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PE429 - Lectures 3 & 4
PE429 - Lectures 3 & 4
3. Nondestructive Testing:
Liquid-penetrant inspection.
Magnetic particle inspection of ferrous metals.
Ultrasonic inspection.
Eddy-current inspection of conductive materials.
Radiography for internal examination.
Acoustic emission inspection.
Experimental stress analysis: strain gages, stress-coating
(using brittle laquer), photoelastic frings …etc.
Fig.Photoelastic fringes
Fig. Typical photoelastic fringe patterns. (a) Hollow disc subjected to compression on
a diameter (dark field background). (b) As (a) but with a light field background.
4. Mechanical Testing:
Hardness testing is the simplest and most versatile for failure analyst
(for evaluating heat treatment, approximate tensile strength of steel,
work hardening or softening caused by overheating, decarburization,
nitrogen pickup …).
Cleaning: of fracture surfaces should be done only when absolutely
necessary. Dry air blast or soft-hair brush, immersion or jet of
alkaline or acidic solvent to remove deposits, ultrasonic cleaning, and
use of replicas are common cleaning procedures.
Sectioning: of the fracture surface may be necessary for electron
microscopes. Records (sketches or photographs) to show the location of
sectioning should be kept. Saws or abrasive cut-off wheels are commonly
used.
Opening secondary cracks: when the primary fracture has been
damaged or corroded to such a degree that most of the information about
the cause of fracture is obliterated, it is desirable to open any secondary
cracks to expose their fracture surfaces for examination. These cracks
may provide more information than the primary fracture.
6. Macroscopic examination:
◦ Inverted Microscope: has one beam path but may split into
two paths, one for each eye
d. Fatigue Fracture:
Results from the application of repeated or cyclic stresses
substantially below the nominal yield strength. This is one of the
main causes of service failure.
The most noticeable macroscopic features of fatigue fracture
surfaces are the progression of beach marks, which indicates
successive textured near the origins of advancing crack front.
Surfaces are smooth textured near the origins and generally show
slight roughening as the crack grows.
Microscopically, surfaces of fatigue fracture are characterized by
the presence of striations.