Fundamentals of Connection Design Connection Types: - Tension Connections Direct Loaded Hanger Light and Heavy Bracing

Structural Steel Design According
to the 2005 AISC Specification
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONNECTION TYPES

CONNECTION DESIGN
TOPICS
• Connection Types/Classification/Load
• TENSION CONNECTIONS
Paths/Limit States/Bolt and Weld
Eccentricity Direct Loaded
• Direct Loaded Tension Connections Hanger
• Framing Connections Light and Heavy Bracing
• Moment Connections
• Bracing Connections
361 362
Heavy
Bracing
Direct
Loaded,
Light
Bracing
363 364
CIMEPI - August 2007

Instructor: Thomas Murray, Ph.D., P.E.
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
CONNECTION TYPES
• COMPRESSION CONNECTIONS
Column Splice Column
Beam Bearing Plate splice
Column Base Plate
365 366
CONNECTION TYPES
• FRAMING (SHEAR) CONNECTIONS
Column Double Angles
Base Plate Single Angle
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate
Tee Connections
Seated
367 368

Double Angles
Single Angle
369 370
Shear Tab Shear End-Plate
371 372

CONNECTION TYPES
• MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Flange Welded
Flange Plate Welded
Tee Connection Flange Plate Bolted
Tee-Stub
Flange Angle
Moment End-Plate
373 374
Flange Welded
Flange Plate
Bolted
375 376

Tee-Stub
Flange Angle
377 378
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEAM-TO COLUMN
CONNECTIONS
Moment
End-Plate • Fully Restrained – FR or Type I
Flange Welded
Flange Plate Welded or Bolted
Tee-Stub
Moment End-Plate
379 380

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF
BEAM-TO-COLUMN BEAM-TO-COLUMN
CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS
•Partially Restrained/Pinned – PR or Type II
•Partially Restrained – PR or Type III
Double Angles
Flush End-Plate
Single Angle
Flange Angle
Shear Tab
Double Angles
Shear End-Plate
Seated
381 382
CLASSIFICATION OF MOMENT ROTATION CURVES

BEAM-TO-COLUMN Type I, FR Moment Connection
CONNECTIONS
M = 0.9MF
Typical Beam Line
Moment, M
Classification: All techniques depend on
Type III, PR Moment Connection
member length and M = 0.5MF
moment
diagram/magnitude of M = 0.2MF
Type II, Simple Shear
Connection
moment.
Example: Beam Line/Connection Curve Rotation, θ
383 384

SPECIFICATION AND LIMITS STATES IN THE

MANUAL PROVISIONS LOAD PATH
2005 AISC Specification, Chapter J Example: Tension Connection
Connection, Joints and Fasteners 5/16
(p.90f) 5/8" PL 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB
A
13th Edition Steel Construction Manual Tu
A
3/4" Dia. Section A-A
A325 Bolts, Typ
385 386
LIMITS STATES IN THE LOAD LIMITS STATES IN THE LOAD

PATH PATH
1 A
2
5. Bolt Shear
3,4 Tu
6. Plate Bearing / Tear Out 5
4 2
1 A
7. Plate Block Shear (N/A) 9 8
1. Angle Yielding 8. Plate Rupture 10
2. Angle Rupture including Shear Lag 9. Plate Yield

6,7
3. Angle Bolt Bearing/Tear Out 10. Weld Rupture
4. Angle Block Shear 98
7
387 388

Bolt Types
BASIC BOLT RELATED A307 – machine bolts

Ft = 45 ksi
LIMIT STATES
A325 – high strength bolts
AND Ft = 90 ksi
DETAILING A490 – high strength bolts
Ft = 113 ksi
389 390
A325 and A490 Bolts Bolts: Connection Types
Types of Connections:
3/4 in. Dia.
(a) Bearing Type
7/8 in. Dia. N - threads included in shear plane
X - threads excluded from shear
plane
1 1/4 in. Dia. (b) Slip Critical
SC - slip critical
Note: Thread length is a function of bolt diameter Ex: ¾ in. A325 - N
391 392

Bolts: Pretensioning
-N or -X Bearing Type Bolts

Snug Tight
Pretensioned (no faying surface preparation)
-SC Slip Critical Type Bolts
Pretensioned - Turn of Nut Method
- Calibrated Wrench
- Direct Tension Indicator
- Twist-Off Bolt
393 394
395 396

