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Analysis of SRR
Analysis of SRR
Engineering Research
Douglas H. Werner' and Suman Gangul#
'Communications a n d S p a c e Sciences Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering
T h e Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
Tel: + I (814) 863-2946; E-mail: dhw@psu.edu
Abstract
Recent efforts by several researchers around the world to combine fractal geometry with electromagnetic theory have led to a
plethora of new and innovative antenna designs. In ttlis report, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments
in t h e rapidly growing field of fractal antenna engineering. Fractal antenna engineering research h a s been primarily focused in
two a r e a s : t h e first deals with the analysis and design of fractal antenna elements, and the s e c o n d concerns t h e application of
fractal concepts to the design of antenna arrays. Frilctals have no characteristic size, a n d are generally c o m p o s e d of many
copies of themselves at different scales. T h e s e uniqile properties of fractals h a v e b e e n exploited in order to develop a new
class of antenna-element designs that are multi-band and/or compact in size. On the other hand, fractal arrays are a s u b s e t of
thinned arrays, and have been shown to p o s s e s s several highly desirable properties, including multi-band performance. low
sidelobe levels, and the ability to develop rapid beamforming algorithms based on t h e recursive nature of fractals. Fractal
e l e m e n t s a n d arrays are also ideal candidates for use in reconfigurable systems. Finally, we will provide a brief s u m m a r y of
recent work in t h e related area of fractal frequency-selective surfaces.
Keywords: Fractals; electrodynamics; antennas; antenna theory; antenna arrays; frequency selective surfaces; multi-band
a n t e n n a s ; log periodic antennas; miniature antennas; antenna radiation patterns
Stage 0 Stage 1 T x
A
Figure 3. A Stage 4 ternary fractal tree.
IEEE Antennas and Propagotian Magazine. Vol. 45. NO. I , February 2003 39
w
Another popular fractal is known as the Koch snowflake
[ 121. This fractal also starts out as a solid equilateral triangle in the
plane, as illustrated in Stage 0 of Figure 2. However, unlike the
Sierpinski gasket, which was formed by systematically removing
smaller and smaller triangles from the original structure, the Koch
snowflake is constructed by adding smaller and smaller triangles to
the structure in an iterative fashion. This process is clearly repre-
sented in Figure 2, where the first few stages in the geoinetrical
construction o f a Koch snowflake are shown.
5 YA
can be interpreted as a wire cquivalent model of the Stage4
Sierpinski gasket shown in Figure 1.
Stage 0 Stage 1 Figure Sc. Some common fractal geometries found in antenna
applications: Sierpinski gaskets and carpets, used in multi-
band antennas.
N
or, equivalently, bq W(A)=Uw,(A), (4)
,,=I
w(,r,y) = (ax + by + e, cx + dy + f'), (2) where W is known as the Hutchinson operator 1121. A fractal
geometry can be obtained by repeatedly applying W to the previ-
where a , b, c, d , e, and f are real numbers. Hence, the affine trans- ous geometry. For example, if the set 4 represents the initial
formation, w, is represented by six parameters
geometry, then we will have
such that a, b, c, and d control rotation and scaling, while e and f An iterated function system generates a sequence that converges to
control linear translation. a final image, & , in such a way that
Iteration 4
Figure 7. The first four stages in the construction of the standard Koch curve via a n iterated function system (IFS) approach.
The trrlnsformation is applied for each iteration to achieve higher levels of fractaliultion.
I
a b c d ; e f 4. Fractal Antenna Elements
0.500 0.000 0.000 0.500 I 0.000 01.000 4.1 Early Work on Fractal Loop, Dipole,
I
and Monopole Antennas
0.500 0.000 0.000 0.500 I
0.500 01.000
0.500 0.000 0.000 0.500 i 0.000 0.500 Apparently, the earliest published reference to use the terms
fraclal radiators and fractal anfennas to denote fractal-shaped
antenna elements appeared in May, 1994 [14]. Prior to this, the
terminology had been introduced publicly during an invited IEEE
seminar held at Bucknell University in November, 1993 [IS]. The
application of fractal geometry to the design of wire antenna ele-
ments was first reported in a series of articles by Cohen [16-19].
These articles introduce the notion offrarlalizing the geometry of
a standard dipole or loop antenna. This is accomplished by system-
atically bending the wire in a fractal way, so that the overall arc
length remains the same, hut the size is correspondingly reduced
with the addition of each successive iteration. It has been demon-
strated that this approach, if implemented properly, can lead to
efficient miniaturized antenna designs. For instance, the radiation
characteristics of Minkowski dipoles and Minkowski loops were
originally investigated in [16-191. Properties of the Koch fractal
monopole were later considered in [20, 21 1. It was shown that the
electrical performance of Koch fractal monopoles is superior to
that of conventional straight-wire monopoles, especially when
operated in the small-antenna frequency regime. A fast approxi-
mation technique for evaluating the radiation characteristics of the
Figure 8. The iterated function system code for a Sierpinski Koch fractal dipole was presented in [22]. Monopole configura-
gasket. tions with fractal top-loads have also been considered in 123, 241,
42 IEEE Antennas and ProPogaflon Magazlne, Vol. 45, NO, 1 . Februolv 2003
Figure loa. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related Figure lob. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related
multi-hand monopole antennas: a multi-triangular monopole multi-band monopole antennas: a standard Sierpinski mono-
polewith a = 6 0 " a n d 6 = 2 .
