Q1-Difference between zero dimensional, one dimensional, two

i i i i i i

dimensional, three dimensional materials.

i i i i

Nanoparticles iare iusually idistinguished ifrom i"fine iparticles", isized ibetween i100 iand
i2500 inm, iand i"coarse iparticles", iranging ifrom i2500 ito i10,000 inm. iThey iare ia isubclass

iof ithe icolloidal iparticles, iwhich iare iusually iunderstood ito irange ifrom i1 ito i1000 inm.

This iclassification iis ibased ion ithe inumber iof idimensions iof ia imaterial, iwhich iare
ioutside ithe inanoscale i(<100 inm) irange.

0-DIMENSIONAL:

Accordingly, iin izero-dimensional i(0D) inanomaterials iall ithe idimensions iare imeasured
iwithin ithe inanoscale i(no idimensions iare ilarger ithan i100 inm). iMost icommonly, i0D

inanomaterials iare inanoparticles.

1-DIMENSIONAL:

In ione-dimensional inanomaterials i(1D), ione idimension iis ioutside ithe inanoscale. iThis
iclass iincludes inanotubes, inanorods, iand inanowires.

2-DIMENSIONAL:

In itwo-dimensional inanomaterials i(2D), itwo idimensions iare ioutside ithe inanoscale.

iThis iclass iexhibits iplate-like ishapes iand iincludes igraphene, inanofilms, inanolayers,

iand inanocoatings.

3-DIMENSIONAL:

Three-dimensional inanomaterials i(3D) iare imaterials ithat iare inot iconfined ito ithe
inanoscale iin iany idimension. iThis iclass ican icontain ibulk ipowders, idispersions iof

inanoparticles, ibundles iof inanowires, iand inanotubes ias iwell ias imulti-nanolayers.

Q2-Name and give detail of different method of synthesis of gold, silver

i i i i i i i i i i i

and copper nanoparticles.

i i i
SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES
i i i

Turkevich method i i

The iTurkevich imethod iwas ifirst idescribed iin i

1951 i(90) iand iis ione iof ithe imost icommonly iused imethods i
for isynthesis iof ispherical iAuNPs iin ithe isize irange iof i10 i
nm-20 inm i(Figure i7). iThe iprinciple iof ithis imethod iinvolves i
reduction iof igold iions i(Au3+) ito igold iatoms i(Au0) iin ithe i
presence iof ireducing iagents ilike icitrate i(90-92), iamino i
acids, iascorbic iacid ior iUV ilight i(93-96). iSize iof iAuNPs iIs
further istabilized iusing ivarious icapping/stabilizing iagents. i
i

Initially ithe iTurkevich imethod iwas ilimited iby ithe inarrow i

range iof iAuNPs ithat icould ibe igenerated iby ithis imethod. i
However, iseveral iadvances iin ithe ioriginal imethod ihave i
allowed ifor iresearchers ito iexpand ithe isize irange iof iparticles i
that ican ibe igenerated ivia ithis imethod. iIn i1973, iFrens ifound i
that iby ivarying ithe iratio iof ireducing ito istabilizing iagents, i
AuNPs iof ispecific isize, iranging ifrom i16 inm-147 inm ican ibe i
achieved i(97-99). iLater, ithe iroles iof ipH, itemperature iand i
sodium icitrate iconcentration iwere ibetter iunderstood, i
allowing ifor ithe igeneration iof ia iparticle igrowth imodel

Brust methodi i

The iBrust imethod iwas ifirst idescribed iin i1994 i

(105). iThis imethod iis ia itwo iphase iprocess ito igenerate i1.5. i
nm-5.2. inm iAuNPs iusing iorganic isolvents i(Figure i8) iand i
by ivarying ithe iratio iof ithiol ito igold. iThe iBrust imethod iwas i
inspired ifrom iFaraday’s itwo iphase isystem. iThe imethod i
involves itransfer iof igold isalt ifrom iaqueous isolution ito ian i
organic isolvent i(e.g. itoluene) iusing ia iphase itransfer iagent i
(e.g., itetraoctylammonium ibromide i(TOAB). iThe igold iis i
then ireduced iusing isodium iborohydride iin ipresence iof ian i
alkanethiol. iThe ialkanethiols istabilize ithe iAuNPs i(107), i
resulting iin ia icolor ichange iof ithe ireaction ifrom iorange ito i
brown i(105, i106). iPurification iof iAuNPs istabilized iwith i
dodecanethiol ifrom iTOAB iwas ireported iby iSchriffin i(108). i

Seeding Growth Method

i i i

While ithe iTurkevich iand iBrust imethods ican i

generate ispherical iAuNPs, iAuNPs ican ialso iexist iin ivariety i
of inanostructures i(110-114) isuch ias irods i(73, i74, i96), icubes i
(75, i109), itubes i(115) ietc. iThe imost iwidely ipreferred i
technique ito iobtain iAuNPs iin iother ishapes iis iseed imediated i
growth i(79) i(Figure i9). iThe ibasic iprinciple iof ithis i
technique iis ito ifirst iproduce iseed iparticles iby ireducing igold i
salts iwith ia istrong ireducing iagent ilike isodium iborohydride. i
The iseed iparticles iare ithen iadded ito ia isolution iof imetal isalt i
in ipresence iof ia iweak ireducing iagent i(ascorbic iacid) iand i
structure idirecting iagent ito iprevent ifurther inucleation iand i
accelerate ithe ianisotropic igrowth iof iAuNPs. iGeometry iof i
gold inanostructures ican ibe ialtered iby ivarying ithe i
concentration iof iseeds, ireducing iagents iand istructure i
directing iagent
Miscellaneous methods i

Digestive iripening i(78) ihas iproven ito ibe ia i

convenient imethod ito igenerate imonodisperse igold i
nanoparticles ifrom ipolydisperse inanoparticles iby iusing i
excessive iligands i(digestive iripening iagents). iThe iprocess i
involves iheating ia icolloidal isuspension iat ihigh i
temperatures i(~138 i0C) ifor i2 iminutes ifollowed iby i110 i0C i
for i5 ihour iin ipresence iof ialkanethiols. iTemperature iplays i
an iimportant irole iin icontrolling ithe isize idistribution iof ithe i
gold icolloids iproduced. iVarious iligands ithat iare iused ifor i
digestive iripening iprocess iinclude ithiols, iamines, isilanes, i
phosphines ietc. i(117-120). iIn iaddition, iother iutilized i
methods iinvolving iultrasonic iwaves i(121-123), imicrowaves i
(124, i125), ilaser iablation i(126, i127), isolvothermal imethod i
(128), ielectrochemical iand iphotochemical ireduction i(129, i
130) ietc. ihave ialso ibeen iexplored ifor imaking iAuNPs

BIOSYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES

i i i i

While ithe imethods idescribed iabove ican i

efficiently igenerate iAuNPs, ia imajor idrawback iof ithese i
methods iis ia irequirement ifor, iand igeneration iof, itoxic i
byproducts ithat imay iprove ito ihave ienvironmental i
consequences iduring ilarge iscale iproduction i(53, i131). i
Furthermore, ithe iuse iof itoxic ichemicals iand isolvents iin i
these imethods imay iprove ito ibe iproblematic ifor idownstream i
biological iapplications iof iAuNPs. iIn iresponse ito ithese i
concerns, inew istrategies ito igenerate iAuNPs iwithout itoxic
chemicals iare ibeing iactively ideveloped. iThe idevelopment i
of ithese inon-toxic imethods ihave iembraced ithe iprinciples i
of igreen ichemistry, isuch ias ithe iuse iof irapidly i
biodegradable ireagents, ilimiting iwaste iproducts, isynthesis i
at iambient itemperature iand ipressure, iand ilow itoxicity iof i
chemical iproducts i(132). iBiological isynthesis iof iAuNPs, i
using icomponents ilike icarbohydrates, ilipids, inucleic iacids i
or iproteins iproduced iin inature i(Figure i12), iis ifast igrowing i
area iof iresearch ito isynthesize iAuNPs iin ia iclean, ieco-
friendly, inon-toxic imethod. iIn iaddition ito idecreasing ithe i
toxicity iissues iassociated iwith iAuNPs isynthesis

Using plant constituents

i i i

Plants iare iproven ito ibe iexcellent icandidates ifor i

the ibiosynthesis iof iAuNPs iin ia iclean, ireliable iand i
biofriendly iway. iThere iare imany iarticles iwhich ireport i
biosynthesis iof iAuNPs iusing idifferent iplants ior iplant
extracts. iSome iof ithe igreen ibenefits iof iusing iplant ior iplant i
extracts ifor imaking iAuNPs iinclude iuse iof inontoxic i
biocomponents ifor ireducing iand icapping iAuNPs, ilimiting i
the iwaste iformation, icutting idown ithe ineed ifor iextra i
purification isteps iand iease iof iavailability. iVarious i
biocomponents ipresent iin iplants isuch ias iflavanoids, i
phytosterols, iquinones ietc. iare iinvolved iin isynthesis iof i
AuNPs ias ithey ipossess ifunctional igroups iwhich icatalyze i
the ireduction iand istabilization iof iAuNPs. iThe iprocedure i
involves imixing ithe igold isalt iwith iextracts iof iplant ifor i
definite iamount iof itime iunder ivaried ireaction iconditions i
like ipH, iincubation itime iand itemperature ito iobtain ispecific i
shapes iand isizes iof iAuNPs. i(Table i2) ishows idifferent ipart i
of iplants iwhich ihave ibeen iexploited iby iresearchers ifor i
making iAuNP

Using microorganisms
i i

Bacteria iand iyeast iare iwidely iknown ifor itheir i

interaction iwith iinorganic imetals iand iare icommonly iused iin i
bioleaching iof iminerals isuch ias igold, izinc iand isilver ifrom i
their iores i(145). iLately, ivariety iof imicroorganisms ihas ibeen i
used ias ifactories ifor imaking iAuNPs iboth iintracellular iand i
extracellular. iMicrobial icells iupon itreatment iwith igold isalts i
synthesize igold inanostructures iwhich iare ithen iisolated iand i
purified iusing ivarious itechniques ito iobtain iAuNPs. iControl i
over ithe isize iand ishape iof iAuNPs ican ibe iachieved iby i
manipulating ithe iimportant igrowth iparameters. iTable i3 i
shows ia ivariety iof imicrobes ialong iwith itheir igenus iwhich i
were iused ito imake iAuNPs iof idifferent isize irange.