397 398
399 400

401 402
403 404

Bolt Shear Strength
Design Strength of one Bolt, φrv :

(AISCS – J3.6)
φ = 0.75
rv = Fv Ab
Ab = nominal bolt area
Fv = nominal strength from Table J3.2
φrv = 0.75 Fv Ab = design strength
Note: Tensile area is accounted for in Fv.
405 406
Bolt Shear Strength Bolt Shear Strength

Table J3.2 Continued
407 408

Bolts: Connection Length

Bolt Shear Strength Effect
Table J3.2 Footnote [f]
Design Strength of the Connection:
φRv = 0.75 rv x Number of Bolts When bearing-type connections used to
x Number of Shear splice tension members have a fastener
Planes φTn / 2
pattern whose length, measured
φT n
φTn / 2
parallel to the line of force, exceeds 50
in., tabulated values shall be reduced
by 20 percent.
Ex. For three bolts per row there are six shear planes.
409 410
Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)

• Can be designed to prevent slip at either Section J3.8. Slip-Critical Connections
service loads or factored loads. Designed at Factored Loads
• Factored Loads are used for all limit states.
φrstr = φ µ Du hsc Tb Ns
• Preventing slip at service loads is usually
sufficient. µ = mean slip coefficient (0.35-0.50)
• Both methods result in approximately the Du= usually taken as 1.13
same strength level. Tb= minimum fastener pretension, Table
• Bearing strength must always be checked. J3.1
Ns= number of shear planes
411 412

Bolts: Combined Shear and

Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Tension Strength
ft
φrstr = φ µ Du hsc Tb Ns
Ft
φ = 1.00 for serviceability limit state
= 0.85 for strength limit state
hsc = 1.00 for standard holes
= 0.85 for oversized and short-slotted
holes Fv fv
= 0.70 for long-slotted holes Bearing Connection Interaction Diagram
413 414
Bolts: Combined Shear and Bolt Holes

Tension Strength in Bearing
Hole Types and Dimensions (Table J3.3):
AISCS J3.7
φR n = φ F'nt A b φ = 0.75 • Standard (Std.) db + 1/16 in.
F
F'nt = 1.30Fnt − nt f v ≤ Fnt • Oversized (OVS) db + (3/16 in. to 5/16 in.)
φ Fnv
• Short Slots (SS) Std. by OVS + 1/16 in.
f v ≤ φ Fnv
and • Long Slots (LS) Std. by up to 2.5 bolt
Fnt = nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2 diameters
Fnv = nominal shear stress from Table J3.2
f v = the required shear strength = V u
(Standard Hole is Default for Seminar)
Ab
415 416

Bolt Holes in Calculations

• For all hole related limit states except tear
out, the effective hole diameter used in
calculations is
d′′h = dh + 1/16 in.
The additional 1/16 in. accounts for damage.
• For tear out, the actual hole diameter is
used.
• Note: For bearing, the bolt diameter is used.
417 418
Bolts: Bearing and Tear Out

Tear Out
Bearing Tu
Tear Out Tu
Bearing
Lc Lc
419 420

Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear

Bolts: Bearing and Tear Out Out Design Strength
PL 1/2" x 7"
Section J3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes A36, Fu = 58 ksi
φ = 0.75 112"
For standard, oversized, and short-slotted 4" φTn
holes 112"
Rn = 1.2 L ct Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
3/4" A325-N Bolts
1.2 L ct Fu is the tear out strength 1" 3"
12 Std. Holes
2.4 db t Fu is the bearing strength Bearing Strength:
Lc = clear distance Tu 2.4dbtFu = 2.4 x 0.75 x 0.5 x 58 = 52.2 k
Edge Bolts: L c = 1.5 – 13/32 = 1.09 in.
Lc Lc 1.2LctFu = 1.2 x 1.09 x 0.5 x 58 = 37.9 k
421 422
Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear Bolts: Minimum Spacing and

Out Design Strength Continued
e s
Edge Distance
Other Bolts: L c= 3.0 – 13/16 = 2.19 in. e
s
1.2 L ct Fu = 1.2 x 2.19 x 0.5 x 58 e
Tu
= 76.2 k > 52.2 k

Section J3.3 Minimum Spacing
Design Strength: The distance between centers of
φRn = 0.75 [2 x edge + 2 x other] standard, oversized, or slotted holes,
shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the
= 0.75 [2 x 37.9 + 2 x 52.2] nominal diameter of the fastener; a
=135.2 k distance 3d is preferred.
Typical spacing when db < 1 in. is 3 in.
423 424

BASIC WELD RELATED

LIMIT STATES
AND
DETAILING
Note: Sheared plates require larger edge distance.

