Code AASHTO-LRFD 2016

Element 1527
Position I
Moment Type Beam

I. Design Condition (Positive Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 386.000 mm
th = 47.000 mm
fc' = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 500.000 mm bft = 2100.000 mm
tfc = 22.000 mm tft = 22.000 mm
D = 2980.959 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 2998.000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 22.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 22.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 187438.4 Iy (mm4) 230796720933.5 Iz (mm4) 236753938325.5
dTop (mm) 1691.1 dBot (mm) 1306.9
STop (mm3) 136476116.7 SBot (mm3) 176600548.7
SL (mm3) 143487235.3 SR (mm3) 143487235.3
 2) Short-term Composite Section
A(n) (mm2) 527890.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 675613702345.3 Iz(n) (mm4) 1362798477907.7
dTop(n) (mm) 459.9 dBot(n) (mm) 2538.1
STop(n) (mm3) 1469138730.3 SBot(n) (mm3) 266185680.3
SL(n) (mm3) 825938471.5 SR(n) (mm3) 825938471.5

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(3n) (mm2) 527890.2 Iy(3n) (mm4) 675613702345.3 Iz(3n) (mm4) 1362798477907.7
dTop(3n) (mm) 459.9 dBot(3n) (mm) 2538.1
STop(3n) (mm3) 1469138730.3 SBot(3n)(mm3) 266185680.3
SL(3n) (mm3) 825938471.5 SR(3n) (mm3) 825938471.5

II. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MAX
Mu (kN·m) Vu T
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum (kN) (kN·m)
Forces (+) -228.556 3167.308 2028.023 4966.774 -7101.728 2126.004

fc,t (MPa)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Top 1.675 -2.156 -1.380 -1.862
Stresses
Bot -1.294 11.899 7.619 18.223

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 21.088 434.599 232.399 688.087

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.147 0.526 0.281 0.955
Stresses
Right -0.147 -0.526 -0.281 -0.955

- Design Forces and Stresses(Unbraced Length)

Mu (kips·in)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Forces (+) 19149.635 49373.822 80157.859 148681.317

fc,t (ksi)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
 Top -140.315 -33.607 -54.561 -228.483
Stresses
Bot 108.435 185.486 301.135 595.056

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 37.957 443.119 1028.372 1509.448

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.265 0.537 1.245 2.046
Stresses
Right -0.265 -0.537 -1.245 -2.046

2) Cross-section Proportions
① Web Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.1)
D
= 149.048 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw

② Flange Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.2)

bf
= 11.364 ≤ 12 ...... OK
2tf
bf = 500.000 ≥ D/6 = 496.826 ...... OK
tf = 22.000 ≥ 1.1tw = 22.000 ...... OK

3) Flexural Strength Limit State in positive flexure

▪ Section Classification (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.6.2)
min ( Fyc , Fyt , Fyw) = 355.000 MPa ≤ 485.00 MPa ...... OK
D
= 149.048 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw
▪ Hybrid Factor, Rh (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.1)
Rh = 1.000 (homogeneous section)

▪ Plastic Moment(Mp) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.1)

① Plastic Forces
- Plastic Forces
Prt = Fyr Art = 0.000 kN
Prb = Fyr Arb = 0.000 kN
Pt = bft · tft · Fyt = 16401.000 kN
Pw = 2 · D · tw · Fyw = 42329.616 kN
Pc = 2 · bfc · tfc · Fyc = 7810.000 kN
Ps = 0.85 fck · Bs · ts = 62010.900 kN

- Distance from the plastic neutral axis

drt = 246.509 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the top layer of reinforcement)
drb = 146.509 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the bottom layer of reinforcement)
dt = 2980.620 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the tension flange)
 dw = 1492.620 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web)
dc = 4.620 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange)
ds = 224.380 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck)

② Plastic moment
- Check the case of the plastic neutral axis
Pt + Pw + Pc = 66540.616 kN ≥ Ps + Prb + Prt = 62010.900 kN ...... OK
∴ PNA in Top Flange
- Distance of the plastic neutral axis
tc Pw+Pt - Ps - Prt -Prb
Y = ·( +1) = 6.380 mm
2 Pc
- Plastic Moment
Pc
Mp = · [ Y2 + (tc - Y)2 ] + [ Ps · ds + Prt · drt+ Prb · drb+Pw · dw+ Pt · dt ]= ### kN·m
2tc

▪ Yield Moment(My) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.2.2)

① Yield Moment of Top Flange
MD1 MD2 MAD 3.167E+09 2.028E+09 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
STop STop(3n) STop(n) 1.365E+08 1.469E+09 1.469E+09
MAD = 4.854E+05 kN·m
MyTop = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 4.906E+05 kN·m

② Yield Moment of Bottom Flange

MD1 MD2 MAD 3.167E+09 2.028E+09 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
SBot SBot(3n) SBot(n) 1.766E+08 2.662E+08 2.662E+08
MAD = 87693.888 kN·m
MyBot = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 9.289E+04 kN·m

∴ My = min ( MyTop, MyBot ) = 9.289E+04 kN·m

in which :
S : noncomposite section modulus (mm3)
S3n : long-term composite section modulus (mm3)
Sn : short-term composite section modulus (mm3)
MD1 : moment of noncomposite section (kN·m)
MD2 : moment of long-term composite section (kN·m)
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section (kN·m)

▪ Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.1.2)
 Nominal Flexural Resistance by Dp
Dp > 0.1Dt therefore,
Dp
∴ Mn = Mp ( 1.07 - 0.7 ) = ### kN·m
Dt

▪ Check Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.7.1)

Muy = 4966.774 ≤ Фf · Mn = ### kN·m ...... OK

in which :
Muy = 4966.774 kN·m
Фf = 1.000

▪ Ductility Requirement (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.3)

Dp = 417.380 ≤ 0.42Dt = 1431.780 mm ...... OK
in which :
Dp = 417.380 mm (distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at
the plastic moment)

Dt = 3409.000 mm (total depth of the composite section)

