
modulating/demodulating devices are manufactured integrated with other blocks of
satellite transmission such as encoder/decoder and FEC components which is
expensive and out of the scope of our project.
5.6 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.6.1 Conclusion
The modulation schemes like APSK and QPSK were discussed and the best performing
constellation was designed by calculating the BER for different ring ratios.
From the results, 16-APSK with different ratios specially the (4+16) were found superior
and efficient over the QPSK one. As the symbols have better distance ratio between them
with increased capability to carry bits.
A key to successful use of APSK is the configuration of the constellation. Although this
configuration is fixed in standards like DVB-S2, engineers working outside of these
standards can adjust for their particular link parameters by optimizing the number of states
per ring, the distance between rings, and the phase positions of the states within the rings.
With this optimization the system can be made more robust, and carry more data with less
power.
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Assuming that the states in each ring are evenly spaced in phase, there are four fundamental
parameters of the constellation which can be changed:
 the number of rings

 the number of states per ring
 the relative magnitude of each ring
 the phase orientation of each ring
This customizable nature can make it a challenge to demodulate and evaluate APSK
signals.
As a modulation scheme, APSK can combine the best of the QPSK and QAM schemes to
give more data per channel. Which is up to data rates in excess of 200Mbps.
With a wide range of modulation and coding options, DVB-S2 permits broadcasters to
achieve optimal efficiency. DVB-S2 offers performance gains of up to 2.5dB compared to
DVB-S systems by using 16 APSK and 32 APSK modulation schemes. This translates,
approximately, to a 30% performance increase in a given transponder bandwidth. This
performance gain can be used to increase the data throughput in a given transponder
bandwidth, provide more link margin or even to reduce antenna size.
As high order modulation schemes are more sensitive to channel conditions, especially
when affected by fading. However, new DVB-S2 modes of operation, such as Variable
Coding Modulation (VCM), further improve carrier efficiency by permitting multiple
modulation and coding combinations within the same carrier. VCM operation is targeted
at Multi-Streaming modes of operation where more than one Transport Stream can occupy
a single carrier. Each Transport Stream can be transmitted with different modulation and
coding combinations to maximize channel efficiency.
5.6.3 Recommendation
For AMN, we recommend that they use this report as an opening to new possibilities that
they can use for their own transmission process. The 16-APSK modulation scheme can
be easily applied for the DSNG system, Microwave link between the main studio and
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ground station or even between the ground station and NSS12 geo-satellite with little to
none compromise.
To facilitate this idea, we have researched some devices that support 16-APSK
modulation/demodulation which AMN can look into for further follow up.
SBM75e Modulator and SBD75e Demodulator

Advantech Wireless’ SBM75e Satellite Broadcast Modulator/Demodulator is designed for
the transmission of industry standard Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite (DVB-
S/S2/DSNG).
For all broadcast applications, the fully featured SBM75e modulator offers unrivalled
flexibility supporting DVB-S2 LDPC + BCH coding, SHORT and NORMAL FEC
frame, Constant Coding Modulation (CCM), Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM)
and Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) modes of operation, and performance up to
45 Msys in QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32 APSK and 64QAM.
Application of SBM75e
The SBM75e is designed to provide best in class performance for critical applications
such as:
 Video Contribution Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG)

