WHO defines 'Reproductive Health' as ''a state of complete physical, mental and social well-

being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to reproductive
system and its functions and processes. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are
able to have a satisfying and safe sex Life and that they have the freedom to decide if, when and
how often to do so. Implicit in this last condition is the right of men and women to be informed
of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning as
well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility which are not against the law, and
the right of access to appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go safely
through pregnancy and chiJdbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy
infant''.
Components or elements of reproductive health:
a) Safe motherhood
b) Family planning services
c) Prevention and control ofRTI/STD/AIDS
d) Maternal nutrition
e) Menstrual regulation and prevention of unsafe abortion
f) Infertility
g) Neonatal care
h) Adolescent health care
High risk mothers are-
i. Elderly primi (30 years and over)
ii. Short statured primi (140 cm and below)
iii. Malpresentations, e.g. breech, transverse lie etc
iv. Antepartum haemorrhage (APH), threatened abortion
v. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
vi. Anaemia
vii Twins, hydramnios
vm. Previous stiJl-birtb, intrauterine death, manual removal of placenta
ix. Elderly grand multiparas
x. Prolonged pregnancy (14 days after expected date of delivery)
xi. History of previous caesarean or instrumental delivery
xii. Pregnancy associated with general diseases, e.g. cardiovascular disease, kidney disease,
diabetes, tuberculosis, liver disease, malaria, convulsions, asthma, HIV, Reproductive
Tract lnfection (RTI), Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) etc
xiji. Treatment of infertility
xiv. Three or more spontaneous consecutive abortions

7. State the difference between food fortification and food adulteration. Give example
of each of them.
Food fortification:
Definition- Food fortification is the process where nutrients are added to food in small quantities
to improve the quality of the diet.
Examples:
► MiUc It is fortified by adding vitamin A and D
► Common salt: Common salt is fortified with potassium iodide and supplied in areas
where goiter is endemic