Using biomolecules
i i

Molecules iproduced iby iliving iorganisms ito i

catalyze ibiological ifunctions iof ithe ibody iare iknown ias i
biomolecules i(160). iBiomolecules iinclude iamino iacids, i
nucleic iacids, icarbohydrates iand ilipids. iThese imolecules i
possess ihydroxyl iand icarbonyl ifunctional igroups iwhich ican i
reduce iAu3+ iions ito iAu0 ineutral iatoms. iAu0 iare ithen icapped i
to iform istabilized iAuNPs. iThis imethod ican iovercome ithe i
problem iof ibiosafety iof ithe ireactants iused ifor ithe isynthesis i
of iAuNPs. iTable i4 ishows idifferent ibiomolecule imediated i
synthesis iof iAuNPs

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

i i i

Physical method
i

The imost iimportant iphysical imethods ifor ithe isynthesis iof ithe isilver inanoparticles iare
ievaporation-condensation, ilaser iablation, ielectrical iirradiation, igamma iirradiation,

iand ilithography. iKimura iand iBandow iexamined ithe imeasurement iof ithe ioptical

ispectra iof imany imetal icolloid isolutions iand ipresented inew ipreparation imethods iof

imetal icolloids iinorganic isolvents iwithout ithe ichemicals isuch ias iredox ireagents,

ipolymers, ielectrolytes, iglue ior iother ikinds iof icolloid istabilizers. iThree idifferent

ipreparation imethods ias ithe imatrix iisolation imethod, ithe igas iflow-cold itrap imethod,

iand ithe igas iflow-solution itrap imethod, iwere iused ito iexamine ithe isynthesis iof isilver

iNPs i. iThe ilaser iablation imethod, iwhich ihas iseveral itypes iof idifferent iapplications, iis

ianother imethod ito istudy ithe isynthesis iof isilver inanoparticles i(Ag-NPs). iThe ilaser

iablation itechnique iis ia inew iusefuland iefficient imethod ito iprepare iand iobtain imetal

icolloids iin iabsence iof ichemical ireagents. iThis imethod ihelps ito icontrol iparticle isize iof

icolloids iby ichanging ithe inumber iof ilaser ipulses i. iPyatenko iet ial. iproduced isilver

inanoparticles iby iirradiating ian iAg itarget iwith ia i532 inm ilaser ibeam iin ipure iwater. iThis

itechnique iis isuccessfully iapplied ito iproduce ismall inanoparticles iwith ia inarrow isize

idistribution iin ipure iwater iwithout iusing iany ichemical iadditives iby iusing ia ihigh-power

ilaser iand ismall ilaser ibeam ispot isizes i. iSadrolhesseini iet ial. iprepared ia inew imethod

ifor ithe ifabrication iof isilver inanoparticles iwhich iare idispersed iin igraphene ioxide iusing

ithe ilaser iablation iand ithermal ieffusivity iof inanocomposite. iThis ienvironmentally

ifriendly imethod, iwhich idoes inot irequire iany ichemical iagents, ipolymeric ior isurfactant

istabilizers, iworks iby ireleasing ithe inanoparticles iinside iliquid isolution i. iTsuji iet ial.

istudied ito iperform ito iprepare iAg-NPs iby ilaser iablation iof ia isilver iplate iin

ipolyvinylpyrrolidone i(PVP) iaqueous isolutions iand ilaser iirradiation ionto iprepared

icolloidal isolutions. iThis itechnique iis iseen ias ia iremarkable itechnique idue ito iits

iprocedural isimplicity iand ia ivery ihighrate iof iobtainability iof inanoparticles iof ivarious

ispecies iand imaterials isuch ias imetals, imetal ioxides isemiconductors, iand iorganic
imaterials iby ithe iirradiation iof iintense ilaser ilight ionto ithose imaterials isettled iin
isolvents i. iThe ipulsed iphotoacoustic i(PA) itechnique iis ianother imethod ito istudy ithe

isynthesis iof ithe iAg-NPs iin iethanol iby ilaser iablation iand idetermine ithe iproduction

irate ilaser ipulse iand iconcentration iof isynthesized iAg-NPs i. iResearchers ihave istudied

imechanisms iand iprocesses isuch ias iplasma iformation, idynamics iof ithe icavitation

ibubble i iand ialso ithe iinfluence iof ilaser iparameters iand isolvents ion inanoparticles i.

Nanosphere ilithography i(NLS) iis ia isimple iand iinexpensive inanofabrication imethod ito
iproduce ilarge ivariety iof inanoparticle i(NP) istructures iand iwell-ordered i2D iNP iarrays.

iJensen iet ial. istudied ithe ieffect iof isolvent ion ithe ioptical iextinction ispectrum iof

iperiodic iarrays iof isurface-confined isilver inanoparticles ifabricated iby iNSL iand ifour

iseparate isamples iof iNP iarrays.

Chemical method i

Chemical reduction of silver nanoparticles

i i i i

The isize, ishape, iand isurface imorphology iplay ian iimportant irole iin icontrolling ithe
ichemical, iphysical, ioptical, iand ielectronic iproperties iof inanomaterials. iThe ichemical

ireduction iis ione iof ithe imost icommonly iused imethods ifor ithe isynthesis iof isilver

inanoparticles iby iinorganic iand iorganic ireducing iagents. iIn igeneral, idifferent ireducing

iagents isuch ias isodium icitrate, iascorbate, isodium iborohydride i(NaBH4), ielemental

ihydrogen, ipolyol iprocess, iTollens ireagent, iN,N-dimethylformamide i(DMF), iand

ipoly(ethylene iglycol)-block icopolymers, ihydrazine, iand iammonium iformate iare iused

ifor ithe ireduction iof ithe isilver iions i(Ag+) iin ithe iaqueous ior inonaqueous isolutions.

Different shapes of silver nanoparticles

i i i i

i synthesized with various chemical reductants

i i i i

Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles

i i i i

The ispherical isilver inanoparticles iwere isynthesized iusing ithe ireducing iagents isuch ias
iascorbic iacid, isodium icitrate, iNaBH4, ithiosulfate, iand ipolyethylene iglycol. iIn iaddition
ito ithat, ithe iuse iof ithe isurfactants isuch ias icitrate, ipolyvinylpyrolidone i(PVP),
icetyltrimethylammonium ibromide i(CTAB), iand ipolyvinyl ialcohol i(PVA) ifor iinteractions

iwith iparticle isurfaces ican istabilize iparticle igrowth iand iprotect iparticles ifrom

isedimentation iand iagglomeration

Synthesis of silver nanorods

i i i

Zhang iet ial. iprepared isilver inanorods iby iphotoinduced isynthesis i. iAt ifirst istep,
imonodisperse ispherical iseed inanoparticles iwere iprepared iby iirradiating isilver

initrate, ibis(p-sulfonatophenyl)-phenylphosphine idihydrate idipotassium isalt i(BSPP),

itrisodium icitrate, iand isodium ihydroxide isolutions iwith i254 inm ilight. iThen, iSilver

inanorods iwere igrown iin ithe isolution iwith ithe iinjection iof isilver iseeds iat ithe igrowth

imedium icontaining isilver initrate iand isodium icitrate iand ithen iirradiated ifor i24 ih iusing

ia ihalogen ilamp iand ia ibandpass ifilter ito iselectively itune. iThis iphotomediated imethod

iprovided ian ielegant imethod ifor icontrolling ithe iarchitectural iparameters iof ithe

iresulting isilver inanostructures i. iOjha iet ial. imixed ithe isolution iof iAgNO3 iand icitrate

iand iadded iNaOH iinto ithe isolution. iThen isolution iof iice icold iof iNaBH4 iwas iadded

iwhile istirring. iTo isynthesize iAg inanorods iof iat ithree idifferent iaspect iratios, ithree

istock isolutions iof iAgNO3, iascorbic iacid, iand ithe isurfactant icetyltrimethylammonium

ibromide i(CTAB) iwere

prepared iseparately. iThese istock isolutions iwere imixed iat icertain iquantities iproperly.
iThereafter, i1.0, i0.5, iand i0.25 iml iof isynthesized iseed isolution iwere iadded ito iset ione,

itwo iand ithree, irespectively, iand iat ithe iend, iNaOH isolution iwas ialso iadded ito ieach

iset. iThe icolor iof ieach inanorod isolutions idepends ion ithe iseed iconcentrations iadded

iin ithe ifinal isolution i. iAjitha iet ial. iprepared ithe iaqueous isolution icontaining iAgNO3

iwith isodium icitrate idihydrate ias istabilizer. iThen, isodium iborohydride i(reducing iagent)

isolution iwas iinjected ito ithe iabove isolution iall iat ionce iwhile istirring ivigorously. iThe

isolution icolor iwas ichanged ito ilight iyellow. iThe ientire isolution iwas iheated iunder

icontinuous istirring ion imagnetic istirrer. iCTAB isolution iwas iprepared ithrough iheating

istirring ion ia imagnetic istirrer ifor idissolution iof iCTAB. iThen, iAgNO3 iand iascorbic iacid