III. Design Condition (Negative Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 386.000 mm
th = 47.000 mm
fck = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 2100.000 mm bft = 500.000 mm
tfc = 22.000 mm tft = 22.000 mm
D = 2980.959 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 2998.0000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 22.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 22.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
 Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 187438.4 Iy (mm4) 230796720933.5 Iz (mm4) 236753938325.5
dTop (mm) 1691.1 dBot (mm) 1306.9
STop (mm3) 136476116.7 SBot (mm3) 176600548.7
SL (in3) 143487235.3 SR (in3) 143487235.3

2) Short-term Composite Section

A(n) (mm2) 527890.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 675613702345.3 Iz(n) (mm4) 1362798477907.7
dTop(n) (mm) 459.9 dBot(n) (mm) 2538.1
STop(n) (mm3) 1469138730.3 SBot(n) (mm3) 266185680.3
SL(n) (mm ) 3
825938471.5 SR(n) (mm ) 3
825938471.5

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(n) (mm2) 527890.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 675613702345.3 Iz(n) (mm4) 1362798477907.7
dTop(n) (mm) 459.9 dBot(n) (mm) 2538.1
STop(n) (mm3) 1469138730.3 SBot(n) (mm3) 266185680.3
SL(n) (mm3) 825938471.5 SR(n) (mm3) 825938471.5

4) Short-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement)

A(R) (mm2) 203902.8 Iy(R) (mm4) 284402311704.3 Iz(R) (mm4) 282854866239.3
dTop(R) (mm) 1539.2 dBot(R) (mm) 1458.8
STop(R) (mm ) 3
184771597.0 SBot(R) (mm ) 3
194957694.2
SL(R) (mm3) 171427191.7 SR(R) (mm3) 171427191.7

5) Long-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement/3)

A(R3) (mm2) 192926.5 Iy(R3) (mm4) 249680988685.8 Iz(R3) (mm4) 252120830973.7
dTop(R3) (mm) 1637.6 dBot(R3) (mm) 1360.4
STop(R3) (mm3) 152467739.4 SBot(R3)(mm3) 183534820.9
SL(R3) (mm3) 152800503.6 SR(R3)(mm3) 152800503.6

IV. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Negative load combination does not exist. Omit this check.
V. Strength Limit State - Shear Resistance
1. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MIN
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Long-term Short-term Sum
Forces -938.844 -3816.397 -2976.075 -7731.316

2) Shear Resistance (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
▪ Web Classification
Longitudinal Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4471.4 mm
So, this web is considerestiffened web

shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs

5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.937
( )2
D

D E·k
= 149.048 > 1.40 √ = 106.050
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.406
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Stiffened interior Webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12275.589 kN
2D · tw
= 1.642 ≤ 2.500
( bfc · tfc + bft · tft )
therefore,
0.87(1-C)
Vn = Vp[ C + d0 ] = 9453.055 kN
√ 1+( )2
D
Vui = -3901.371 ≤ Фv · Vn = 9453.055 kN ...... OK
in which :
Фv = 1.000

3) Transverse Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1)
bt = 220.000 mm ≥ 50.8 + D / 30.0 = 150.165 mm ...... OK
 16.0 tp = 320.000 mm ≥ bt = 220.000 mm ≥ bf / 4 = 125.000 mm ...... OK
in which :
D = 2980.959 mm (height of steel section)
tp = 20.000 mm (thickness of stiffener)
bf = 500.000 mm (width of flange)

② Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1.3)
It = tp · bt3 / 3 = 7.099E+07 mm4
2.5
Jcal = - 2.0 = 0.468
(d0/D)2
J = max (Jcal, 0.5) = 0.500
It1 = b · tw3 · J = 1.192E+07 mm4 (yielding of stiffener)
D4 · ρt1.3 Fyw
It2 = ( )1.5 = 1.449E+08 mm4
40 E
in which :
ρt = max(Fyw / Fcrs , 1.0) = 1.014
0.31E
Fcrs = min ( , Fys ) = 350.000 MPa
(bt/tp)2

Vu ≤ ΦvVcr Therefore,
It = 7.099E+07 mm4 ≥ min( It1, It2 ) = 1.192E+07 mm4 ...... OK

VI. Service Limit State

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

VII. Constructibility
1. Flexure
■ Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Mu (kN·m) / fc,t (MPa) Tu
Component
Steel Section Only (kN·m)
Force (-) -228.556 670.532
Stress Top 1.675
-
(fbu) Bot -1.294

2) Check slenderness of web (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.6.2.3-1)

2 · Dc Es
= 129.661 ≤ 5.7 √ = 136.974 ... Compact or noncompact Web
 = 129.661 ≤ 5.7 √ = 136.974 ... Compact or noncompact Web
tw Fyc
in which :
Dc = 1296.612 mm

3) Discretely Braced Flanges in Compression (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)

① Check flange nominal yielding (6.11.3.2-3)
fbu = 1.768 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyf · △ = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000
fv
△ = √ 1-3 ( )2 = 1.00000
Fyf
in Which :
T
fv = = 2.134 MPa
2 · A0 ·tf
A0 = ### mm2

② Check flexural resistance

fbu = 1.768 ≤ Φf · Fnc = 320.044 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Fnc = 320.044 MPa

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.2)

In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

▪ Local Buckling Resistance based on Stiffened Flanges (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.8.2.3)
λf = bfc / tfc = 27.273
E·k
λp = 0.57 √ = 20.579
Fyc · △
E·k
λr = 0.95 √ = 40.994
Fyr
in which :
fv
△ = √ 1- 3( )2 = 0.99995 ( fv = T / 2 Ao tfc )
Fyc
A0 = ### mm2
Fyr = 248.481 MPa ( Fyc · (△ - 0.3) )
8 · Is
k = 　　( ) 1/3
= 2.257 (1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0)
w · t3fc

λp ＜ λf ≤ λr Therefore,
△ - 0.3 λf - λp
Fcb = Rb · Rh · Fyc [ △- ( △ - )( )] = 320.061 MPa
Rh λr - λp
in which :
 Fyc = 355.000 MPa
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

E · ks
λf ≤ 1.12 √
Fyc Therefore,
Fcv = 0.58 · Fyc = 205.900 MPa
in which :
5.34 + 2.84 · (Is / w · t3fc)1/3
ks = = 1.333
( n + 1 )2

fv
Fnc = Fcb · √ 1 - ( )2 = 320.044 MPa
Фv · Fcv

③ Check web bend buckling

For sections with compact or noncompact webs, shall not be checked.

