ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 442
USE OF IN SITU TESTS IN GEOTECNICAL
ENGINEERING

HOMEWORK 2

NAFİ AYKUT
16050611019
CIVIL ENGINEERING
QUESTION 1

1.For the soil at 3.5 m;

γ dry=18 Kn/m3, γ sat=18.5 Kn/m3 ,u2=0 ,qc=16.5 MPa ,fs=0.124

a)Friction ratio:

We have two formulas for friction ratio calculations as we can see above.Because we do not
have pore pressure at 3.5m,so we can use the case where pore pressure is not measured.

 Rf(%)=(fs/qc)*100=(0.124/16.5)*100=0.751 %

b.Normalized Cone Resistance (qt and Qt):

σ’vo=H*γ dry =3.5*18=63 kPa =0.063 MPa

σ vo= σ’vo (since there is not pore pressure)=63 kPa =0.063 MPa
  Qt=(qt – σvo)/ σ’vo=(16.5-0.063)/0.063=260.9
 qt=qc + u2(1-a) =qc (u=0)=16.5 MPa

c.Normalized friction ratio,Fr:

 Fr(%)=[0.124/(16.5-0.063)]*100=0.754%

d.Net cone resistance (qn):

 qn= qt – σvo=16.5-0.063=16.437 MPa

e.Soil Classification according to Begemann(1965):

  As we can see from the figure we can classify the soil as Gravel and Sand.

f. Soil classification according to Douglas and Olsen (1981):

 As we can see from the figure we can classify the soil as Noncohesive
coarse grained sand.

g. Soil classification according to Robertson et al (1986):

Because the CPTU test has been conducted,we must use the figure on the left.

Also,because we do not have pore pressure at 3.5 m Bq=0 and qt=16.5 MPa.
  We are in 9th region,so we can classify the soil as Sand.

h. Soil classification according to Robertson et al (1990):

Because the CPTU test has been conducted ,we should use the figure on the right.

Since we do not have pore pressure at 3.5m,so Bq=0 and Qt=260.9 which we found before.
  As we can see from the Robertson et al (1990) and we are in 7 th region,so
our soil is gravelly sand to sand.

i. Soil behavioral model index (Im) according to Robertson et al (1990):

We have computed Qt value as 260.9 and Fr as 0.754% previously.

 Im=[(3.47-logQt)^2+(logFr+1.22)^2]0.5=[(3.47-log260.9)^2+(log0.754+1.22)^2]0.5=1.521

j. Soil unit weight (γ) according to Robertson et al (2010):

 According to the figure 2.19 we have found that we are in 9th region
(problem g) ,so the unit weight of the soil is 19.5 kN/m3.
k.Equivalent standart penetration resistance (N60) according to Robertson
et al (1983) if the mean grain size D50 is 0.50 mm:

 As we can see from the table when we match D50=0.5 mm ,so we have
found that (qc/pa)/N60=6.4.Therefore,
N60=(qc/pa)/6.4=(16.5/0.1)/6.4(pa=100 kPa=0.1MPa)=25.78.

l. Equivalent standart penetration resistance (N60) according to Jefferies

and Davies (1993):

We have calculated qt and Im previously as 16.5 MPa and 1.521,respectively.Also p a=0.1 MPa.

 If we substitude qt , pa and Im values in to the equation,We can calculate

N60 ;
 N60=[(qt/pa)]/[8.5*(1-Im/4.6)]=[(16.5/0.1)]/[8.5*(1-1.521/4.6)=29

m. Relative density (Dr) according to Jamiolkowski et al (1985):

If we substitude the value of qc and σ’vo as 1650 t/m3 and 6.3t/m3
MPa,respectively,we can find qc/[ σ’vo]0.5=1650/[6.3]0.5=657.38

As can be seen from the figure Dr=87.5%.

n. Relative density (Dr) according to Baldi et al (1985):

  We have substituted the cone resistance,q c and effective overburden
pressure, σvo’ to the figure shown above,therefore we have obtained the
value of deformation modulus Dr as 96% for normally consolidated soils
and 85% for overconsolidated soils.

o. Friction angle (Φ) according to Kleven et al (1986):

 From the figure which shown below we have found the friction angle as
42o.
p. Friction angle (Φ’) according to Robertson and Campanella (1983):
We have computed the values of qc and σ’vo as 16.5 MN/m2 and 63 KN/m2(problem
b),respectively.
  If we substitude these values into the figure for Robertson and
Campanella (1983),we can obtain the friction angle as about 45.7 oC.

q. Friction angle (Φ’) according to Kulhawy and Mayne (1990):

We have obtained the value of Qt in problem b as 260.9,so we can substitude these values
into the equation of Kulhawy and Mayne(1990).