isolution iwere iadded. iAnd ithen, ithe iseed isolution iwas iadded iand iat ilast, ifew idrops iof

iNaOH iwere iadded ito imaintain iconstant ipH iand istirred iwell. iThe isynthesis

itemperature iwas ivaried ifrom i30 ito i70°C

Synthesis of silver nanowires

i i i

Sun iet ial. istudied isilver inanostructrures ithat icould ibe ivaried ifrom inanoparticles iand
inanorods ito ilong inanowires iby iadjusting ithe ireaction iconditions, iincluding ithe iratio

iof iPVP ito isilver initrate, ireaction itemperature, iand iseeding iconditions. iThey ifound

ithat ithe ilarge-scale isynthesis iof isilver inanowires iwith idiameters iranged ifrom i30 ito i40
inm, iand ilengths iup ito i∼50 iμm i. iLi iet ial. idemonstrated ithat ithe idiameter iof iAg
inanowires iproduced iby ia ipolyol isynthesis icould ibe icontrolled iby iadjusting ithe

iconcentration iof ibromide. iThe isilver inanowires iwith idiameters iof i20 inm iand iaspect

iratios iup ito i2000 ihave iobtained iby iadding i2.2 imM iNaBr iinto iAgNO3

solution i. iGebeyehu iet ial. isynthesized isilver inanowire iusing ia isimple ipolyol imethod i.
iThey iused ipolyvinylpyrrolidone ias istabilizing iand icapping iagent icombined iwith

isodium ichloride iand ipotassium ibromide isalts, iethylene iglycol iwas iused ias iboth

isolvent iand ia ireducing iagent, iand isilver initrate iwas iused ias ia isilver iprecursor. iThey

idetermined ithat ithe idiameter iand iuniformity iof isilver inanowires ican ibe icontrolled iby

iadjusting ithe iconcentration iof iAgNO3 iand i[PVP] ito i[AgNO3] imolar iratio ikeeping ithe

iother iparameters iconstant. iAgNWs iwith idiameters iof i20 inm iand iaspect iratios i>1000

iwere iobtained iby iadding i30.5 imM iAgNO3 ito ia isilver inanowire isynthesis

Copper nanoparticles synthesis

i i

The imost iimportant imethods ifor ithe isynthesis iof icopper inanoparticles iare ichemical
imethods isuch ias ichemical ireduction, ielectrochemical itechniques, iphotochemical

ireduction iand ithermal idecomposition. iCopper inanoparticles ican ieasily ioxidize ito

iform icopper ioxide.

Synthesis

Various imethods ihave ibeen idescribed ito ichemically isynthesize icopper inanoparticles.
iAn iolder imethod iinvolves ithe ireduction iof icopper ihydrazine icarboxylate iin ian

iaqueous isolution iusing ireflux ior iby iheating ithrough iultrasound iunder ian iinert iargon

iatmosphere. iThis iresults iin ia icombination iof icopper ioxide iand ipure icopper

inanoparticle iclusters, idepending ion ithe imethod iused. iA imore imodern isynthesis

iutilizes icopper ichloride iin ia iroom itemperature ireaction iwith isodium icitrat ior imyristic

iacid iin ian iaqueous isolution icontaining isodium iformaldehyde i ito iobtain ia ipure icopper

inanoparticle ipowder.While ithese isyntheses igenerate ifairly iconsistent icopper

inanoparticles, ithe ipossibility iof icontrolling ithe isizes iand ishapes iof icopper

inanoparticles ihas ialso ibeen ireported. iThe ireduction iof icopper iacetylacetonate iin

iorganic isolvent iwith ioleyl iamine iand ioleic iacid icauses ithe iformation iof irod iand

icube-shaped inanoparticles iwhile ivariations iin ireaction itemperature iaffect ithe isize iof

ithe isynthesized iparticles.

Another imethod iof isynthesis iinvolves iusing icopper i ihydrazine icarboxylate isalt iwith
iultrasound ior iheat iin iwater ito igenerate ia iradical ireaction, ias ishown iin ithe ifigure ito

ithe iright. iCopper inanoparticles ican ialso ibe isynthesized iusing igreen ichemistry ito
ireduce ithe ienvironmental iimpact iof ithe ireaction. iCopper ichloride ican ibe ireduced
iusing ionly iL-ascorbic iacid iin ia iheated iaqueous isolution ito iproduce istable icopper

inanoparticles.

Q3-Explain mechanism of bacterial killing by using silver nanoparticles.

i i i i i i i i

BACTERIAL KILLING USING SILVER NANOPARTICLES

i i i i

Silver iions idelivered iby inanoparticles ito ibacteria ipromote ilysis, ithe iprocess iby iwhich
icells ibreak idown iand iultimately idie, iwhich imakes isilver inanoparticles ia isuperior iand

iwidely iused iantibacterial iagent. iNew iresearch iby iRice iUniversity ifound ithat isilver

iions, inot ithe iparticles ithemselves, iare itoxic ito ibacteria.

iAn iantibacterial ipaint ibased ion isilver inanoparticles iembedded ivegetable ioils ithat ican
ibe iused ito icoat ia iwide irange iof isurfaces, iincluding iwood, iplastic, iand iglass.

Silver, iand isilver-based icompounds, iis ihighly iantimicrobial ithanks ito iits iantiseptic
iproperties ito iseveral ispecies iof ibacteria, iincluding ithe icommon ikitchen imicrobe, iE.

icoli. iSilver inanoparticles iinteract iwith ithe iouter imembrane iof ibacteria, icausing

istructural ichanges ithat ilead ito idegradation iand ieventually ideath iof ithe imicrobe.

In icontrast ito ithe iusual imethods iof iproducing imetal inanoparticles, iwhich iinvolve ithe
iuse iof itoxic isolvents iand ihighly ireactive ichemical ireducing iagents, ithe ipaint iis

iproduced iin ia isimple, icost-effective, iand ienvironmentally isafe imanner, ibecause ithe

inanoparticles iare isynthesized idirectly iin ithe ipaint iitself. iThe iteam's inew imethod

imakes iuse iof ia inatural, ioxidative iproperty iof ipaint ithat ioccurs iduring idrying.In imost

ihousehold ipaints ithe ibinding iagent iis ibased ion ialkyd iresin, ivegetable-derived idrying

ioils ithat irelease ifree-radical iparticles iduring ithe idrying iprocess. iWhen ia isilver

icompound iis iadded ito ithe ipaint, ithe ifree iradicals iact ias ia inatural ireducing iagent,

itransforming ithe imetal isalt iinto imetal inanoparticles. iThe inanoparticles iare irelatively

ilow iin iconcentration iand iare itightly ibound iinto ithe ipolymer inetwork iof ithe ibinder.

iThe iprocess iis isimple, iinexpensive, iand iimportantly, iharmless ito ithe ienvironment.To

itest ithe iantibacterial iproperties iof ithe ipaint, ithe iteam iincubated iE. icoli ibacteria

iovernight ion ia iplain iglass islide, ia islide icoated iin inormal ipaint, iand ia islide icoated iwith

ithe inanoparticle ipaint. iThey ifound ithat ithe ipaint iembedded iwith isilver iparticles ikilled

iall ithe ibacteria iin icomparison ito ithe icontrol islides, ia iresult ithat iconfirms ithat ithe

inanoparticles iare itoxic ito ibacteria.The inovel ifabrication itechnique iis igood inews ifor

ithe ienvironment iand ithe igerm-killing ipaint ihas ifar-reaching iapplications, iparticularly

iin ithe imedical, icleaning, iand ifood-preparation iindustries. i"The ialkyd ipaints icould ibe

iused ifor iboth iindoor iand iexterior iuses," iexplained iGeorge iJohn. i"The iexcellent

iantibacterial iactivity imeans ithat ithe ipaint icould ieasily ibe iused ito icoat ihospital
icounter itops, ifor iexample, iand isimilar iplaces iwhere ithere iis ia ipotential ibacterial
icontamination."

Q4-What is nanospore technology and how can it be used in DNA

i i i i i i i i i i i

sequencing?
i

NANOPORE TECHNOLOGY i

Nanopore isequencing iis ia iunique, iscalable itechnology ithat ienables idirect, ireal-time
ianalysis iof ilong iDNA ior iRNA ifragments. iIt iworks iby imonitoring ichanges ito ian

ielectrical icurrent ias inucleic iacids iare ipassed ithrough ia iprotein inanopore. iThe

iresulting isignal iis idecoded ito iprovide ithe ispecific iDNA ior iRNA isequence.

How does nanopore DNA sequencing work?

i i i i i

Nanopore isequencing iis ia iunique, iscalable itechnology ithat ienables idirect, ireal-time
ianalysis iof ilong iDNA ior iRNA ifragments. iIt iworks iby imonitoring ichanges ito ian

ielectrical icurrent ias inucleic iacids iare ipassed ithrough ia iprotein inanopore. iThe

iresulting isignal iis idecoded ito iprovide ithe ispecific iDNA ior iRNA isequence.

Nanopore DNA sequencing devices

i i i

A irange iof inanopore isequencing idevices iare iavailable, iproviding ihigh-yields iand
iscalable isample ithroughput ito isuit iall irequirements i— ifrom iportable ianalysis iusing

iFlongle iand iMinION, ithrough ito iflexible, ihigh-throughput ibenchtop isequencing ion

iGridION iand iPromethION. iMinION iStarter iPacks iare iavailable ifrom ijust i$1,000

iproviding ilow-cost iaccess ito ithe ibenefits iof ilong-read, ireal-time iDNA isequencing.