 Primary Distribution of Digital Television for Mobile and Terrestrial
applications
 Direct to Home
We have surveyed that the modulator costs around 1700 to 2000 GBP which is around
102,748 to 120,880 Ethiopian birr on the current rate of pound.
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References
[1] Alberty E., Defever S., Moreau C., De Gaudenzi R., Ginesi A., Rinaldo R., Gallinaro
G., and Vernucci A, "Adaptive Coding and Modulation for the DVBS2 Standard
Interactive Applications: Capacity Assessment and Key System Issues", IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 61-69, August 2007.
[2] M. Anedda, A. Meloni and M. Murroni, "64-APSK Constellation and Mapping
Optimization for Satellite Broadcasting Using Genetic Algorithms," in IEEE
Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1-9, March 2016.
[3] De Gaudenzi R., Guillén i Fàbregas A. & Martinez A., “Performance analysis of
turbo-coded APSK modulations over nonlinear satellite channels”, IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications, vol.5, no.9, pp. 2396-2407, September 2006.
[4] A. R. Ndjiongue, H. C. Ferreira and T. M. N. Ngatched, "Closed-Form SER
Expression for APSK Based on the Kite Structure," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol.
21, no. 10, pp. 2182-2185, Oct. 2017.
5. E. Yao, S. Yang and W. Jiang, "A Simplified Soft Decision Demapping Algorithm of
16-APSK Signals in AWGN Channels," 2010 Second International Conference on
Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, 2010, pp.
103-106.
6. S. Peng, A. Liu, K. Wang and X. Pan, "A modified design of APSK constellations
for AWGN channel," 2016 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications
in China (ICCC), 2016, pp. 1-6.
7. A. Morello and V. Mignone, "DVB-S2: The Second-Generation Standard for
Satellite Broad-Band Services," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 210-
227, Jan. 2006.
8. J. Lee, D. Yoon, S. K. Park and S. G. Kim, "Error Performance Analysis for
4+12+16 APSK Signal over a Satellite Channel," 2009 Fourth International
Conference on Digital Telecommunications, 2009, pp. 93-95.
9. Jae-Hyun Kim, Cheon Sig Sin, Sang Uk Lee and Jae Hoon Kim, "Improved
performance of APSK modulation scheme for sattellite system," 2007 6th
International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing,
2007, pp. 1-4.
10. P. Ali, F. Hussain and J. Jeong, "A New Demapping Technique for 16-APSK
Modulation for Digital Video Broadcasting in AWGN Channel," 2008 Third
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International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology,

2008, pp. 9-12.
11. Broadcast Engineer’s Reference Book, E.P.J. Tozer, 2004, Elsevier Inc
12. A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers, 3rd Edition, Graham Jones,
National Association of Broadcasters
13. Vanderweit, Donald, “Standard + Customized APSK Schemes For Satellite
Transmission” Satmagazine, Agilent Technologies, Inc, June 2013,
http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=1051727556#
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Appendices 1
Simulation codes
MATLAB codes for finding BER curve of 16 APSK
clc
clear all
k=4;
Rr = 2.5; % Ring Ratio R2/R1=2.5
Eb_N0_dB = -2:0.5:16; % multiple Es/N0 values
%Region 1
na1=(Rr-1)./2;
na2= sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr.*sqrt(3))/2;
na3= 1/sqrt(2);
na4= 1/sqrt(2);
na5= (sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr*sqrt(3)))/2;
%Region 2
nb1= (Rr-1)/2;
nb2= Rr*(sqrt(2-sqrt(3)))/2;
%Region 3199
nc1= (sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr*sqrt(3)))/2;
nc2= Rr*(sqrt(2-sqrt(3)))/2;
A = k.*na1.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
B = k.*na2.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
C = k.*na3.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
D = k.*nb2.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
Q1=(1/4).*(1-(1-qfunc(A)).*((1-qfunc(B)).^2).*((1-qfunc(C)).^2));
Q2=(1/4).*(1-(1-qfunc(A)).*((1-qfunc(D)).^2));
Q3=(1/2).*(1-(1-qfunc(B)).*((1-qfunc(D)).^2));
PD = (15/16)*(Q1+Q2+Q3);
save('u16APSK.txt','PD')
close all;
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,PD,'ks-','LineWidth',2);
axis([-2 14 10^-10 1])
grid on
legend('Uncoded 16(4+12) APSK');
xlabel('E_b/N_o, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('BER curve for 16(4+12) APSK with ringratio 2.5 under AWGN')
BER vs Ring Ratio for 16(4+12) APSK under AWGN
clc
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clear all
Rr = 1.1:0.2:5.0;
close all;
figure
semilogy(Rr,BER(5),'rs-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(Rr,BER(6),'gd-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(Rr,BER(7),'bo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([1.1 5 10^-5 1])
grid on
legend('Location','southeast')
legend('E_b/N_0 = 15dB','E_b/N_0 = 18dB','E_b/N_0 = 20dB');
xlabel('Ring Ratio R_2/R_1')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('BER vs Ring Ratio for 16(4+12) APSK under AWGN')
function y = BER(Eb_N0_dB)
k=4;
Rr = 1.1:0.2:5.0;
%Region 1198
na1=(Rr-1)./2;
na2= sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr.*sqrt(3))/2;
na3= 1/sqrt(2);
na4= 1/sqrt(2);
na5= (sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr*sqrt(3)))/2;
%Region 2
nb1= (Rr-1)/2;
%Region 3
nc1= (sqrt(1+Rr.^2-Rr*sqrt(3)))/2;
A = k.*na1.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
B = k.*na2.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
C = k.*na3.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
D = k.*nb2.*sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB./10).*(8./(1+3.*Rr.^2)));
Q1=(1/4).*(1-(1-qfunc(A)).*((1-qfunc(B)).^2).*((1-qfunc(C)).^2));
Q2=(1/4).*(1-(1-qfunc(A)).*((1-qfunc(D)).^2));
Q3=(1/2).*(1-(1-qfunc(B)).*((1-qfunc(D)).^2));
y = (15/16).*(Q1+Q2+Q3);
end
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64 | P a g e