 Φ’=17.6+11logQt=17.6+11log260.9=44.18oC.

r. Friction angle (Φ’) according to Mayne (2006):

 We can calculate the friction angle either by figure nor by the equation.If
we calculate from the figure we have found that the fricion angle
Φ’=44.1oC.
  Also we can compute by the equation;
Φ’(deg)=17.6+11.log[(qt- σvo)/( σvo’. σatm)^0.5]=17.6+11.log[(16500-
63)/(63*0.3)’0.5]=56.9oC.

S.Deformation modulus (Es) according to Bellotti et al (1989):

qc=16.5MPa

pa=0.1 MPa

σ’vo= 0.063 MPa

qc1=(qc/pa)*(pa/ σ’vo)0.5=(16.5/0.1)*(0.1/0.063)0.5=207.88

We have put the value of qc1 in to the figure below,so;

Es/qc=5.5 Es=5.5*qc=5.5*16.5=90.75 MPa

t) Deformation modulus (Es) according to Robertson and Campanella

(1983):
If we substitude the value of Im=1.521 into equation 2.27b we can find aE;

aE=0.015[10(0.55*1.521+1.68)]=4.928

Therefore by substituding values of aE, qt and σvo into equation 2.27a,we can find Es ;

 Es=aE*(qt- σvo)=4.928*(16.5-0.063)=81 MPa

2.For the soil at 14.0 m:

γ dry=18 KN/m3 , γ sat=18.5 KN/m3 , qc=25 MPa , fs=0.185 MPa ,u2=0.091 MPa

a.Friction ratio:

There are two formulas for friction ratio(Rf),Because we have pore pressure ,so we have
used 2nd formula.

 Rf(%)=(fs/qt)*100=(185/25020)*100=0.74%

b.Normalized Cone Resistance (qt and Qt):

u2=H* γW=(14-4.7)*9.81=91.23 KN/m3=0.091 MPa

σvo=4.7* γdry+(14-4.7)* γsat=4.7*18+9.3*18.5=256.65 kPa=0.256 MPa

σvo’=(14-4.7)* γ’=9.3*(18.5-9.81)=80.82 kPa=0.080 MPa

We have substituted the value of u2,a and qc as 91.23Kn/m3,0.8 and 25MPa into the
equation ,respectively;

 qt=qc+u2(1-a)=25+0.091*(1-0.8)=25.02 MPa
Finally we have substituted the value of qt, σvo, σvo’ as 25.02 MPa,256.65 kPa,80.82 kPa.

 Qt=(qt- σvo)/ σvo’=(25.02-0.256)/0.080=309.55

c.Normalized friction ratio,Fr:

 Fr(%)=[fs/(qt- σvo)]*100=[185/(25020-256.65)]*100=0.75%

d.Net cone resistance (qn):

 qn=qt- σvo=25.02-0.256=24.77 MPa

e.Soil Classification according to Begemann(1965):

  We have substituted fs=0.185MPa snd qc=25 MPa.Therefore,we can
classify the soil as sand and gravel.

f. Soil classification according to Douglas and Olsen (1981):

 We have substituted qc=25 MPa and Rf=0.074%,so we can classify the soil
as noncohesive coarse grained.
g. Soil classification according to Robertson et al (1986):
Bq=(u2-u0)/(qt- σvo)=(0.091-0)/(25.02-0.256)=0.0037

Because CPTU test has been conducted,we have used the figure on the left.

 As can be seen from the figure,we are in 9th region,so we can classify the
soil as sand.

h. Soil classification according to Robertson et al (1990):

Because CPTU test has been conducted we have used the figure on the right.
  As can be seen the figure we are in the 7th region,so we can classify the
soil as gravelly sand to sand.

i. Soil behavioral model index (Im) according to Robertson et al (1990):

Qt=309.55(problem b)

Fr=0.75% (problem c)

 Im=[(3.47-logQt)2+(logFr+1.22)2]0.5=[(3.47-log309.55)2+(log0.75+1.22)2]0.5=1.469

j. Soil unit weight (γ) according to Robertson et al (2010):

 According to the figure 2.19 we have found that we are in 9th region
(problem g) ,so the unit weight of the soil is 19.5 kN/m3.
k.Equivalent standart penetration resistance (N60) according to Robertson
et al (1983) if the mean grain size D50 is 0.50 mm:

 As we can see from the table when we match D50=0.5 mm ,so we have
found that (qc/pa)/N60=6.4.Therefore,
N60=(qc/pa)/6.4=(25/0.1)/6.4=39.07

l. Equivalent standart penetration resistance (N60) according to Jefferies

and Davies (1993):

We have calculated qt and Im previously as 25.02 MPa and 1.469,respectively.Also p a=0.1

MPa.