DNA sequencing in real time

i i i i

Unlike itraditional iDNA isequencing iplatforms, iwhich ideliver idata iin ibulk iat ithe iend iof ia
isequencing irun, inanopore iDNA isequencing idata iis istreamed iin ireal itime i— iproviding

iimmediate iaccess ito iresults. iAdvantages iof ireal-time idata istreaming iinclude irapid
iaccess ito itime icritical iinformation i(e.g. ipathogen iidentification), ithe igeneration iof
iearly isample iinsights, iand ithe ifacility ito istop isequencing ionce ia iresult ihas ibeen

iachieved i— ienabling iwashing iand ireuse iof ithe iflow icell

Direct DNA sequencing

i i

The ifacility iof inanopore itechnology ito ianalyse inative iDNA, iwithout ithe irequirement
ifor iamplification, ieliminates iPCR ibias iand iallows ithe iidentification iof ibase

imodifications ialongside inucleotide isequence i— iwith ino irequirement ifor

itime-consuming, iharsh, iand, ioften iinefficient, ichemical iconversion i(e.g. ibisulfite

iconversion).

DNA sequencing and analysis

i i i

Get iimmediate iaccess ito iyour iDNA isequencing iresults iwith ireal-time idata istreaming.
iData iis iprovided iin istandard iFASTQ iand iFAST5 iformats isuitable ifor ianalysis iusing ia

irange iof idownstream itools, iincluding ithe iEPI2ME iplatform, iwhich iprovides ieasy

iaccess ito ia igrowing inumber iof ireal-time ianalysis iworkflows. iCurrent iEPI2ME

iworkflows iinclude imicrobial ispecies iidentification iand iquantification, iantimicrobial

iresistance iprofiling, ihuman istructural ivariant ianalysis, iand ireference ialignment.

Q5-What is difference between carbon nanotubes and graphene?

i i i i i i i

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CARBON NANOTUBES i i i

AND GRAPHENE
i i i

Carbon inanotubes iand igraphene iare itwo iof ithe imost irecently idiscovered iforms iof
icarbon. iThe imain idifference iis, ithe iGraphene iis ia isingle ithin ilayer i2D ifilm, iwhile ithe

icarbon inanotubes iin ia ithin ifilm irolled ilike ia i3D itube ior icylinder

Growth method i

There iare idifferences iin ithe igrowth ior isynthesizing imethods ifor ifabricating igraphene
iand icarbon inanotubes.

The igrowth imethods ifor igraphene iinclude:

Epitaxial igrowth ion iSiC
Exfoliation
Chemical ivapor idisposition i(CVD) ion imetal icatalysts
The igrowth imethods ifor icarbon inanotubes iinclude:
Catalytic ichemical ivapor idisposition i(CCVD)
Laser iablation
Arc idischarge

Applications

When italking iabout itheir iapplications, ithere iare iseveral idifferences ias ito ithe ifields iof
idemand ifor igraphene iand icarbon inanotubes.

On ithe ione ihand, igraphene iis ivery ithin iand iflexible iyet iis ihighly iconductive. iHence, iit
ifinds ipotential iapplication ias ia itransparent iconductor ifor iuse iin iphotovoltaic icells iand

iother itypes iof iflexible ielectronic idevices. iAlso, iits ilarger iratio iof isurface iarea ito imass

imakes iit iexcellent ipotential ifor iuse iin ienergy istorage ior ichemical isensing.

On ithe iother ihand, icarbon inanotubes iare istrong iand ilight iat ithe isame itime. iIt imakes
ithem ia iperfect ichoice ifor iusing ias ireinforcing iadditive iin icomposite ifibers, ito imake

ithem iextremely istrong iand ielectrically iconductive isimultaneously. iThere iis ienormous

ipotential ifor ithe inanotubes ito iused iin ithe idesign iand idevelopment iof ispace

ielevators, ibulletproof iwear, iclothing iand iothers. iAlso, ithe isufficient ielectrical iand

ithermal iconductivity iof icarbon inanotubes imakes ithem ipotentially iuseful iin

irevolutionizing ithe iindustry iwith iuse iin isolar icells, ias isensors, iin ibatteries, iand iin

itransistors.

Q6-Give an account of industrial and biological application of nanotubes

i i i i i i i i i

and graphene.
i i

Carbon nanotubes industrial applications

i i i

Carbon inanotube ican ibe iapplied ito imanufacture ismaller itransistors ior ielectronic
idevices. i... iCarbon inanotube ihas ihigh itoughness, iso iit ican ibe imade iinto ihigh-strength

icomposite iwith iother imaterials. iThus, icarbon inanotube iis ia imaterial iwith ihigh

ieconomic ivalue iand ivery iworth iresearching.

Carbon inanotubes ican ibe iuse iin imedical iindustries iand itextile iindustries. iCNT iare
iapplicable iin ienergy istorage iand iconversion idevices i,high istrength icomposites,

ihydrogen istorage imedia, iactuators, inanoprobes iand isensors.

Application of CNT for textile Wastewaters
i i i i i

Safe idrinking iwater iis ione iof imankind’s imost ibasic ineeds. iThe iavailable isupplies iof
iwater iare idecreasing iand iresearchers iare iseeking ialternative isources iof iwater isuch ias

iwastewater iand iindustrial iwastewater.

Al-Hakami iet ial. istudied ia imethod ifor ithe iremoval iof iEscherichia icoli ifrom iwater iusing
ias-produced iand imodified/functionalized icarbon inanotubes iwith i1-octadecanol

igroups i(C18) iunder ithe ieffect iof imicrowave iirradiation i. iThey ireported ithat, ilow

iremoval irate i(3–5%) iof i(E. icoli) ibacteria iwas iobtained iwhen iCNT iis ialone ibut iif

icombined iwith imicrowave iradiation, ithe iunmodified iCNT iwere iable ito iachieve

iremoval irate iup ito i98% iof ibacteria ifrom iwater. iA ihigher iremoval iof ibacteria i(up ito

i100%) iwas iachieved iwhen iCNT-C18 iwas iused iunder ithe isame iconditions i. iTextile

iwastewaters iare imostly inon-biodegradable iand itoxic. iFor itreating ithe ienvironmental

ipollution, isemiconductor iphotocatalysis ican ibe iused. iOne iof ithe imost iimportant

iphotocatalysts iis iTiO2, ibut isuffers ifrom inarrow ilightresponse irange iand ilow

iefficiency. iCombining iTiO2 iwith iCNT ican iincrease ithe iphotocatalytic iactivity i. iFor

iincreasing ithe irate iof iphotocatalytic ioxidation iof iwater ipollutants,

iCNT/TiO2composite iwas iprepared iby iMing-liang iet ial. iin i2009 iusing iMWCNT iand

ititanium ias isources. iThe iphotoactivity iof ithe icomposite iwas ievaluated iby ithe

iconversion iof imethylene iblue iin iaqueous isolution iunder iUV iirradiation. iThey

iconcluded ithat ithe imethylene iblue iremoval ieffect iof ithe iCNT/ iTiO2composites iis

irelated ito ielectron itransfer ibetween iMWCNT iand iTiO2 iand iadsorption iof iMWCNT

iand ithe iphotocatalytic idegradation iof iTiO2.

Jauris iet ial. istudied ithe iinteraction ibetween iSWCNT iand itwo isynthetic idyes iThey
iconcluded ithat, iwhere ithe idyes iare iparallel iand iplanar ito ithe inanotubes idue ito ia

ipredominance iof iπ–π iinteractions ibetween idyes iand inanotubes; ithese

iconfigurations iare istable. iSWCNT ican ibe iused ifor icommercial ipurpose iin ithe ireal

itextile iwastewater itreatment iand iarepotential iadsorbents ifor ithe iremoval iof idyes

iand ialso iby igrowing ithe inanotube idiameter, ithe ibinding ienergy ibetween idyes iand

inanotubes iincreases.

Biological applications of carbon nanotubes:

i i i i

other iapplications iof iCNTs ihave ibeen iextensively iperformed inot ionly ifor idrug iand
igene itherapies ibut ialso ifor itissue iregeneration, ibiosensor idiagnosis, ienantiomer

iseparation iof ichiral idrugs, iextraction iand ianalysis iof idrugs iand ipollutants. iMoreover,

iCNTs ihave ibeen irecently irevealed ias ia ipromising iantioxidant.

Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalization for Biomedical
i i i i

Applications
i

Pristine iCNTs iare inot isoluble iin iaqueous isolutions ibecause ithey ihave ihighly
ihydrophobic isurfaces. iSurface ifunctionalization iis irequired ito isolubilize iCNTs, iand ito

irender ibiocompatibility iand ilow itoxicity ifor itheir imedical iapplications i. iThe

ifunctionalization iprocedure iof iCNTs ican ibe idivided iinto itwo imain iapproaches,

idepending ion ithe inature iof ithe ibiomolecule ilinked ito icarbon inanotube, ithat iis,

icovalent iattachment i(chemical ibond iformation) iand inoncovalent iattachment

i(physioadsorption) i.