425 426
Weld Rupture Weld Rupture

Appendix J2. Welds J2.4. Design Strength
Design Strength = φ Fw Aw.
θ
Tu
For Fillet Welds
Weld
φ = 0.75 θ = 0o θ = 90 o
Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5θ)
FEXX = electrode strength, ksi
θ = angle of loading measured from
the weld longitudinal axis, degrees
(angle of attack) θ = 45o
427 428

Weld Rupture – Special Case Weld Rupture: Effective Areas
f f
tef t tef t
Tu Tu
t t
Rwt Rwl
° ° for t < 3/8” teff = t
Rn = max Rwl + Rwt teff = 0.707 t
0.85Rwl + 1.5Rwt for t > 3/8” teff = t + 0.11”
Rwl and Rwt are the weld strengths with θ = 0o. SAW
FCAW, GMAW, SMAW
429 430
Weld Rupture: SMAW Weld Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes

Example: θ = 00 1/16
E70xx
φRn = 0.75 (0.6x70)(0.707x 1/16) = 1.392 k/in/1/16
Example: E70xx
1/4 5"
Let D = no. of 1/16’s
φRn = 1.392 D Lweld= 1.392 x 4 x 5 = 27.84 k
431 432

Maximum Fillet Weld Size Base Metal Strength at Weld
Maximum Fillet Weld Size: Section J4.1 Shear Rupture Strength

(AISCS – J2.2b) The design rupture strength for the limit
state of rupture along a shear failure
path in the affected elements of
tp < ¼ in. tw = tp connected members shall be taken as
1/16"
tp > ¼ in. tw = tp – 1/16 in. φRn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)

Where Anw = area of the element at the
weld.
433 434
Example: Determine φTn for Welds

A36 PL 3/8" x 8"
E70XX
Bolts: Eccentric Connections
Fu = 58 ksi 1/4
φTn Pu
Pu
PL 5/16" x 5"
Weld Rupture: 5"
M u = Pu e
φTn.= (1.392x4) (5x2) = 55.7 k
= +
Base Metal:
φTn.= 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)
= 0.75 (0.6x58) (5/16) (5x2) = 81.6 k
φTn.= 55.7 k Elastic Method
435 436

Bolts: Eccentric Connections
lo e lo e
Pu
Pu
I.C. c.g. I.C. c.g.
ru max
lr m
ax
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method

437 438
Example: Determine φPn

φPn = C (from Table 7-8) x φrv
From Table 7-8 with e = 8"
φPn
e = 8 in. and n=4
C = 2.93
s = 3"
s = 3"
φrv = φFvAb = 15.9 k/bolt s = 3"
3" 3/4"
φPn = 2.93 x 15.9 = 46.6 k
A325-N
Bolts
439 440

Welds: Eccentric Connections Welds: Eccentric Connections

lo e
Pu lo
Pu e
Pu
Pu
I.C. c.g. I.C.

= c.g. + c.g. c.g.
Mu = Pu e r u max
l
r ma
x
Elastic Method Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method

441 442

6" 8"
φPn ex= aL φPn
8" L = 8" c.g.
xL
E70XX
5/16 kL
E70XX
5/16
443 444


6" 8"
φPn ex = aL φPn
8" L = 8" c.g.
xL
E70XX
5/16 kL
E70XX
5/16
kL = 6 in. ⇒ k = 6 /8 = 0.75
Using Table 8-8: x = 0.225
xL = 0.225 x 8 = 1.8 in. (location of c.g.)
445 446

With ex= aL
a = (6.0+8.0-1.8)/8.0 = 1.53
Using Table 8-8: C = 1.59

D = 5 (since 5/16” weld)
C1 = 1.0 (since E70XX weld)
fPn = fC C1 D L = 0.75 x 1.19 x 1.0 x 5 x 8.0

= 47.7 k
447 448

Workshop 7
449 450
451 452

DIRECT LOADED TENSION DIRECT LOADED TENSION

CONNECTIONS CONNECTION LIMIT STATES
• Tension Yielding
5/16 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB • Tension Rupture
5/8" PL • Block Shear
• Bearing and Tear Out
φTn
• Bolt Rupture
• Weld Rupture
• Whitmore Section Considerations
453 454
Tension Yielding Tension Rupture