Addis Media NTK

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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COMPANY SUPERVISOR: Mr. Behaylu Aesmre

ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

Master control room ...................................................................................................... 20

5.3.2 System Design .............................................................................................................. 48

Figure 1-1 Organizational structure of Addis Media Network........................................................ 4

Figure 5-8 16 APSK decision boundary 1 ..................................................................................... 44

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

1.2 Background of Addis Media Network

1.2.2 Main services

1.2.3 Main customers

1.2.7 Overall organization and work flow

The structure of company is generalized in the flow chart below

Figure 1-1 Organizational structure of Addis Media Network

2.2 The section we worked in

2.3 The work flow in the section

2.3.1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure

Figure 2-1 AMN Engineering and IT department structure

2.4 Studios and Production facilities

Figure 2-2 Acoustic Studio figure

Figure 2-3 studio control room

Figure 2-4 Radio studio

Figure 2-5 Radio production room

Figure 2-6 Radio edit room

 Increase in audio quality

Figure 2-7 External speaker and microphone

Figure 2-8 Radio audio air chain block diagram

VII Audio Mixing Consoles

Figure 2-9 Radio mixer

Figure 2-10 Radio headphone

VII Audio Data Compression

VIII Audio Delay Units

station’s air chain in the order of the boxes shown in Figure

Figure 2-11 Audio processing equipment in typical air chain

2.4.2 Television Studios

Figure 2-12 Studio B of AMN

Studio Control Rooms

Figure 2-13 Studio B control room

Figure 2-14 Audio mixer area of studio B

Figure 2-15 CG control

Figure 2-16 Control room monitors

Master control room

Figure 2-17 Master control room of AMN

a) Standard or High Definition

c) Compressed or Uncompressed Signal Distribution

Figure 2-18 TV studio production block diagram

Figure 2-19 Design of a three-CCD Camera

 Embedder and Dis-embedder

 Encoder and Decoder

Figure 2-20 VTR

Figure 2-21 AMN server room

2.4.3 Live broadcasting

Figure 2-22 DSNG System work flow block diagram

Figure 2-23 AMN DSNG

Figure 2-24 OB Van of AMN

3.2 Benefits of internships

 Access to a variety of tasks and departments

 Help guide career goals

 Create a professional network

Figure 5-1 Satellite broadcasting

Figure 5-2 Types of TV broadcasting standards

Figure 5-3 Channel coding and modulation in DVB-S2

Figure 5-4 The four possible DVB-S2 constellations