The icovalent ifunctionalization iof iCNTs iis igenerally iobtained iby ioxidation iwith istrong
iacids i(HNO3). iDuring ithe iprocess, icarboxyl i(–COOH) igroups iare iformed iat ithe iopen

isides i(tips) iand iat ithe idefects ion ithe isidewalls iof iSWCNT ior iMWCNT, ithen, ifurther

icovalent iconjugation iwith iamino iacid. iFor ithe icreation iof i–COOH ion ithe isidewalls iof

iCNTs, initrene icycloaddition, iarylation iusing idiazonium isalts ior i1,3-dipolar

icycloadditions iare iusually iemployed i. iSchematic iillustration iof icovalent

ifunctionalization iof icarbon inanotubes iThe inoncovalent ifunctionalization iof iCNTs ican

ibe icarried iout iby icoating iCNTs iwith iamphiphilic isurfactant imolecules ior ipolymers

i(polyethyleneglycol). iThe ilarge iaromatic i(π-electrons) ihydrophobic isurface iof icarbon

inanotubes imakes ithem iideal ipartners ifor inoncovalent iinteractions iwith isuitable

icomplementary imolecules iand imacrobiomolecules i(DNA). iThese iinteractions ican

itake iplace iboth ion ithe iinside iand ioutside iof iCNTs. iHowever, imacromolecules icannot

ibe ilinked ion itheir iinside i[After ifunctionalization, iCNTs ibecome ihydrophilic iand iare

iready ito ibe ilinked iwith idrugs ior ibiomolecules i(genes, iDNA, iproteins, ienzymes,

ibiosensors, ietc.) ifor itheir idelivery iinto ithe itarget icells ior iorgans. i

Industrial applications of graphene:

i i i

Graphene ihas ia ilot iof iother ipromising iapplications: ianti-corrosion icoatings iand
ipaints, iefficient iand iprecise isensors, ifaster iand iefficient ielectronics, iflexible idisplays,

iefficient isolar ipanels, ifaster iDNA isequencing, idrug idelivery, iand imore.
Mechanical strengthi

Graphene iis ithe iworld's istrongest imaterial, iand iso ican ibe iused ito ienhance ithe
istrength iof iother imaterials. iDozens iof iresearches ihave idemonstrated ithat iadding

ieven ia itrade iamount iof igraphene ito iplastics, imetals ior iother imaterials ican imake

ithese imaterials imuch istronger i- ior ilighter i(as iyou ican iuse iless iamount iof imaterial ito

iachieve ithe isame istrength).

Energy storage
i

Because igraphene iis ithe iworld's ithinnest imaterial, iit iis ialso ithe imaterial iwith ithe
ihighest isurface-area ito ivolume iratio. iThis imakes igraphene ia ivery ipromising imaterial

ito ibe iused iin ibatteries iand isupercapacitors. iGraphene imay ienable ibatteries iand

isuper icapacitors i(and ieven ifuel-cells) ithat ican istore imore ienergy i- iand icharge ifaster,

itoo.

Graphene ihas ia ilot iof iother ipromising iapplications: ianti-corrosion icoatings iand
ipaints, iefficient iand iprecise isensors, ifaster iand iefficient ielectronics, iflexible idisplays

iefficient isolar ipanels, ifaster iDNA isequencing, idrug idelivery, iand imore.

Graphene iis isuch ia igreat iand ibasic ibuilding iblock ithat iit iseems ithat iany iindustry ican
ibenefit ifrom ithis inew imaterial. iTime iwill itell iwhere igraphene iwill iindeed imake ian

iimpact i- ior iwhether iother inew imaterials iwill ibe imore isuitable.

Biological applications of graphene:

i i i

The ibiomedical iapplications iof igraphene iand iits icomposite iinclude iits iuse iin igene iand
ismall imolecular idrug idelivery. iIt iis ifurther iused ifor ibiofunctionalization iof iprotein, iin

ianticancer itherapy, ias ian iantimicrobial iagent ifor ibone iand iteeth iimplantation.
Biofunctionalization with DNA i i

ssDNA ialong iwith igraphene iserves ias ia igood isurface-enhanced ilaser

idesorption/ionization itime-of-flight imass ispectrometry ianalysis iplatform; ialso,

igraphene iembedded iwith iDNA iis iused ito iform idifferent inanoparticles iand iother

ibiosystems. iThiol iGO–DNA isheets ican imake ia itwo-dimensional ibionano iinterface ito

iaccumulate igold inanoparticles imaintaining iits ioptical iproperties i. iFRET ibiosensor,

ibased ion igraphene, iincludes ifluorescein iamidite-labelled issDNA ithat iare iabsorbed ion

ithe iGO isheet. iThe iapplication ialso iincludes imolecular ibeacon ifabricated ito

igraphene-based iFRET ibiosensors ienhancing iits iDNA idetection iproperty.

Gene delivery
i

Gene idelivery iis ia imethod iof iintroducing iforeign iDNA iinto ithe icell. iIt iis ian ialternative
iapproach ito icure ivarious igenetic idiseases. iModified iGO iis iused ifor igene idelivery

ipurposes. iPolyethylenimine i(PEI) imodifies ithe isurface iof iGO isheets iand ithus imakes iit

iready ifor icellular igene idelivery ithrough icovalent iconjugation iand ielectrostatic

iinteraction i ifor iplasmid iDNA i(pDNA) istacking. iGO iis iattached icovalently ito ithe ilinear

ichain iand ibranched ichain i. iPEI iis ithus iused ifor ihigh-quality itransfection ieffectiveness

icontaining ilow icytotoxicity ithan ipDNA/PEI icomplexes. iThus, iit ihas ian iupper ihand iover

iPEI/pDNA icomplexes. iAs iof idate, ichitosan-complexed iGO i(CS–GO) ihas ibeen

iintegrated. iThis icomplex iis iused ifor iproductive idelivery iof ianticancer imedication iand

iplasmid iDNA istacked iindividually isimultaneously iby ielectrostatic iand iπ–π

iinteraction.

Q7-What are advantages of using polymeric nanoparticles in targeted drug

i i i i i i i i i

delivery?
i

Advantages of polymeric nanoparticles in targeted drug

i i i i i i

i delivery:

Polymer imicelles ihave iseveral iadvantages iover iother idrug idelivery isystems, iincluding
iincreased idrug isolubility, iprolonged icirculation ihalf-life, iselective iaccumulation iat

itumor isites, iand ilower itoxicity

Polymeric inanoparticles imade ifrom inatural iand isynthetic ipolymers ihave ireceived ithe
imajority iof iattention idue ito itheir istability iand iease iof isurface imodification i. iThey ican

ibe itailor-made ito iachieve iboth icontrolled idrug irelease iand idisease-specific ilocalization

iby ituning ithe ipolymer icharacteristics iand isurface ichemistry i. iIt ihas ibeen iestablished
ithat inanocarriers ican ibecome iconcentrated ipreferentially ito itumors, iinflammatory
isites, iand iat iantigen isampling isites iby ivirtue iof ithe ienhanced ipermeability iand

iretention i(EPR) ieffect iof ithe ivasculature. iOnce iaccumulated iat ithe itarget isite,

ihydrophobic ibiodegradable ipolymeric inanoparticles ican iact ias ia ilocal idrug idepot

idepending ion ithe imake-up iof ithe icarrier, iproviding ia isource ifor ia icontinuous isupply iof

iencapsulated itherapeutic icompound(s) iat ithe idisease isite, ie.g., isolid itumors.

These isystems iin igeneral ican ibe iused ito iprovide itargeted i(cellular ior itissue) idelivery
iof idrugs, iimprove ibioavailability, isustain irelease iof idrugs ior isolubilize idrugs ifor

isystemic idelivery. iThis iprocess ican ibe iadapted ito iprotect itherapeutic iagents iagainst

ienzymatic idegradation i(i.e., inucleases iand iproteases) i. iThus, ithe iadvantages iof iusing

inanoparticles ifor idrug idelivery iare ia iresult iof itwo imain ibasic iproperties: ismall isize

iand iuse iof ibiodegradable imaterials. iNanoparticles, ibecause iof itheir ismall isize, ican

iextravasate ithrough ithe iendothelium iin iinflammatory isites, iepithelium i(e.g.,

iintestinal itract iand iliver), itumors, ior ipenetrate imicrocapillaries. iIn igeneral, ithe

inanosize iof ithese iparticles iallows ifor iefficient iuptake iby ia ivariety iof icell itypes iand

iselective idrug iaccumulation iat itarget isite. iMany istudies ihave idemonstrated ithat

inanoparticles ihave ia inumber iof iadvantages iover imicroparticles i(>1 iμm) ias ia idrug

idelivery isystem i. iNanoparticles ihave ianother iadvantage iover ilarger imicroparticles

ibecause ithey iare ibetter isuited ifor iintravenous idelivery. iThe ismallest icapillaries iin ithe

ibody iare i5–6 iμm iin idiameter. iThe isize iof iparticles ibeing idistributed iinto ithe

ibloodstream imust ibe isignificantly ismaller ithan i5 iμm, iwithout iforming iaggregates, ito

iensure ithat ithe iparticles ido inot icause ian iembolism.The iuse iof ibiodegradable

imaterials ifor inanoparticle ipreparation iallows ifor isustained idrug irelease iwithin ithe

itarget isite iover ia iperiod iof idays ior ieven iweeks. iBiodegradable inanoparticles

iformulated ifrom iPLGA iand iPLA ihave ibeen ideveloped ifor isustained idrug idelivery iand

iare iespecially ieffective ifor idrugs iwith ian iintracellular itarget i. iRapid iescape iof

ihydrophobic iPCL-coated inanoparticles ifrom iendo-lysosomes ito ithe icytoplasm ihas

ibeen idemonstration. iGreater iand isustained ianti-proliferative iactivity iwas iobserved iin

ivascular ismooth imuscle icells ithat iwere itreated iwith idexamethasone-loaded

inanoparticles iand ithen icompared ito icells igiven idrug iin isolution i. iHence,

inanoparticles ican ibe ieffective iin idelivering itheir icontents ito iintracellular itargets.

Q8-Discribe some of the unique features of gold nanoparticles and there

i i i i i i i i i i

applications in diagnosis.
i i i
UNIQUE FEATURES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES:
i i i i

Gold inanoparticles i(AuNPs) ihave ibeen iwidely iemployed iin ibionanotechnology ibased
ion itheir iunique iproperties iand imultiple isurface ifunctionalities. iThe iease iof iAuNP

ifunctionalization iprovides ia iversatile iplatform ifor inanobiological iassemblies iwith

ioligonucleotides, iantibodies,and iproteins.Bioconjugates iof iAuNPs ihave ialso ibecome

ipromising icandidates iin ithe idesign iof inovel ibiomaterials ifor ithe iinvestigation iof

ibiological isystems.