4) Discretely Braced Flanges in Tension (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.3.2)

▪ Flange Lateral bending Stress (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.6)
Because of discretely braced tension flange.
Muz ###
fl = = = 0.094 MPa
Sl 2.255E+08

fl = 0.094 ≤ 0.6Fyf = 213.000 MPa ...... OK

① Check flange nominal yielding

fbu + fl = 1.768 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyt = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

2. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Section Only
Force -938.844

2) Shear requirement for webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.3)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs
5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.937
( )2
 k = 5+ = 9.937
( )2
D

D E·k
= 149.048 > 1.40 √ = 106.050
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.406
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened interior Webs or End panel

Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12275.589 kN
Vn = Vcr = C · Vp = 4978.048 kN
in which :
C = ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
= 0.406

Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4471.4 mm ...... OK

Vui = -473.759 ≤ φv · Vcr = Фv · Vn = 4978.048 kN ...... OK

in which :
Фv = 1.000

VIII. Fatigue Limit State

■ Positve/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no Fatigue Load Combination. Omit this check.
account the long term effects))
on flange)
account the long term effects))
 Code AASHTO-LRFD 2016
Element 1591
Position J
Moment Type Beam

I. Design Condition (Positive Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 385.000 mm
th = 55.000 mm
fc' = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 500.000 mm bft = 2100.000 mm
tfc = 30.000 mm tft = 36.000 mm
D = 2965.104 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 3004.000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 30.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 36.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 236204.2 Iy (mm4) 306307118614.8 Iz (mm4) 273724964621.6
dTop (mm) 1796.7 dBot (mm) 1207.3
STop (mm3) 170485064.0 SBot (mm3) 253708328.5
SL (mm3) 166577775.3 SR (mm3) 165215652.6
 2) Short-term Composite Section
A(n) (mm2) 575774.0 Iy(n) (mm4) 875648251696.6 Iz(n) (mm4) 1396858682263.1
dTop(n) (mm) 608.8 dBot(n) (mm) 2395.2
STop(n) (mm3) 1438336240.4 SBot(n) (mm3) 365583455.9
SL(n) (mm3) 848009204.7 SR(n) (mm3) 845157636.9

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(3n) (mm2) 575774.0 Iy(3n) (mm4) 875648251696.6 Iz(3n) (mm4) 1396858682263.1
dTop(3n) (mm) 608.8 dBot(3n) (mm) 2395.2
STop(3n) (mm3) 1438336240.4 SBot(3n)(mm3) 365583455.9
SL(3n) (mm3) 848009204.7 SR(3n) (mm3) 845157636.9

II. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MAX
Mu (kN·m) Vu T
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum (kN) (kN·m)
Forces (+) 14823.908 62956.005 48342.787 126122.699 -3334.704 4379.726

fc,t (MPa)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Top -86.951 -43.770 -33.610 -164.332
Stresses
Bot 58.429 172.207 132.235 362.870

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 140.898 2856.784 1976.152 4973.834

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.846 3.369 2.330 6.545
Stresses
Right -0.853 -3.380 -2.338 -6.571

- Design Forces and Stresses(Unbraced Length)

Mu (kips·in)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Forces (+) 19149.635 49373.822 80157.859 148681.317

fc,t (ksi)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
 Top -112.324 -34.327 -55.730 -202.381
Stresses
Bot 75.479 135.055 219.260 429.794

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 37.957 443.119 1028.372 1509.448

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.228 0.523 1.213 1.963
Stresses
Right -0.230 -0.524 -1.217 -1.971

2) Cross-section Proportions
① Web Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.1)
D
= 148.255 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw

② Flange Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.2)

bf
= 8.333 ≤ 12 ...... OK
2tf
bf = 500.000 ≥ D/6 = 494.184 ...... OK
tf = 30.000 ≥ 1.1tw = 22.000 ...... OK

3) Flexural Strength Limit State in positive flexure

▪ Section Classification (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.6.2)
min ( Fyc , Fyt , Fyw) = 355.000 MPa ≤ 485.00 MPa ...... OK
D
= 148.255 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw
▪ Hybrid Factor, Rh (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.1)
Rh = 1.000 (homogeneous section)

▪ Plastic Moment(Mp) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.1)

① Plastic Forces
- Plastic Forces
Prt = Fyr Art = 0.000 kN
Prb = Fyr Arb = 0.000 kN
Pt = bft · tft · Fyt = 26838.000 kN
Pw = 2 · D · tw · Fyw = 42104.482 kN
Pc = 2 · bfc · tfc · Fyc = 10650.000 kN
Ps = 0.85 fck · Bs · ts = 61850.250 kN

- Distance from the plastic neutral axis

drt = 116.197 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the top layer of reinforcement)
drb = 16.197 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the bottom layer of reinforcement)
dt = 2961.011 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the tension flange)
 dw = 1474.011 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web)
dc = 9.989 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange)
ds = 242.489 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck)

② Plastic moment
- Check the case of the plastic neutral axis
Pt + Pw + Pc = 79592.482 kN ≥ Ps + Prb + Prt = 61850.250 kN ...... OK
∴ PNA in Top Flange
- Distance of the plastic neutral axis
tc Pw+Pt - Ps - Prt -Prb
Y = ·( +1) = 24.989 mm
2 Pc
- Plastic Moment
Pc
Mp = · [ Y2 + (tc - Y)2 ] + [ Ps · ds + Prt · drt+ Prb · drb+Pw · dw+ Pt · dt ]= ### kN·m
2tc

▪ Yield Moment(My) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.2.2)

① Yield Moment of Top Flange
MD1 MD2 MAD 6.296E+10 4.834E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
STop STop(3n) STop(n) 1.705E+08 1.438E+09 1.438E+09
MAD = 6.888E+04 kN·m
MyTop = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 1.802E+05 kN·m