 If we substitude qt , pa and Im values in to the equation,We can calculate

N60 ;

N60=[(qt/pa)]/[8.5*(1-Im/4.6)]=[(25.02/0.1)]/[8.5*(1-1.469/4.6)=43.25
m. Relative density (Dr) according to Jamiolkowski et al (1985):
qc=25 MPa=2500 t/m3

σvo’=0.080 MPa=8 t/m3 (problem b)

qc/[ σvo’]0.5=2500/80.5=883.9

 As can be seen from the figure Dr=94%.

n. Relative density (Dr) according to Baldi et al (1985):

σvo’=(14-4.7)* γ’=9.3*(18.5-9.81)=80.82 kPa (problem b)

 As can be seen from the figure relative density,Dr=110% for normally

consolidated soil and Dr=96% for overconsolidated soil.

o. Friction angle (Φ) according to Kleven et al (1986):

Dr=94% (problem m)

σvo’=(14-4.7)* γ’=9.3*(18.5-9.81)=80.82 kPa (problem b)

 We have put these values in to the figure,therefore the friction angle

Φ’=44oC.

p. Friction angle (Φ) according to Robertson and Campanella (1983):

σvo’=(14-4.7)* γ’=9.3*(18.5-9.81)=80.82 kPa (problem b)

qc=25MPa

 We put these values in to the figure,so we have obtained the friction

angle as Φ’=46oC.
q. Friction angle (Φ) according to Kulhawy and Mayne (1990):

Qt=309.55(problem b)

Φ’=17.6+11logQt=17.6+11log309.55=45oC

r. Friction angle (Φ) according to Mayne (2006):

Qt=309.55

σatm=0.7

σvo’=80.82 kPa (problem b)

σvo=256.65 kPa(problem b)

qt= 16.5 MPa (problem b)

 As can be seen from the figure Φ’=45oC.

 Φ’=17.6+11log[(qt- σvo)/( σvo’. σatm)0.5]= 17.6+11log[(16500-
256.65)/( 80.82*0.7)0.5]=54.27oC

S.Deformation modulus (Es) according to Bellotti et al (1989):

qc=25MPa

pa=0.1 MPa

σ’vo= 0.080 MPa

qc1=(qc/pa)*(pa/ σ’vo)0.5=(25/0.1)*(0.1/0.080)0.5=279.5

We have put the value of qc1 in to the figure below,so;

Es/qc=6 Es=6*qc=6*25=150 MPa

t. Deformation modulus (Es) according to Robertson and Campanella

(1983):

If we substitude the value of Im=1.469 into equation 2.27b we can find aE;

aE=0.015[10(0.55*1.469+1.68)]=4.61

Therefore by substituding values of aE, qt and σvo into equation 2.27a,we can find Es ;
  Es=aE*(qt- σvo)=4.61*(25-0.080)=114.88 MPa
 QUESTION 2

H=20m
γdry=18 KN/m3

γsat=18.5 KN/m3

Fort he soil at 10m;

qc=5 MPa

fs= 0.2 MPa

u=H*γW=(10-5)*9.81=49.05 KN/m2=0.049 MPa

σvo=5* γdry+5* γsat=5*18 KN/m3+5*18.5 KN/m3=182.25 KN/m2

σvo’=5* γdry+5* γ’=5*18+5*(18.5-9.81)=133.45 KN/m2

qt=qc+u*(1-a)=5+0.049*(1-0.8)=5.0098 MPa (a=0.8)

Qt=(qt- σvo)/ σvo’=(5.0098-0.182)/0.133=36.3

Fr(%)=[fs/(qt- σvo)]*100=[(0.2/(5.0098-0.182)]*100=4.14%

Rf(%)=(fs/qc)*100=(0.2/5)*100=4% (for CPT test)

Im=[(3.47-logQt)2+(logFr+1.22)2]0.5=[(3.47-log36.3)2+(log4.14+1.22)2]0.5=2.65

a.We can name the soil according to Begemann classification;

fs=0.2 MPa

qc=5 MPa

 According to Begemann(1965),the soil is clay.

Rf=4%

qc=5 MPa

 According to Dougles and Olsen(1981),the soil is Cohesive noncohesive fine grained

clay.

Rf=4%

qt=5.0098 MPa

 According to Robertson et al(1986),we can name the soil as clayey silt to silt clay.
Qt=36.3

Fr=4.14%

 According to Robertson(1990),the soil is silt mixtures clayey silt to silt clay.

Im=2.65
 According to Robertson(1990) from the table,the soil is siltmixtures-clayey silt to silty
clay.
b.Undrained shear strength (cu) of the soil:
qc=5 MPa

σvo=0.182 MPa

According to Fugro (2004),for normally consolidated clays Nk=15-16~15.5

 Cu=(qc- σvo)/Nk=(5-0.182)/15.5=0.31
According to Bowles(1996),Nk varies in mostly Nk=15-20 ~17.5

 Cu=(5-0.182)/17.5=0.276