The iversatility iof iAuNPs ihas iprovided iuseful imaterials ifor ia irange iof ibiomedical
iapplications i. iIn idiagnostics, ithe ibinding ievent ibetween ithe ianalytes iand ithe iAuNPs

ican ialter ithe iphysicochemical iproperties iof iAuNPs isuch ias isurface iplasmon iresonance,

iconductivity, iand iredox ibehavior, ileading ito idetectable isignals. iAuNPs ialso iserve ias

ipractical iplatforms ifor itherapeutic iagents, iwith itheir ihigh isurface iarea iallowing ia idense

ipresentation iof imultifunctional imoieties i(e.g., idrugs iand itargeting iagents). iIn ithis

ireview, iwe iprovide ia ibrief ioverview iof ithe isynthesis, iproperties, iand iconjugation

istrategies iof ispherical iAuNPs ias iwell ias ihighlight ia ifew iof itheir irecent iapplications iin

ibionanotechnology.

Applications in diagnosis: i i

Different iapplications iof igold inanoparticles iin idiagnosis iand itherapy. iNanoparticles
iare iused iin ia ivariety iof icontexts isuch ias: iphoto ithermal itherapy, itargeting, idrug

idelivery, iimaging, inucleic iacid idelivery, itoxin iand imicrobial iagent iremoval iand ias ian

iadjuvant

Imaging

In irecent iyears, ivariety iof iimaging itechnology iincluding, icomputed itomography,

iultrasound iand imagnetic iresonance ihave ibeen ideveloped, iwhich iare iable ito iprovide

iaccurate iinformation iabout idiagnosis iand itherapy. iAuNPs ihave iunique iphysical,

ichemical iand ibiological iproperties iwhich imake ithem ian iideal icandidate ifor iimaging.

In ibio-imaging ifield, ion iaccount iof ihigh ielectron idensity iof iAuNPs, iwhich iare inow
iapplied i– iaided iby itransmission ielectron imicroscopy iand iimmune ielectron

ispectroscopy i– iassesses idifferent ibio-specific imolecular iinteractions iand ithus istudies

ithe icausative iagents iof iinfectious idiseases iby ithe idetection iof itheir ispecific
imembranous iantigens i. iIn ifact, ithe idevelopment iof ivisualization imethods iwith

icombination iof iAuNP iand iadvanced imicroscopies ihas iincreased iits ipopularity iin

imedical iand ibiological iresearch.

For iinstance, ian iinteresting isubject ithat ihas irecently iattracted ithe iattention iof
iscientists iis ithe iability iof iAuNP-antibody iconjugation ifor ipenetration iinto iliving icells

isuch ias icancer icells, ileading ithe icomprehensive ievaluation iof icancer icells iregarding

ibiological ibehaviours, imetastatic itendency iand icurative isusceptibility i. iAnd ialso

iAuNPs iare iused ias iintracellular iprobes ifor icellular icompartments isuch ias

imitochondria, iendosomes iand ithe icell inucleus iby itargeting ithem ias iwell ias ito

imonitor iintracellular idrug irelease i. iThis icapability iis iindebted ito ithe iexistence iof

itwo-photon iluminescence iof iAuNPs ithat iprovide ithe ipossibility iof ivisualizing ispecific

imarkers ion ithe isurface iof icancer icells ilabelled iwith ifluorescence i. iThis iability icreates

ia itremendous itransformation iin ibio-imaging iof icancer icells ito itrack ithese icells iand

itheir iinteractions iwith ipharmaceutical iparticles i. iPrevious istudies ihave iexplored ithat

iconjugated iAuNP icould ibe iused ias ia imolecular iprobe ifor iimaging ito idetect

iPSMA-expressing iprostate icancer icells iwith ihigh isensitivity iand ispecificity i. iAs iwell ias,

ianother istudy ishowed ithat iconjugated iAuNPs ihave ipotential ifor iimaging iof itumour

ixenograft iin inude imice. iAuNP-based iphotoacoustic i(PA) iimaging iis ian iemerging

itechnology iin ibiomedical iimaging ithat iis isuited ito idetect ivarious itypes iof itumours.

iAuNP-based iPA iimaging ihas idifferent iapplications iincluding; icancer iimaging,

icirculating itumour icell iimaging, ibrain ifunctional iimaging, ilymph inode imapping iand

icancer icell imetastasis iimaging. iUsing iAuNPs ito iimage imultiple itypes iof icancer ihas

ibeen idemonstrated; iAuNS icould ibe iemployed ito idetect ihuman ibreast icancer itumour

ixenograft i. iAlso, iit iwas iput iinto iuse ito idetect iB16 imelanomas i ias iwell ias iU87 ibrain

itumours. iAnti-HER2-conjugated iAuNRs, isilica-coated iAuNRs iand iPEGylated iAuNPrs

iwere ialso isuccessfully iused iin icancer iimaging i. iOne iof ithe iapplications iof iAuNP-based

iPA iimaging iis ihigh isensitive idetection iof icirculating itumour icells ithat ileads ito

iincreasing ioverall ipatient isurvival. iAuNSs ihave ishown ithe icapability iof idetecting

icirculating ibreast icancer icells i, imelanoma icells, iprostate icancer icells i iand ioral

isquamous icarcinoma icells i. iLymph inode imapping iand icancer icell imetastasis iimaging

iare iother iapplications iof iAuNP-based iPA iimaging iand ithis itechnique iis idone iusing

iAuNRs ias ilymph inode itracers.

Q9-What are nanobots? Give some examples of their uses in medicines.

i i i i i i i i i i
Nanobots:

Nanobots iare irobots ithat icarry iout ia ivery ispecific ifunction iand iare i~50–100 inm iwide.
iThey ican ibe iused ivery ieffectively ifor idrug idelivery. iNormally, idrugs iwork ithrough ithe

ientire ibody ibefore ithey ireach ithe idisease-affected iarea.

Nanobots uses in medicines:

i i i

Reliable iapplications ifor inanorobotics iin imedicine iinclude iearly idiagnosis iand
itargeted idrug idelivery ifor icancer, iarteriosclerosis, itissue iengineering, idental isurgery,

ipharmacokinetics imonitoring iof idrug idelivery, icellular iassistance iin iinflammatory

iresponses, iophthalmology, iand imany iothers

.
Nowadays ithe ihealth icare iindustry iis imore ifocused ion iimproving ithe iquality iof
imedical itreatments iby ideveloping iminimally iinvasive itechniques ifor idiagnosis iand

iincluding iwith ithe ihelp iof inew iadvances iin ithe ifield iof inanotechnology.

iNanotechnology ithrough inanorobotics ioffers ienormous iadvantages iover ithe

iconventional imethods ifor idiagnosis iand itreatment, iprecisely ibecause iof ithe

iknowledge igained ifrom iconverging idomains ilike imolecular ibiology,

imesoscopic/supramolecular ichemistry, iand imesoscopic iphysics iat ithe inanometer

iscale. iRegardless iof isome ilimitations, inanorobots iare ifascinating inanodevices ifor ithe

iimplementation iof iadvanced ibiomedical iinstrumentation. iReliable iapplications ifor

inanorobotics iin imedicine iinclude iearly idiagnosis iand itargeted idrug idelivery ifor

icancer, iarteriosclerosis, itissue iengineering, idental isurgery, ipharmacokinetics i

iophthalmology, iand imany iothers. iThis ichapter ibriefly idescribes isome iconcepts iabout

ithe idesign, imechanism, iand iclassification iof inanorobots, imainly ifocusing ion ithe

imedical iapplications iof ithese ipromising inanodevices.

Q10-Differentiate between scanning and transmission electron

i i i i i

microscopy
i
Difference between scanning and transmission
i i i i

i electron microscopy: i

The imain idifference ibetween iSEM iand iTEM iis ithat iSEM icreates ian iimage iby idetecting
ireflected ior iknocked-off ielectrons iwhile iTEM iuses itransmitted ielectrons i(electrons

iwhich iare ipassing ithrough ithe isample) ito icreate ian iimage

SEMs iuse ia ispecific iset iof icoils ito iscan ithe ibeam iin ia iraster-like ipattern iand icollect ithe
iscattered ielectrons.

The itransmission ielectron imicroscopy i(TEM) iprinciple, ias ithe iname isuggests, iis ito iuse
ithe itransmitted ielectrons; ithe ielectrons iwhich iare ipassing ithrough ithe isample ibefore

ithey iare icollected. iAs ia iresult, iTEM ioffers iinvaluable iinformation ion ithe iinner

istructure iof ithe isample, isuch ias icrystal istructure, imorphology iand istress istate

iinformation, iwhile iSEM iprovides iinformation ion ithe isample’s isurface iand iits

icomposition.

Moreover, ione iof ithe imost ipronounced idifferences ibetween ithe itwo imethods iis ithe
ioptimal ispatial iresolution ithat ithey ican iachieve; iSEM iresolution iis ilimited ito i~0.5 inm,

iwhile iwith ithe irecent idevelopment iin iaberration-corrected iTEMs, iimages iwith ispatial

iresolution iof ieven iless ithan i50 ipm ihave ibeen ireported.
i

Q11-Explain the mechanism how scanning and transmission electron

i i i i i i i

microscopy work?
i i

Mechanism of scanning electron microscopy:

i i i i

Mechanism iof iSEM. iThe iSEM ifocuses ian ielectron ibeam iat ia ipoint ion ithe isurface iof
ithe isample iand ithen imeasures ithe iresulting ielectrons iwith ia idetector. iBy idoing ithis iin

ia iraster ipattern iacross ithe isurface ian iimage iis iformed, ipixel iby ipixel. iAt ithe itop iof ithe

iimage iis ithe icolumn iwhere ithe ielectron ibeam iis igenerated iand ifocused. iFrom ithe

icolumn icomes ithe ielectron ibeam, ialso icalled ithe iprimary ielectrons, ishown ihere iin

iblue. iWhen ithe iprimary ielectrons iimpact ithe isurface ithey igenerate isecondary
ielectrons, ibackscattered ielectrons, iAuger ielectrons, iX-ray iphotons iand
icathodeluminescence.