② Yield Moment of Bottom Flange

MD1 MD2 MAD 6.296E+10 4.834E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
SBot SBot(3n) SBot(n) 2.537E+08 3.656E+08 3.656E+08
MAD = 9277.720 kN·m
MyBot = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 1.020E+05 kN·m

∴ My = min ( MyTop, MyBot ) = 1.020E+05 kN·m

in which :
S : noncomposite section modulus (mm3)
S3n : long-term composite section modulus (mm3)
Sn : short-term composite section modulus (mm3)
MD1 : moment of noncomposite section (kN·m)
MD2 : moment of long-term composite section (kN·m)
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section (kN·m)

▪ Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.1.2)
 Nominal Flexural Resistance by Dp
Dp > 0.1Dt therefore,
Dp
∴ Mn = Mp ( 1.07 - 0.7 ) = ### kN·m
Dt

▪ Check Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.7.1)

Muy = ### ≤ Фf · Mn = ### kN·m ...... OK

in which :
Muy = ### kN·m
Фf = 1.000

▪ Ductility Requirement (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.3)

Dp = 434.989 ≤ 0.42Dt = 1433.880 mm ...... OK
in which :
Dp = 434.989 mm (distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at
the plastic moment)

Dt = 3414.000 mm (total depth of the composite section)

III. Design Condition (Negative Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 385.000 mm
th = 55.000 mm
fck = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 2100.000 mm bft = 500.000 mm
tfc = 36.000 mm tft = 30.000 mm
D = 2965.104 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 3004.0000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 36.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 30.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
 Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 236204.2 Iy (mm4) 306307118614.8 Iz (mm4) 273724964621.6
dTop (mm) 1796.7 dBot (mm) 1207.3
STop (mm3) 170485064.0 SBot (mm3) 253708328.5
SL (in3) 166577775.3 SR (in3) 165215652.6

2) Short-term Composite Section

A(n) (mm2) 575774.0 Iy(n) (mm4) 875648251696.6 Iz(n) (mm4) 1396858682263.1
dTop(n) (mm) 608.8 dBot(n) (mm) 2395.2
STop(n) (mm3) 1438336240.4 SBot(n) (mm3) 365583455.9
SL(n) (mm ) 3
848009204.7 SR(n) (mm ) 3
845157636.9

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(n) (mm2) 575774.0 Iy(n) (mm4) 875648251696.6 Iz(n) (mm4) 1396858682263.1
dTop(n) (mm) 608.8 dBot(n) (mm) 2395.2
STop(n) (mm3) 1438336240.4 SBot(n) (mm3) 365583455.9
SL(n) (mm3) 848009204.7 SR(n) (mm3) 845157636.9

4) Short-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement)

A(R) (mm2) 252668.7 Iy(R) (mm4) 358338940740.3 Iz(R) (mm4) 319825892535.4
dTop(R) (mm) 1676.9 dBot(R) (mm) 1327.1
STop(R) (mm ) 3
213688877.8 SBot(R) (mm ) 3
270020400.1
SL(R) (mm3) 194160872.7 SR(R) (mm3) 193507975.4

5) Long-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement/3)

A(R3) (mm2) 241692.3 Iy(R3) (mm4) 324438012576.2 Iz(R3) (mm4) 289091857269.8
dTop(R3) (mm) 1754.9 dBot(R3) (mm) 1249.1
STop(R3) (mm3) 184870572.5 SBot(R3)(mm3) 259747145.1
SL(R3) (mm3) 175502761.4 SR(R3)(mm3) 174912605.0

IV. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Negative load combination does not exist. Omit this check.
V. Strength Limit State - Shear Resistance
1. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MIN
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Long-term Short-term Sum
Forces -495.310 -1875.344 -1678.683 -4049.337

2) Shear Resistance (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
▪ Web Classification
Longitudinal Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4447.7 mm
So, this web is considerestiffened web

shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs

5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.884
( )2
D

D E·k
= 148.255 > 1.40 √ = 105.771
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.408
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Stiffened interior Webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12210.300 kN
2D · tw
= 1.130 ≤ 2.500
( bfc · tfc + bft · tft )
therefore,
0.87(1-C)
Vn = Vp[ C + d0 ] = 9401.196 kN
√ 1+( )2
D
Vui = -2043.579 ≤ Фv · Vn = 9401.196 kN ...... OK
in which :
Фv = 1.000

3) Transverse Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1)
bt = 220.000 mm ≥ 50.8 + D / 30.0 = 149.637 mm ...... OK
 16.0 tp = 320.000 mm ≥ bt = 220.000 mm ≥ bf / 4 = 125.000 mm ...... OK
in which :
D = 2965.104 mm (height of steel section)
tp = 20.000 mm (thickness of stiffener)
bf = 500.000 mm (width of flange)

② Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1.3)
It = tp · bt3 / 3 = 7.099E+07 mm4
2.5
Jcal = - 2.0 = 0.442
(d0/D)2
J = max (Jcal, 0.5) = 0.500
It1 = b · tw3 · J = 1.186E+07 mm4 (yielding of stiffener)
D4 · ρt1.3 Fyw
It2 = ( )1.5 = 1.418E+08 mm4
40 E
in which :
ρt = max(Fyw / Fcrs , 1.0) = 1.014
0.31E
Fcrs = min ( , Fys ) = 350.000 MPa
(bt/tp)2

Vu ≤ ΦvVcr Therefore,
It = 7.099E+07 mm4 ≥ min( It1, It2 ) = 1.186E+07 mm4 ...... OK

VI. Service Limit State

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

VII. Constructibility
1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Mu (kN·m) / fc,t (MPa) Tu
Component
Steel Section Only (kN·m)
Force (+) 14823.908 822.511
Stress Top -86.951
-
(fbu) Bot 58.429

2) Check slenderness of web (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.6.2.3-1)

2 · Dc Es
= 178.298 > 5.7 √ = 136.974 ...... Slender Web
 = 178.298 > 5.7 √ = 136.974 ...... Slender Web
tw Fyc
in which :
Dc = 1782.979 mm