Actually a member limit state. φTn = 0.75 Fu Ae (D2-2)
Fy Fu = tensile strength
φTn = 58 ksi for A36; 65 ksi for A992 & Gr50
φTn = 0.9 Fy Ag (D2-1) Ae = effective net area = U An

For design U = reduction or shear lag coefficient
Tu < φTn An = net area
455 456

Tension Rupture Tension Rupture

Reduction or Shear Lag Coefficient Reduction or Shear Lag Coefficient
457 458

Reduction or Shear Lag Coefficient Shear Lag:
459 460


Reduction or Shear Lag Coefficient
An = Net Area = Ag – ΣAh + Σ Stagger
(Table d3.1, Case 2)
Ag = gross area of cross-section
U=1– ¯
x / L < 0.9 Ah = area of hole
= (hole diameter + 1/16 in.) tp
L Stagger = (s2/4g)tp
Note: An < 0.85 Ag for Tension Splice Plates

L c.g.
+ (Rule does not apply to members)
461 462
Tension Rupture Block Shear

Stagger Term = (s2/4g)tp
g Tu
g
g
Tu
• Failure occurs when shear forces reach the
smaller of shear yield and shear rupture.
• The tension area is at rupture.
463 464

Block Shear
Section J4.3 Block Shear Strength
f = 0.75
Rn = [0.6FuAnv+UbsFuAnt] <
[0.6FyAng +Ubs FuAnt]
Shear Rupture = 0.6FuAnv
Shear Yield = 0.6FyAgv
Tension Rupture = FuAnt
Ubs = 1.0 for Direct Loaded Connections
465 466
Block Shear Block Shear

Example: Anv= 2.53 in2 Agv= 3.625 in2
Rn = Shear Rupture Ant= 0.781 in2
+ Ubs Ten. Rupture
min Shear Yield A36 Steel: Fy = 36 ksi Fu = 58 ksi
0.6x58x2.53 = 88.0
Shear Rupture = 0.6FuAnv Rn = +1.0x58.0x0.781
min 0.6x36x3.625=78.3
Shear Yield = 0.6FyAgv
= 78.3 + 45.3 = 123.6 k
Tension Rupture = FuAnt
φRn = 0.75x123.63 = 92.7 k
f Rn = 0.75 Rn
(Note: See following example for area calculations)
467 468

Block Shear Whitmore Section

Welded Connections
Tu 30°
Critical Tu
Tension Area
Shear Section
Area
30°
Note: Anv = Ang
469 470
Whitmore Section Whitmore Section
30°
φTn
30°
471 472

LIGHT BRACING CONNECTION 2 1

Example. Determine φTn. A36 Steel
3 3 φT n
3/4 in. A325-N Bolts 4
5/16 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB 4
5/8" PL A Ag= 3.62 in.2 2 1
x = x = 0.909 in.
5" φTn Limit States:

7" 2"
Angles: 1. Tension Yield
A 2. Tension Rupture
3. Bearing and Tear Out
3" 3"
114" 114" Section A-A
4. Block Shear
473 474
2, 3
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB
Ag = 3.62 in.2
1 1
φTn
2, 3
Limit States:
Bolts: Shear Rupture Angle Yielding:
Plate: 1. Bearing and Tear Out
2. Tension Yield φTn = 0.9 Fy Ag
3. Tension Rupture = 0.9 x 36 x 3.62 = 117.3k
Weld: Weld Rupture
Note: Block Shear is not a limit state for the plate.
475 476

L Lc Lc
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB
φTn
φTn
x = x = 0.909 in.
Angle Rupture:
φTn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu UAn Angle Bearing / Tear Out
An = Ag-Ah = 3.62 – (0.5) (3/4 + 1/16 + 1/16) Bearing: 2.4Futd = (2.4 x 58) (0.5 x 3/4) = 52.2k
= 3.18 in2 Edge: 1.2FuLct = (1.2 x 58) (1.25 - 13/32) (0.5)
U = 1 - x/L = 1 – 0.909/6 = 0.849 = 29.4 k < 52.2 k
Other: 1.2FuLct = (1.2 x 58) (3.0 - 13/16) (0.50)
φTn = 0.75 x 58 x 0.849 x 3.18 = 117.4 k
= 76.1 k > 52.2 k
477 478
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB Agv , Anv