Mechanism of transmission electron microscopy:

i i i i

A itransmission ielectron imicroscope ifires ia ibeam iof ielectrons ithrough ia ispecimen ito
iproduce ia imagnified iimage iof ian iobject. iAn ielectromagnetic icoil i(the ifirst ilens)

iconcentrates ithe ielectrons iinto ia imore ipowerful ibeam. iAnother ielectromagnetic icoil

i(the isecond ilens) ifocuses ithe ibeam ionto ia icertain ipart iof ithe ispecimen.

Q12-How can gold nanoparticles be applied in the treatment of cancer?

i i i i i i i i i i

Cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles:

i i i i

Gold inanoparticles iabsorb iincident iphotons iand iconvert ithem ito iheat ito idestroy
icancer icells. iDue ito itheir iunique ioptical iproperties ias ia iresult iof iLSPR, igold

inanoparticles iabsorb ilight iwith iextremely ihigh iefficiency i(cross isection iat i~10 i9 iM−1

icm−1), iwhich iensures ieffective iPTT iat irelatively ilow iradiation ienergy.

Gold inanoparticles iin ichemotherapy iand iradiotherapy iis ithe iuse iof icolloidal igold iin
itherapeutic itreatments, ioften ifor icancer ior iarthritis. iGold inanoparticle itechnology

ishows ipromise iin ithe iadvancement iof icancer itreatments. iSome iof ithe iproperties ithat

igold inanoparticles ipossess, isuch ias ismall isize, inon-toxicity iand inon-immunogenicity

imake ithese imolecules iuseful icandidates ifor itargeted idrug idelivery isystems. iWith

itumor-targeting idelivery ivectors ibecoming ismaller, ithe iability ito iby-pass ithe inatural

ibarriers iand iobstacles iof ithe ibody ibecomes imore iprobable. iTo iincrease ispecificity

iand ilikelihood iof idrug idelivery, itumor ispecific iligands imay ibe igrafted ionto ithe

iparticles ialong iwith ithe ichemotherapeutic idrug imolecules, ito iallow ithese imolecules

ito icirculate ithroughout ithe itumor iwithout ibeing iredistributed iinto ithe ibody.

Radiofrequency therapy i

X-ray iradiography iprocedures iinvolves ithe idiagnosis iof icancer icells ithrough ithe
iprocess iof iimage iacquisition. iThese itechniques irely ion ithe iabsorption iof ix-rays ion ithe

iexposed itissue iin iorder ito iimprove iimage iquality. iIn icertain iradiological iprocedures

isuch ias iRadiofrequency itherapy, ia icontrast iagent iis iinjected iinto ithe itargeted icancer

itissue iand iresult iin iincreased ix-ray iattenuation.

Radiofrequency itherapy itreatment iinvolves ithe idestruction iof itumor icancer itissue
icells ithrough ithe idifferential iheating iof icancer itissue iby iradio-frequency

idiathermy.This idifferential iheating iis ia iresult iof ithe iblood isupply iin ithe ibody icarrying

iaway ithe iheat iand icooling ithe iheated itissue.

Gold inanoparticles iare iexcellent iabsorbers iof ix-rays, idue ito iits ihigh iatomic inumber iof
i197Au. iThis iallows ifor ia ihigher imass iof ithe ielement, iproviding ifor ia igreater iarea iof

ix-ray iabsorption. iBy iacting ias ia icontrast iagent iand iinjected iinto icancerous itumor

icells, iit iwould iresult iin ia ihigher idose iof ithe icancerous itissue ibeing iexposed iduring

iradiotherapy itreatment. iAdditionally igold inanoparticles iare imore iefficiently iremoved

ifrom icells iof ihealthy itissue, iin icomparison iwith icancer icells i- ia ifeature ithat imakes

ithem ia ipromising iradiosensitizers.

Q13-How magnetic nanomaterial can be applied in water purification?

i i i i i i i i

Give few examples.

i i i

Water purifiction using magnetic nanoparticles:

i i i i

Due ito ithe irapid iurbanization iand iindustrialization, ithe isupply iof iclean iand iaffordable
idrinking iwater ito iliving icommunity iis ibeing ia ichallenging ijob ifor iwater itreatment

iexperts ibecause iof ithe idisposal iof iuntreated iwastewater iinto inatural iwater

ibodies/streams. iRegarding ithis, imagnetic inanomaterials i(MNMs)/particles iare

ikeeping ipace iin ithe idevelopment iof iinnovative iand ifuture-oriented iwater ipurification

itechnology idue ito ihaving itheir iunique icharacteristics i(e.g., ihigh ispecific isurface iarea,

icharge iopposite ito itargeted ipollutant, ismall isize iand ishape, iefficient iregeneration iand

ireusability, ihigher ichemical ireactivity, ieasy iseparation ifrom ifinal ieffluents, ietc.).

iHowever, ithe iinvolvement iof ihighly itoxic iand iexpensive ichemicals iduring ithe

isynthesis iof iMNMs iis ihindering itheir ipractical iapplications iin ithe iwater ipurification

iprocess. iRecently, ithe isynthesis iof iMNMs ithrough ibiological iapproach iis igaining igreat

iresearch iinterest idue ito ithe iinvolvement iof igreen ibiomolecules/bioreducing iagents

iinstead iof ihazardous ichemicals ias ireducing iand icapping iagents iduring ifabrication iof

iMNMs. iTherefore, ithe ipresent ichapter iis idesigned ito idiscuss ivarious iapproaches iof

iMNMs imanufacture ivia ibiological imeans iand itheir iapplications iin iwater ipurification

isystems. iMoreover, ia ibrief idiscussion iis ialso iportrayed ion ithe iremoval iof ivarious

ipollutants ifrom iwastewater iby iusing ithese iMNMs.

Example:

Graphene coated nanofiltres:

i i

grapheneis ichemically idormant, imechanically isturdy, iand inon-permeable ito igas ior
iliquid. iSo, icarbon iplays ia imajor irole ifor ifabrication iof inanomaterials iwith iporous

inature. iGraphene imembranes ithat iare iformed iby igraphene ioxide imolecules ior

ichemically iconverted igraphene ithat iis iadhered iwith i2D inano imediated iarrays ihave

ithe iability ito iefficiently iseparate imolecules iin ia igas ior iin ia iliquid iphase.

iGraphene-coated inanomembranes iare isaid ito ibe imore iapplicable iin iwater itreatment

idue ito iits iunique iproperties. iGraphene imembranes iare iobtained ifrom ivacuum

ifiltration ior icoating iof igraphene ioxide isolution ias iGraphene ioxide isheets. iThe

igraphene icoated inanofiltration imembrane ishowed ia ihigher iwater iflux irange. iThe

igraphene iembedded iwith icarbon inanotubes ito iserve ias inanofilters iis imore iuseful ifor

idye irejection iin iwater ieffluent, iremoval iof isalt iions, iand ialso iacts ias iantifouling iagent.

iGraphene inanofilter imembranes ipossess ieffective iantifouling iagent idue ito iits istrong

ibond ibetween igraphene isheets iand iproteins. iAlso, igraphene ioxide icoated inanofilter

imembranes ihelps iin idechlorination iof iwater. iIn iaddition ito ithis, iultrathin inanofilter

icoated iwith igraphene iis ithe imost ipotent ifilter ithat icould ibe icommercialized ifor iwater

ipurification. iGraphene ioxide imembranes ican ibe iused iin ivarious iforms isuch ias ifree,

isurface imodified, iand igraphene icast iin imembranes iin ithe irange iof imicro, inano, ior

iultrafilters. iAmong iwhich inanofilters iis imore iefficient ifor iwater idesalination idue ito iits

imechanical istrength iand iphysiochemical iproperties iof ithe imembrane. iMoreover,

ithere iare isome ichallenges iin ifabricating iand iapplying igraphene ioxide ibased

inanofilters ifor iwater idesalination. iThe ichallenges iinclude imechanical iinstability iif

inanofilters iare iin ithe iform iof inanosheets, icost istrategy, isurface iflaws, iand iassembly.

iTherefore, ithere iare imore iscopes iin ithis iarea iof iresearch ito ibe iworked ion ifor ithe

ibetterment iof ithe isociety

Q14-What is green synthesis of nanoparticles? Give atleast one example of

i i i i i i i i i i

green synthesis of gold, silver, copper,zinc oxide, iron oxide nanoparticles.

i i i i i i i i i i

Green isynthesis iof inanoparticles iaims iat iminimizing igenerated iwaste iand
iimplementing isustainable iprocesses. iIn irecent iyears, igreen iprocesses iusing
imild ireaction iconditions iand inontoxic iprecursors ihave ibeen iemphasized iin ithe
idevelopment iof inanotechnology ifor ipromoting ienvironmental isustainability

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE:

i i i i

By using Avicennia Marina flower extract:

i i i i i

Nanoscience iand itechnology iplay ian iamazing irole iin ienvironment-related iissues. iIn
icurrent iyears, iresearchers iare iin imotion itowards ithe ieco-friendly, isimple, isustainable

iand icost-effective igreen ichemical imethods ifor isynthesizing imaterials irather ithan

itoxic ichemical imethodology. iBy ithis imethod iiron ioxide iis isynthesized iby iusing ia

iflower iextract iof iAvicennia imarina. iUV–Vis iabsorption ispectrum iof iiron ioxide

inanoparticles i(FeO-NPs) idisplay ia ipeak iin ithe iregion iof i295–301 nm. iThe iFTIR

ispectrum iof iFeO-NPs ishows ibands iat i3354 cm−1, i1630 cm−1, i1380 cm−1 iand

i610 cm−1. iThe isize iand imorphology iof iFeO-NPs iwere iexplored iusing iscanning

ielectron imicroscopy i(SEM) iand iatomic iforce imicroscopy i(AFM), irespectively. iFrom

ithe iSEM iresults, ithe iaverage isize iof iFeO-NPs iis iseen ito ibe iin ithe irange iof i30–100 nm.

iThe igrain isize iof iFeO-NPs iwas istudied iby iXRD. iElectrochemical istudies iwere icarried

iout ito iassess ithe iredox ibehavior iof iFeO-NPs. iThe iprepared inanoparticles iare iused iin

iindustrial, idye idegradation iand icontrol ithe ienvironment ipollution.

SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE:i i i

BY USING laurus nobilis leaves extract:

i i i i i

Green isynthesis iof inanoparticles iby ibiological isystems iespecially iplant iextracts ihas
ibecome ian iemerging ifield iin inanotechnology. iIn ithis istudy, izinc ioxide inanoparticles

iwere isynthesized iusing iLaurus inobilis iL. ileaves iaqueous iextract iand itwo idifferent izinc

isalts i(zinc iacetate iand izinc initrate) ias iprecursors. iThe isynthesized inanoparticles iwere

icharacterized iby iUltraviolet–Visible ispectroscopy i(UV–Vis), iFourier iTransform

iInfrared iSpectroscopy i(FT-IR), iX-Ray iDiffraction ianalysis i(XRD), iEnergy-Dispersive iX-ray

ianalysis i(EDX) iand iScanning iElectron iMicroscopy i(SEM). iUV–Vis ispectra ishowed

itypical iabsorption ipeaks iin iaround i350 inm idue ito itheir ilarge iexcitation ibinding ienergy
iat iroom itemperature. iChemical ibond iformations iof izinc ioxide iwere iconfirmed iby
iFT-IR ianalyses. iXRD iresults irevealed ithe iformation iof ihexagonal iwurtzite istructure,

iand iSEM ianalyses ishowed ispherical ishape iwith ithe iaverage isize i(21.49, i25.26) inm ifor

ithe isynthesized inanoparticles iby izinc iacetate iand izinc initrate irespectively. iEDX

ianalyses iconfirmed ihigh ipurity ifor ithe isynthesized inanoparticles.

SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES:

i i i

Using aqueous peel extract of Garcinia mangostana plant:

i i i i i i i

The isynthesis iof igold inanoparticles i(Au-NPs) iis iperformed iby ithe ireduction iof
iaqueous igold imetal iions iin icontact iwith ithe iaqueous ipeel iextract iof iplant, iGarcinia

imangostana i(G. imangostana). iAn iabsorption ipeak iof ithe igold inanoparticles iis

iobserved iat ithe irange iof i540–550 nm iusing iUV-visible ispectroscopy. iAll ithe idiffraction

ipeaks iat i2θ i= i38.48°, i44.85°, i66.05°, iand i78.00° ithat iindex ito i(111), i(200), i(220), iand

i(311) iplanes iconfirm ithe isuccessful isynthesis iof iAu-NPs. iMostly ispherical ishape

iparticles iwith isize irange iof i32.96 i± i5.25 nm iare imeasured iusing itransmission ielectron

imicroscopy i(TEM). iFrom ithe iFTIR iresults, ithe ipeaks iobtained iare iclosely irelated ito

iphenols, iflavonoids, ibenzophenones, iand ianthocyanins iwhich isuggest ithat ithey imay

iact ias ithe ireducing iagent. iThis imethod iis ienvironmentally isafe iwithout ithe iusage iof

isynthetic imaterials iwhich iis ihighly ipotential iin ibiomedical iapplications.

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:

i i i

By using leaf extract of Moringa oleifera:

i i i i i i

the isynthesis iof isilver inanoparticles i(AgNPs) ifrom ithe ileaf iextracts iof iMoringa ioleifera
iusing isunlight iirradiation ias iprimary isource iof ienergy, iand iits iantimicrobial ipotential.

iSilver inanoparticle iformation iwas iconfirmed iby isurface iplasmon iresonance iat i450 nm

iand i440 nm, irespectively ifor iboth ifresh iand ifreeze-dried ileaf isamples. iCrystanality iof

iAgNPs iwas iconfirmed iby itransmission ielectron imicroscopy, iscanning ielectron

imicroscopy iwith ienergy idispersive ix-ray ispectroscopy iand iFourier itransform iinfrared

i(FTIR) ispectroscopy ianalysis. iFTIR ispectroscopic ianalysis isuggested ithat iflavones,

iterpenoids iand ipolysaccharides ipredominate iand iare iprimarily iresponsible ifor ithe

ireduction iand isubsequent icapping iof iAgNPs. iX-ray idiffraction ianalysis ialso

idemonstrated ithat ithe isize irange iof iAgNPs ifrom iboth isamples iexhibited iaverage
idiameters iof i9 iand i11 nm, irespectively. iSilver inanoparticles ishowed iantimicrobial
iactivity ion iboth ibacterial iand ifungal istrains. iThe ibiosynthesised inanoparticle

ipreparations ifrom iM. ioleifera ileaf iextracts iexhibit ipotential ifor iapplication ias

ibroad-spectrum iantimicrobial iagents

SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES:

i i i

By using solanum Lycopersicum extract:

i i i i

The ibiosynthesis iof icopper inanoparticles iis iapplicable iin ia inumber iof ithe ifield. iIn ithe
istudy, iwe iexperiment ithe ireducing iand icapping iactivity iof iaqueous iextract ifrom

itomato ijuice ifor ithe ipreparation iof icopper inanoparticles. iThe iextract iwith idifferent

iconcentration ireduced ithe iaqueous isolution iat iroom itemperature. iChemical

ireduction itechnique iwas iemployed ito iprepared ihighly istable iand idispersed icopper

inanoparticles iusing itomato ijuice ias ireducing ias iwell ias ia icapping iagent. iIn ithis

itechnique, icopper isulfate iwas iused. iThe ieffects iof imolar iratios iof itomato ijuice ion ithe

iconcentration iand isize iof icopper inanoparticles iwere iexamined. iThe iresults ishow ithat

iwith ithe iincrease iin ithe imolar iratio itomato ijuice ithe iconcentration iof icopper

inanoparticles iwas iimproved. iThe iaverage iparticles isize iof icopper inanoparticle iwas

ifound iin ithe irange iof i40-70 inm. iThe iproduct iwas ikept iin imax iconditions ifor i80 idays

ibut ino isedimentation iwas ifound. iThe iuse iof itomato ijuice iproves ithe iprocess ia

inon-toxic, icost-free iand ienvironmentally ifriendly igreen imethod iof iproduction iof

icopper inanoparticles.

Q15-How can we covalently functionalized gold nanoparticles with

i i i i i i i

antibiotics or other protein?

i i i i

Metal inanoparticles iare ibeing iextensively iused iin ivarious ibiomedical iapplications idue
ito itheir ismall isize ito ivolume iratio iand iextensive ithermal istability. iGold inanoparticles

i(GNPs) iare ian iobvious ichoice idue ito itheir iamenability iof isynthesis iand

ifunctionalization, iless itoxicity iand iease iof idetection. i. iFunctionalization ifacilitates

itargeted idelivery iof ithese inanoparticles ito ivarious icell itypes, ibioimaging, igene

idelivery, idrug idelivery iand iother itherapeutic iand idiagnostic iapplications. i i

Facile one-spot synthesis of amoxillin coated gold nanoparticles
i i i i i i i

and there antimicrobial activities:

i i i i

Nanomaterials ihave ibeen ithe iobject iof iintense istudy idue ito ipromising iapplications iin
ia inumber iof idifferent idisciplines. iIn iparticular, imedicine iand ibiology ihave iseen ithe

ipotential iof ithese inovel imaterials iwith itheir inanoscale iproperties ifor iuse iin idiverse

iareas isuch ias iimaging, isensing iand idrug ivectorisation. iGold inanoparticles i(GNPs) iare

iconsidered ia ivery iuseful iplatform ito icreate ia ivalid iand iefficient idrug idelivery/carrier

isystem idue ito itheir ifacile iand iwell-studied isynthesis, ieasy isurface ifunctionalization

iand ibiocompatibility. iIn ithe ipresent istudy, istable iantibiotic iconjugated iGNPs iwere

isynthesised iby ia ione-step ireaction iusing ia ipoorly iwater isoluble iantibiotic, iamoxicillin.

iAmoxicillin, ia imember iof ithe ipenicillin ifamily, ireduces ithe ichloroauric iacid ito iform

inanoparticles iand iat ithe isame itime icoats ithem ito iafford ithe ifunctionalised

inanomaterial. iA irange iof itechniques iincluding iUV–vis ispectroscopy, idynamic ilight

iscattering i(DLS), itransmission ielectron imicroscopy i(TEM) iand ithermogravimetric

ianalysis i(TGA) iwere iused ito iascertain ithe igold/drug imolar iratio iand ithe ioptimum

itemperature ifor isynthesis iof iuniform imonodisperse iparticles iin ithe ica. i30–40 inm isize

irange. iAmoxicillin-conjugated igold ishowed ian ienhancement iof iantibacterial iactivity.