3) Discretely Braced Flanges in Compression (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.2)
In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 2590.720 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 107.810 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Moment Gradient Modifer, Cb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

Calculation of Stress (C6.4.10)
f0 = -5.681 MPa
f2 = 0.000 MPa
fmid = 107.778 MPa
f1 = max( 2fmid-f2 , f0 ) = 215.555 MPa
For f2 = 0
Cb = 1.000

▪ Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Stress, Fcr (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)
Cb·Rb·π2·E
Fcr = = 653.231 MPa
Lb
( )2
rt
in which :
Cb = 1.000
Rb = 1.000
Lb = 6000.000 mm
rt = 107.810 mm

▪ Second-order elastic compression-flange Lateral bending stress (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.6)
i. Because of discretely braced flange
Muz ###
fl = = = 0.230 MPa
Sl 1.666E+08

ii. check Lb
Lb = 6000.000 mm
Cb·Rb Cb·Rb
Lb' = min( 1.2Lp√ , 1.2Lp√ )= min( 5526.864 , 16053.355 ) = 5526.864 mm
 Lb' = min( 1.2Lp√ , 1.2Lp√ )= min( 5526.864 , 16053.355 ) = 5526.864 mm
fbu/Fyc Mu/Myc

Lb > Lb'
0.85
∴ fl = max( ( fbu ) fl1 , fl1 ) = 0.230 MPa
1-
Fcr

fl = 0.230 ≤ 0.6Fyf = 213.000 MPa ...... OK

① Check flange nominal yielding

fbu + fl = 112.554 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyc = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

② Check flexural resistance

fbu + fl/3 = 112.401 ≤ Φf · Fnc = 304.128 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Fnc = 304.128 MPa

▪ Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)
λf = bfc / 2tfc = 8.333
λpf = 0.38√(E/Fyc) = 9.132

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.2)

In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

λf ≤ λpf Therefore,
Fnc(FLB) = Rb · Rh · Fyc = 304.128 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 2590.720 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 107.810 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Lateral-Torsional Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)
 E
Lr = π rt √ = 9727.949 mm
Fyr

Lp < Lb ≤ Lr Therefore, noncompact unbraced length

Fyr Lb - Lp
Fnc1(LTB) = Cb[ 1 - ( 1 - )( ) ] Rb · Rh · Fyc = 304.128 MPa
Rh · Fyc Lr - Lp
Fnc(LTB) = min( Fnc1(LTB), Rb · Rh · Fyc ) = 304.128 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

Fnc = min( Fnc(FLB), Fnc(LTB) ) = 304.128 MPa

③ Check web bend buckling (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.9)

fbu = 112.324 ≤ Φf · Fcrw = 208.933 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
0.9E·k Fyw
Fcrw = min ( , Rh · fyc , )= 208.933 MPa
(D/tw)
2
0.7
k = 9 / ( Dc / D)2 = 24.890

4) Discretely Braced Flanges in Tension (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.3.2)

① Check flange nominal yielding (6.11.3.2-3)
fbu = 75.479 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyf · △ = 354.989 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000
fv
△ = √ 1-3 ( )2 = 0.99997
Fyf
in Which :
T
fv = = 1.602 MPa
2 · A0 ·tf
A0 = ### mm2

2. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Section Only
Force -495.310

2) Shear requirement for webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.3)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
 shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs
5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.884
( )2
D

D E·k
= 148.255 > 1.40 √ = 105.771
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.408
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened interior Webs or End panel

Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12210.300 kN
Vn = Vcr = C · Vp = 4978.287 kN
in which :
C = ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
= 0.408

Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4447.7 mm ...... OK

Vui = -249.968 ≤ φv · Vcr = Фv · Vn = 4978.287 kN ...... OK

in which :
Фv = 1.000

VIII. Fatigue Limit State

■ Positve/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no Fatigue Load Combination. Omit this check.
account the long term effects))
on flange)
account the long term effects))
16, 6.10.8.2.2)

Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)

 Code AASHTO-LRFD 2016
Element 1626
Position J
Moment Type Beam

I. Design Condition (Positive Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 386.000 mm
th = 55.000 mm
fc' = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 500.000 mm bft = 2100.000 mm
tfc = 30.000 mm tft = 46.000 mm
D = 2951.233 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 3000.000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 30.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 46.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 256649.3 Iy (mm4) 330952140332.6 Iz (mm4) 280610625750.3
dTop (mm) 1887.8 dBot (mm) 1112.2
STop (mm3) 175310015.8 SBot (mm3) 297568200.4
SL (mm3) 170712046.5 SR (mm3) 169426901.0
 2) Short-term Composite Section
A(n) (mm2) 597101.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 984092484850.1 Iz(n) (mm4) 1406660852652.1
dTop(n) (mm) 687.1 dBot(n) (mm) 2312.9
STop(n) (mm3) 1432175536.7 SBot(n) (mm3) 425485648.7
SL(n) (mm3) 853908482.9 SR(n) (mm3) 851139471.8

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(3n) (mm2) 597101.2 Iy(3n) (mm4) 984092484850.1 Iz(3n) (mm4) 1406660852652.1
dTop(3n) (mm) 687.1 dBot(3n) (mm) 2312.9
STop(3n) (mm3) 1432175536.7 SBot(3n)(mm3) 425485648.7
SL(3n) (mm3) 853908482.9 SR(3n) (mm3) 851139471.8

II. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MAX
Mu (kN·m) Vu T
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum (kN) (kN·m)
Forces (+) 18471.852 77345.429 59848.474 155665.756 -1255.379 5197.382

fc,t (MPa)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Top -105.367 -54.006 -41.789 -201.161
Stresses
Bot 62.076 181.782 140.659 384.517

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 56.373 1446.153 1186.181 2688.708

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.330 1.694 1.389 3.413
Stresses
Right -0.333 -1.699 -1.394 -3.425

- Design Forces and Stresses(Unbraced Length)

Mu (kips·in)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
Forces (+) 19149.635 49373.822 80157.859 148681.317

fc,t (ksi)
Component
Steel (MD1) Long-term (MD2) Short-term Sum
 Top -109.233 -34.475 -55.969 -199.677
Stresses
Bot 64.354 116.041 188.391 368.786

