DC - DC Converters

Industrial Electronics
DC-DC Converters
Or
Chopper
Prepared and Presented by:
Dr. Sajal K. Das (PhD, UNSW, Australia)
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering
American International University-Bangladesh
27/04/2016 1
Chopper
A chopper is an electronic circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC) from one
voltage level to another.
A chopper is
also known
as
DC
Transformer
Applications of Chopper:
Traction motor control in electrical automobiles; Battery operated vehicles; Control of dc

motors; Control of induction motors; Trolley cars; Marine hoists; Forklift trucks; Mine
haulers; Switching mode regulator
Chopper
Chopper uses various semiconductor devices for its operation to convert DC from one
voltage level to another voltage label.
The
semiconductor
devices are
(1) Power BJT,

(2) Power MOSFET,
(3) GTO, or
(4) Forced-commutated thyristor.
Chopper
Choppers are of Two Types
Step-down
choppers.
Step-up
choppers.
 In step down chopper output voltage is less than input voltage.

 In step up chopper output voltage is more than input voltage.
Chopper
Step down choppers (Principle)
Output
voltage
Output
Power
Efficiency
With Resistive Load

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Chopper
i0
+
V R V0


Chopper
i0
+
V R V0


Chopper
i0
+
V R V0


v0
V
t
tON
i0
V/R
t

v0
V
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
t
T

v0
V
Vdc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
Vdc  Average value of output or load voltage.

I dc  Average value of output or load current.
tON  Time interval for which SCR conducts.
tOFF  Time interval for which SCR is OFF.
T  tON  tOFF  Period of switching or chopping period.
1
f   Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq.
T
Average Output Voltage

 tON 
Vdc  V  
 tON  tOFF 
 tON 
Vdc  V    V .d
 T 
 tON 
but    d  duty cycle
 t 

Average Output Current
Vdc
I dc 
R
V  tON  V
I dc    d
R T  R
RMS value of output voltage
tON
1
VO   v dt
2
o
T 0

But during tON , vo  V
Therefore RMS output voltage
tON
1
VO  
2
V dt
T 0
2
V tON
VO  tON  .V
T T
VO  d .V

Output power PO  VO I O
VO
But IO 
R
 Output power
2
V
PO  O
R
2
dV
PO 
R

Chopper
i0
+
Vth= 0
V R V0 = V

tON
1
VO  V
2
dt
T 0
V2 t
VO  tON  ON .V
T T
VO  d .V

Chopper
i0
+
Vth= Vth
V R V0 = V- Vth

tON
1
VO  V
2
dt
T 0 V will be replaced by V- Vth
V2 t
T T
VO  d .V

Chopper
i0
The output voltage +
varies with the variation
of duty cycle (d). Vth= Vth
V R V0 = V- Vth

tON
1
VO  V
2
dt
T 0 V will be replaced by V- Vth
V2 t
T T
VO  d .V

Control of Duty Cycle of Step-Down Chopper
– Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation.

– Variable frequency control. V0
V
Pulse Width Modulation tON tOFF
t
• tON is varied keeping T
chopping frequency ‘f’ & V0
chopping period ‘T’ constant.
V
• Output voltage is varied by
varying the ON time tON
t
tON tOFF


– Variable frequency control. v0
V
Variable Frequency Control
tON tOFF
• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is t
T
varied keeping either tON or v0
tOFF constant.
• To obtain full output voltage V
range, frequency has to be
varied over a wide range. tON tOFF
t
• This method produces
T
harmonics in the output and
for large tOFF load current
may become discontinuous


– Variable frequency control.
Disadvantages of frequency modulation control strategy compared to pulse width

modulation control:
(i) Filter design for wide frequency variation is quite difficult.

(ii) There is a possibility of interference with signaling and telephone lines in
frequency modulation techniques due to the wide variation of frequency.
(iii) The large off time in frequency modulation technique may make the load
current discontinuous, which is undesirable.
Thus, the Pulse Width Modulation (constant frequency) system is the preferred
scheme for chopper drives.

Step-down Chopper with R-L Load • Load current can be continuous or
Chopper discontinuous depending on the
i0 values of ‘L’ and duty cycle ‘d’
+
• For a continuous current operation,
R
load current varies between two
limits Imax and Imin
V V0
FWD L • When current becomes equal to
Imax the chopper is turned-off and it
E is turned-on when current reduces
 to Imin.
• When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.
• Current flows from supply to load.
• When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the same direction through
FWD due to energy stored in inductor ‘L’.

Step-down Chopper with R-L Load
v0 Output
Chopper
i0 voltage
+ V
R tON tOFF
t
T
i0 Output
V V0 I current
FWD L max
Continuous
E Imin current
 t
i0 Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t

Step-down Chopper with R-L Load diO
V  iO R  L E
dt
i0
+ Taking Laplace Transform
 RI O  S   L  S .I O  S   iO  0   
R V E
S S
At t  0, initial current iO  0    I min
V V0
L
V E I
E IO  S    min
-  R

R
LS  S   S
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform  L L
V E   t 
 R  R
 t
iO  t   1  e     I min e  
L L
R  
This expression is valid for 0  t  tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO  tON   I max

Step-down Chopper with R-L Load
Chopper
i0
+
R
V V0
FWD L
E


Step-down Chopper with R-L Load When Chopper is OFF  0  t  tOFF 
i0 diO
0  RiO  L E
dt
R
Talking Laplace transform
0  RI O  S   L  SI O  S   iO  0   
L
E
S
E Redefining time origin we have at t  0,
I max E initial current iO  0    I max

 IO  S   
S
R  R
LS  S  
L  L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
 t E  t
R
iO  t   I max e L
 1  e L 
R 
Principle Of Step-up Chopper
I L D
+
+ 
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper


• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending upon the requirement of output voltage
and current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy during the ON time of
the chopper, tON.
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow through the diode D
and load for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by

I L D
+
+  dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
L dt
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load, will provide a continuous output
voltage .
• Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative braking of dc motors.

I L D
+
+  dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
L dt
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
Assume the average inductor current to be

I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L  V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I .tON
Where tON  ON period of chopper.

I L D
+
+  dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
L dt
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
 VItON  VO  V  ItOFF

V tON  tOFF 
When Chopper is OFF VO 
tOFF
(energy is supplied by inductor to load)  T 
VO  V  
Voltage across L  VO  V  T  tON 
Where
Energy supplied by inductor L  VO  V  ItOFF T = Chopping period or period
where tOFF  OFF period of Chopper. of switching.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor

L = energy supplied by inductor L

I L D
+
+  dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
L dt
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper

T  tON  tOFF
 
 1  For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the
VO  V 
tON 
 1  range of 0  d  1 the output voltage VO
 T 
 1  will vary in the range V  VO  
 VO  V  
 1 d 
t
Where d  ON  duty cyle
T
Switching Mode Regulator















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Industrial Electronics

Traction motor control in electrical automobiles; Battery operated vehicles; Control of dc

(1) Power BJT,

Choppers are of Two Types

 In step down chopper output voltage is less than input voltage.

Step down choppers (Principle)

With Resistive Load

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Vdc  Average value of output or load voltage.

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Average Output Voltage

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

– Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation.

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

– Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation.

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

– Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation.

Disadvantages of frequency modulation control strategy compared to pulse width

(i) Filter design for wide frequency variation is quite difficult.

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

I max E initial current iO  0    I max

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Assume the average inductor current to be

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

Switching Mode Regulator

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