Figure 10c. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related Figure 10d. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related
multi-band monopole antennas: a Sierpinski monopole with multi-band monopole antennas: a Sierpinski monopole with
a=90"and 6 = 2 . a=60" and 6=1.5.
Figure 10e. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related Figure 10f. Variations of the Sierpinski gasket and related
multi-band monopole antennas: a mud-3 Sierpinski monopole. multi-band monopole antennas: a mod-5 Sierpinski monopole.
iEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 45. NO. I , February 2003 43
as an alternative technique for achieving size miniaturization.
Finally, the effects of various types of symmetries on the perform-
ance of Koch dipole antennas were studied by Cohen [ 2 5 , 261.
4.2 Research on
Sierpinski Gasket Antennas
\-/
Figure 18. A schematic representation for a recursively gener-
ated thinned hexagonal array. The first four stages of growth
U are indicated by the blue (Stage l), red (Stagel), green
(Stage 3), and orange (Stage 4) arrays respectively. The six-
Figure 17. A contour plot showing the self-similar fractal
element generating sub-array is shown in the upper-right-hand
structure of the far-field radiation pattern of a multi-band
corner, where the elements are located at the vertices of the
Weierstrass planar array, with P = 5 and y = 0.5.
hex agon .
C Theta = 0. Phi = 90
-
I
E D1
a
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 45. NO. I , February 2003 45
4.5 Variations of Sierpinski Gasket
Antennas and the Hilbert Curve Antenna
46 IEEE Anfennas and Propagation Magozine, Vol. 45. No. I , Febiuow 2003
cu .*
a;,
"0
d
3i
0,
IEEE Antennos ond ProPogotion Magozine. Vol. 45. NO. I , Februow 2003 47
4.7 Combination of Genetic Algorithms
with Iterated Function Systems
Load2 '
0.98 2 0.9
0.96 0.8
4
0.94 0.7
0.92 *
E 8
8
0.8
0.9
m 0.5
a2 10
0.88 0.4
0.86
12 0.3
0.84
0.2
0.82 14
0.1
0.8 18
0
2 4 8 8 10 12 14 16
Array Elemenis
AmyElemsffi
Figure 21a. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance Figure Zld. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance
matrix for Stage 1 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array. matrix for Stage 4 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array.
1 1
OS5 4
08
0.9 8
06
08 e5 12
16 04
0 75
07
P
a 20 02
065 24
0
06 28
0.55
32
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
1 2 3 4 ArrayELamenB
AnayuenSnb
Figure 21h. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance Figure 21e. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance
matrix for Stage 2 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array. matrix for Stage 5 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array.
1 1
1
0.9
2
0.8
3 05
? 0.7
$4
m 0.8
I 5
a 0
0.5
8
7 0.4
8 0.3 45
8 1 8 2 4 3 2 4 0 4 8 5 8 W
1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 .4li7yEbli8
hY-
Figure 21c. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance Figure 21f. A plot showing the magnitude of the impedance
matrix for Stage 3 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array. matrix for Stage 6 of the triadic Cantor linear fractal array.
\FEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 45. No. I , February 2003 51
tri-band FSS. In this case, the individual elements or cells of this Tenbarge of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The authors would
FSS are made up of Stage 3 crossbar fractal trees, which provide like to express their appreciation to Raj Mittra for his valuable
the required tri-band behavior. The transmission coefficient as a comments relating to this article. The authors would also like to
function of frequency is plotted in Figure 23 for a Stage I , Stage 2, thank Mark A. Gingrich, Douglas J. Kem, Josh S. Petko, and
and Stage.3 crossbar fractal FSS. The stop-band attenuations of Pingjuan L. Wemer for their assistance with preparing the figures
this fractal FSS were found to be in the neighborhood of 30 dB. used in this article. Special thanks goes to James W. Culver,
This particular fractaf FSS design approach also has the advantage Steven D. Eason, and Russell W. Libonati of Raytheon, St.
of yielding the same response to either TE- or TM-mode excita- Petersburg, Florida, for providing the photograph of the prototype
tion. Another noteworthy feature of this design technique is that fractal dipole antenna used in Figure IS. Special thanks also goes
the separation of bands can be controlled by choosing the appro- to Kenneth H. Church, Robert M. Taylor, William L. Warren, and
priate scaling used in the fractal crossbar screen elemenis. More Michael 1. Wilhelm of Sciperio, Inc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, for
recently, various other self-similar geometries have been (explored providing the photos used in Figure 16. Finally, the authors are
for their potential use in the design of dual-band and dual- grateful to one of the reviewers for kindly supplying Figure 11.
polarized FSSes [ I 181.
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56 IEEE Antennos and Propagation Magazine, vol. 45, No. I , February 2003
Introducing the Feature Article Author tled Frontiers in Electromagnetics. He has also contributed a
chapter for a Wiley Interscience hook entitled Electromagnetic
Optimization by Genetic Algorithms. He was the recipient of a
College of Engineering PSES Outstanding Research Award and
Outstanding Teaching Award in March, 2000, and Marchl 2002,
respectively. He was also recently presented with an IEEE Central
Pennsylvania Section Millennium Medal.
IEEE Antennas and Propagolion Magazine, Vol. 45, NO. I , Februarv 2003 57