Muz (kN·m)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Forces 37.957 443.119 1028.372 1509.448

fl (MPa)
Component
Steel (MDz1) Long-term (MDz2)Short-term(MDz3) Sum
Left 0.222 0.519 1.204 1.946
Stresses
Right -0.224 -0.521 -1.208 -1.953

2) Cross-section Proportions
① Web Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.1)
D
= 147.562 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw

② Flange Proportions (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.2.2)

bf
= 8.333 ≤ 12 ...... OK
2tf
bf = 500.000 ≥ D/6 = 491.872 ...... OK
tf = 30.000 ≥ 1.1tw = 22.000 ...... OK

3) Flexural Strength Limit State in positive flexure

▪ Section Classification (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.6.2)
min ( Fyc , Fyt , Fyw) = 355.000 MPa ≤ 485.00 MPa ...... OK
D
= 147.562 ≤ 300 ...... OK
tw
▪ Hybrid Factor, Rh (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.1)
Rh = 1.000 (homogeneous section)

▪ Plastic Moment(Mp) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.1)

① Plastic Forces
- Plastic Forces
Prt = Fyr Art = 0.000 kN
Prb = Fyr Arb = 0.000 kN
Pt = bft · tft · Fyt = 34293.000 kN
Pw = 2 · D · tw · Fyw = 41907.508 kN
Pc = 2 · bfc · tfc · Fyc = 10650.000 kN
Ps = 0.85 fck · Bs · ts = 62010.900 kN

- Distance from the plastic neutral axis

drt = 166.353 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the top layer of reinforcement)
drb = 66.353 mm(distance from the PNA to the centerline of the bottom layer of reinforcement)
dt = 2823.516 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the tension flange)
 dw = 1338.516 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web)
dc = 138.484 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange)
ds = 371.484 mm(distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck)

② Plastic moment
- Check the case of the plastic neutral axis
Pt + Pw = 76200.508 kN ≥ Pc + Ps + Prb + Prt = 72660.900 kN ...... OK
∴ PNA in Web
- Distance of the plastic neutral axis
D Pt - Pc - Ps - Prt -Prb
Y = ·( +1) = 123.484 mm
2 Pw
- Plastic Moment
Pw
Mp = · [ Y2 + (D - Y)2 ] + [ Ps · ds + Prt · drt+ Prb · drb+Pc · dc+ Pt · dt ]= ### kN·m
2D

▪ Yield Moment(My) (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, D6.2.2)

① Yield Moment of Top Flange
MD1 MD2 MAD 7.735E+10 5.985E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
STop STop(3n) STop(n) 1.753E+08 1.432E+09 1.432E+09
MAD = 1.833E+05 kN·m
MyTop = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 3.205E+05 kN·m

② Yield Moment of Bottom Flange

MD1 MD2 MAD 7.735E+10 5.985E+10 MAD
Fy = + + = + + = 355.000 MPa
SBot SBot(3n) SBot(n) 2.976E+08 4.255E+08 4.255E+08
MAD = 19395.447 kN·m
MyBot = MD1 + MD2 + MAD = 1.178E+05 kN·m

∴ My = min ( MyTop, MyBot ) = 1.178E+05 kN·m

in which :
S : noncomposite section modulus (mm3)
S3n : long-term composite section modulus (mm3)
Sn : short-term composite section modulus (mm3)
MD1 : moment of noncomposite section (kN·m)
MD2 : moment of long-term composite section (kN·m)
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section (kN·m)

▪ Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.1.2)
 Nominal Flexural Resistance by Dp
Dp > 0.1Dt therefore,
Dp
∴ Mn = Mp ( 1.07 - 0.7 ) = ### kN·m
Dt

▪ Check Flexural Resistance of Composite compact section (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.7.1)

Muy = ### ≤ Фf · Mn = ### kN·m ...... OK

in which :
Muy = ### kN·m
Фf = 1.000

▪ Ductility Requirement (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.7.3)

Dp = 564.484 ≤ 0.42Dt = 1432.620 mm ...... OK
in which :
Dp = 564.484 mm (distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at
the plastic moment)

Dt = 3411.000 mm (total depth of the composite section)

III. Design Condition (Negative Flexure)

1. Section Properties
1) Slab Properties
Bs = 6300.000 mm
ts = 386.000 mm
th = 55.000 mm
fck = 30.000 MPa
Ec = 25743.000 MPa
Ar = 16464.483 mm2
Fyr = 400.000 MPa

2) Girder Properties
[Section]
bfc = 2100.000 mm bft = 500.000 mm
tfc = 46.000 mm tft = 30.000 mm
D = 2951.233 mm tw = 20.000 mm
H = 3000.0000 mm

Position Material Thick (mm) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) Note

Compression Flange SM490 46.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Tension Flange SM490 30.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.
Web SM490 20.000 355.000 490.000 less than 50.8 mm.

[Design Strength]
Fyc = 355.000 MPa(Compression Flange Yield Strength)
Fyw = 355.000 MPa(Web Yield Strength)
 Fyt = 355.000 MPa(Tension Flange Yield Strength)
Es = ### MPa(Elastic Modulus of Steel)

3) Transverse Stiffener Properties

Position Type Fy (MPa) H (mm) B (mm) tw(mm) tf(mm) d0 (mm)
Web 1Side 350.000 220.000 20.000 - - 3000.000

2. Elastic Section Properties

1) Steel Section
A (mm2) 256649.3 Iy (mm4) 330952140332.6 Iz (mm4) 280610625750.3
dTop (mm) 1887.8 dBot (mm) 1112.2
STop (mm3) 175310015.8 SBot (mm3) 297568200.4
SL (in3) 170712046.5 SR (in3) 169426901.0

2) Short-term Composite Section

A(n) (mm2) 597101.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 984092484850.1 Iz(n) (mm4) 1406660852652.1
dTop(n) (mm) 687.1 dBot(n) (mm) 2312.9
STop(n) (mm3) 1432175536.7 SBot(n) (mm3) 425485648.7
SL(n) (mm ) 3
853908482.9 SR(n) (mm ) 3
851139471.8

3) Long-term Composite Section

(Es/Ec = 3n (or n for time dependent material properties defined since the analysis results take into account the long term effects))
A(n) (mm2) 597101.2 Iy(n) (mm4) 984092484850.1 Iz(n) (mm4) 1406660852652.1
dTop(n) (mm) 687.1 dBot(n) (mm) 2312.9
STop(n) (mm3) 1432175536.7 SBot(n) (mm3) 425485648.7
SL(n) (mm3) 853908482.9 SR(n) (mm3) 851139471.8

4) Short-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement)

A(R) (mm2) 273113.8 Iy(R) (mm4) 383985278322.6 Iz(R) (mm4) 326711553664.2
dTop(R) (mm) 1776.2 dBot(R) (mm) 1223.8
STop(R) (mm ) 3
216178249.9 SBot(R) (mm ) 3
313775964.2
SL(R) (mm3) 198329090.2 SR(R) (mm3) 197685958.7

5) Long-term Composite Section(Long. Reinforcement/3)

A(R3) (mm2) 262137.5 Iy(R3) (mm4) 349369397968.9 Iz(R3) (mm4) 295977518398.5
dTop(R3) (mm) 1849.1 dBot(R3) (mm) 1150.9
STop(R3) (mm3) 188943856.5 SBot(R3)(mm3) 303552571.6
SL(R3) (mm3) 179672103.1 SR(R3)(mm3) 179089471.5

IV. Strength Limit State - Flexural Resistance

1. Flexure
■ Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Negative load combination does not exist. Omit this check.
V. Strength Limit State - Shear Resistance
1. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Loadcombination Name ULS 1A
Loadcombination Type FX-MIN
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Long-term Short-term Sum
Forces -197.487 -819.883 -951.151 -1968.522

2) Shear Resistance (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
▪ Web Classification
Longitudinal Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Stiffener : Exist
Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4426.8 mm
So, this web is considerestiffened web

shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs

5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.839
( )2
D

D E·k
= 147.562 > 1.40 √ = 105.526
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.410
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Stiffened interior Webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12153.177 kN
2D · tw
= 1.027 ≤ 2.500
( bfc · tfc + bft · tft )
therefore,
0.87(1-C)
Vn = Vp[ C + d0 ] = 9355.969 kN
√ 1+( )2
D
Vui = -993.543 ≤ Фv · Vn = 9355.969 kN ...... OK
in which :
Фv = 1.000

3) Transverse Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1)
bt = 220.000 mm ≥ 50.8 + D / 30.0 = 149.174 mm ...... OK
 16.0 tp = 320.000 mm ≥ bt = 220.000 mm ≥ bf / 4 = 125.000 mm ...... OK
in which :
D = 2951.233 mm (height of steel section)
tp = 20.000 mm (thickness of stiffener)
bf = 500.000 mm (width of flange)

② Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.11.1.3)
It = tp · bt3 / 3 = 7.099E+07 mm4
2.5
Jcal = - 2.0 = 0.419
(d0/D)2
J = max (Jcal, 0.5) = 0.500
It1 = b · tw3 · J = 1.180E+07 mm4 (yielding of stiffener)
D4 · ρt1.3 Fyw
It2 = ( )1.5 = 1.392E+08 mm4
40 E
in which :
ρt = max(Fyw / Fcrs , 1.0) = 1.014
0.31E
Fcrs = min ( , Fys ) = 350.000 MPa
(bt/tp)2

Vu ≤ ΦvVcr Therefore,
It = 7.099E+07 mm4 ≥ min( It1, It2 ) = 1.180E+07 mm4 ...... OK

VI. Service Limit State

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

■ Positive/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no service load combination. Omit this check.

VII. Constructibility
1. Flexure
■ Positive moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Mu (kN·m) / fc,t (MPa) Tu
Component
Steel Section Only (kN·m)
Force (+) 18471.852 877.280
Stress Top -105.367
-
(fbu) Bot 62.076

2) Check slenderness of web (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.6.2.3-1)

2 · Dc Es
= 187.511 > 5.7 √ = 136.974 ...... Slender Web
 = 187.511 > 5.7 √ = 136.974 ...... Slender Web
tw Fyc
in which :
Dc = 1875.114 mm

3) Discretely Braced Flanges in Compression (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.2)
In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 2561.624 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 106.599 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Moment Gradient Modifer, Cb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

Calculation of Stress (C6.4.10)
f0 = -5.681 MPa
f2 = 0.000 MPa
fmid = 107.778 MPa
f1 = max( 2fmid-f2 , f0 ) = 215.555 MPa
For f2 = 0
Cb = 1.000

▪ Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Stress, Fcr (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)
Cb·Rb·π2·E
Fcr = = 638.641 MPa
Lb
( )2
rt
in which :
Cb = 1.000
Rb = 1.000
Lb = 6000.000 mm
rt = 106.599 mm

▪ Second-order elastic compression-flange Lateral bending stress (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.6)
i. Because of discretely braced flange
Muz ###
fl = = = 0.224 MPa
Sl 1.707E+08

ii. check Lb
Lb = 6000.000 mm
Cb·Rb Cb·Rb
Lb' = min( 1.2Lp√ , 1.2Lp√ )= min( 5541.585 , 15839.035 ) = 5541.585 mm
 Lb' = min( 1.2Lp√ , 1.2Lp√ )= min( 5541.585 , 15839.035 ) = 5541.585 mm
fbu/Fyc Mu/Myc

Lb > Lb'
0.85
∴ fl = max( ( fbu ) fl1 , fl1 ) = 0.224 MPa
1-
Fcr

fl = 0.224 ≤ 0.6Fyf = 213.000 MPa ...... OK

① Check flange nominal yielding

fbu + fl = 109.457 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyc = 355.000 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

② Check flexural resistance

fbu + fl/3 = 109.308 ≤ Φf · Fnc = 303.111 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Fnc = 303.111 MPa

▪ Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)
λf = bfc / 2tfc = 8.333
λpf = 0.38√(E/Fyc) = 9.132

▪ Web Load-Shedding Factor, Rb (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.10.2)

In constructibility (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.2.1)
Rb = 1.000

λf ≤ λpf Therefore,
Fnc(FLB) = Rb · Rh · Fyc = 303.111 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

▪ Limiting Unbraced Length, Lp (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.3)

E
Lp = 1.0 rt √ = 2561.624 mm
Fyc
in which :
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
bfc
= 1 Dc·tw = 106.599 mm
√ 12( 1 + )
3 bfc·tfc

▪ Lateral-Torsional Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)
 E
Lr = π rt √ = 9618.698 mm
Fyr

Lp < Lb ≤ Lr Therefore, noncompact unbraced length

Fyr Lb - Lp
Fnc1(LTB) = Cb[ 1 - ( 1 - )( ) ] Rb · Rh · Fyc = 303.111 MPa
Rh · Fyc Lr - Lp
Fnc(LTB) = min( Fnc1(LTB), Rb · Rh · Fyc ) = 303.111 MPa
in which :
Rb = 1.000
Rh = 1.000

Fnc = min( Fnc(FLB), Fnc(LTB) ) = 303.111 MPa

③ Check web bend buckling (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.1.9)

fbu = 109.233 ≤ Φf · Fcrw = 188.905 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
0.9E·k Fyw
Fcrw = min ( , Rh · fyc , )= 188.905 MPa
(D/tw)
2
0.7
k = 9 / ( Dc / D)2 = 22.294

4) Discretely Braced Flanges in Tension (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.3.2)

① Check flange nominal yielding (6.11.3.2-3)
fbu = 64.354 ≤ Φf · Rh · Fyf · △ = 354.992 MPa ...... OK
in which :
Φf = 1.000
Rh = 1.000
fv
△ = √ 1-3 ( )2 = 0.99998
Fyf
in Which :
T
fv = = 1.341 MPa
2 · A0 ·tf
A0 = ### mm2

2. Shear
■ Max
1) Design Forces
Construction Stage :Stage1
Step : 2
Vu (kN)
Component
Steel Section Only
Force -197.487

2) Shear requirement for webs (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.3.3)

▪ Ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.10.9.3.2)
 shear-buckling coefficient of stiffened Webs
5
k = 5+ d0 = 9.839
( )2
D

D E·k
= 147.562 > 1.40 √ = 105.526
tw Fyw
therefore,
1.57 E·k
C = ·( )= 0.410
D Fyw
( )
2
tw

▪ Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened interior Webs or End panel

Vp = 0.58Fyw · D · tw = 12153.177 kN
Vn = Vcr = C · Vp = 4978.615 kN
in which :
C = ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
= 0.410

Transverse Spacing = 3000.0 mm < 1.5 D = 4426.8 mm ...... OK

Vui = -99.675 ≤ φv · Vcr = Фv · Vn = 4978.615 kN ...... OK

in which :
Фv = 1.000

VIII. Fatigue Limit State

■ Positve/Negative moment
1) Design Forces and Stresses
There is no Fatigue Load Combination. Omit this check.
account the long term effects))
on flange)
account the long term effects))
16, 6.10.8.2.2)

Bridge, 2016, 6.10.8.2.2)

IX. Shear Connertors
Element 1527
Position I
There is no Shear Connector Information. Omit this check.
Element 1591
Position J
There is no Shear Connector Information. Omit this check.
Element 1626
Position J
There is no Shear Connector Information. Omit this check.
X. Stiffeners
1. Longitudinal Stiffeners
Element 1527
Position I

1) Longitudinal Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-1)
E
bl = 220.000 ≤ 0.48 ts √ = 230.693 mm ...... OK
Fyc
in which :
ts = 20.000 mm(thickness of longitudinal stiffener)
Fyc = 355.000 MPa

② Moment of Inertia (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-2)

Il = 7.099E+07 < Ψ · w · t3fc = 8.396E+08 mm4 ...... NG

in which :
Il : Moment of inertia of a longitudinal web stiffener (mm4)
k = 4.000 mm(plate buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress, 1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0)
w = 1100.000 mm(larger of the width of the flange between longitudinal flange stiffeners)
n = 2.000 (number of equally spaced longitudinal flange stiffeners)
Ψ = 1.120 · k3 = 71.680 ( for n = 2 )

1. Longitudinal Stiffeners
Element 1591
Position J

1) Longitudinal Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-1)
E
bl = 200.000 ≤ 0.48 ts √ = 230.693 mm ...... OK
Fyc
in which :
ts = 20.000 mm(thickness of longitudinal stiffener)
Fyc = 355.000 MPa

② Moment of Inertia (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-2)

Il = 5.333E+07 < Ψ · w · t3fc = 2.129E+09 mm4 ...... NG

in which :
Il : Moment of inertia of a longitudinal web stiffener (mm4)
k = 4.000 mm(plate buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress, 1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0)
w = 1100.000 mm(larger of the width of the flange between longitudinal flange stiffeners)
n = 2.000 (number of equally spaced longitudinal flange stiffeners)
Ψ = 1.120 · k3 = 71.680 ( for n = 2 )
1. Longitudinal Stiffeners
Element 1626
Position J

1) Longitudinal Stiffeners (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2)

① Projecting Width (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-1)
E
bl = 200.000 ≤ 0.48 ts √ = 230.693 mm ...... OK
Fyc
in which :
ts = 20.000 mm(thickness of longitudinal stiffener)
Fyc = 355.000 MPa

② Moment of Inertia (AASHTO LRFD Bridge, 2016, 6.11.11.2-2)

Il = 5.333E+07 < Ψ · w · t3fc = 2.129E+09 mm4 ...... NG

in which :
Il : Moment of inertia of a longitudinal web stiffener (mm4)
k = 4.000 mm(plate buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress, 1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0)
w = 1100.000 mm(larger of the width of the flange between longitudinal flange stiffeners)
n = 2.000 (number of equally spaced longitudinal flange stiffeners)
Ψ = 1.120 · k3 = 71.680 ( for n = 2 )