2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB
φTn φTn
2"
Agt , Ant
11
4 " 3" 3"
Angle Bearing / Tear Out Angle Block Shear:
φTn = 0.75 (1 x edge + 2 x other) Anv = 0.5 [7.25 - (2.5 x 7/8)] = 2.53 in2
= 0.75 ( 29.4 + 2 x 52.2) = 100.4 k Agv = 0.5 x 7.25 = 3.625 in2
Ant = 0.5 [2.0 – (0.5 x 7/8)] = 0.781 in2
479 480

A gv, A nv 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x ¼ LLBB 5/16 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB

5/8" PL Ag = 3.62 in.2
x = x = 0.909 in.
φTn
2" φTn
7" 2" 5"
A gt, A nt
1 " 3"
14 3"
3" 3"
Shear Rupture 114" 114"
Rn = + Ubs Tension Rupture
min Shear Yield Bolt Rupture:
3 - ¾ in. A325-N Bolts in Double Shear
0.6x58x2.53 = 88.0 With φrv = 0.75(Fv Ab) = 0.75x48x0.4418
= + 1.0x58x0.787
min 0.6x36x3.625 = 78.3 = 15.9 k/bolt
φRn = 0.75 (78.3 + 36.0) = 92.7 k Fv is from Table J3.2.
φTn = 3 x 2 x 15.9 = 95.4 k
481 482
5/16 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB

5/8" PL Ag = 3.62 in.2 30° 5/8 in. Plate
x = x = 0.909 in.
7" 2"
5" φTn
6.93 in. 6.48 in. φTn
30°
3" 3"
11 114"
Plate Yielding at Whitmore Section:
4"
Plate Bearing / Tear Out: Ag = 0.625 x 6.48 = 4.05 in2
Plate t = 5/8 in.
φTn= 0.9 Fy Ag
From angle calculation by proportion:
φTn = (0.625 / 0.50) (100.4) = 125.5 k = (0.9 x 36) (4.05) =131.2k
483 484

30° 5/8 in. Plate

5/16
6.48 in. φTn 30°
30° 7" φTn

Plate Rupture at Whitmore Section:
Ae = UAn U = 1.0 for plates 30°
An = (6.48 –0.875)(0.625)
Weld Rupture:
= 3.50 in2 < 0.85Ag = 0.85(4.05) = 3.44 in2
φTn =1.392 (1.5) D Lweld
φTn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 1.392 (1.5) (2 x 5) 7.0 = 146.2k
= (0.75 x 58) (1.0 x 3.44) = 149.6k
485 486
5/16 2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB

5/8" PL Ag = 3.62 in.2
x = x = 0.909 in.
5" φTn
7" 2"
Workshop 8
3" 3"
11
4" 114"
Connection φTn = 92.7 k (Block Shear)
487 488


Fundamentals of Connection Design Connection Types: - Tension Connections Direct Loaded Hanger Light and Heavy Bracing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamentals of Connection Design Connection Types: - Tension Connections Direct Loaded Hanger Light and Heavy Bracing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structural Steel Design According

to the 2005 AISC Specification

FUNDAMENTALS OF CONNECTION TYPES

CIMEPI - August 2007

Column Base Plate

CIMEPI - August 2007

Shear Tab Shear End-Plate

CIMEPI - August 2007

CIMEPI - August 2007

CIMEPI - August 2007

CLASSIFICATION OF MOMENT ROTATION CURVES

Typical Beam Line

CIMEPI - August 2007

SPECIFICATION AND LIMITS STATES IN THE

13th Edition Steel Construction Manual Tu

LIMITS STATES IN THE LOAD LIMITS STATES IN THE LOAD

2. Angle Rupture including Shear Lag 9. Plate Yield

CIMEPI - August 2007

BASIC BOLT RELATED A307 – machine bolts

A325 and A490 Bolts Bolts: Connection Types

CIMEPI - August 2007

-N or -X Bearing Type Bolts

CIMEPI - August 2007

CIMEPI - August 2007

CIMEPI - August 2007

Bolt Shear Strength

Design Strength of one Bolt, φrv :

Bolt Shear Strength Bolt Shear Strength

CIMEPI - August 2007

Bolts: Connection Length

Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)

CIMEPI - August 2007

Bolts: Combined Shear and

Bolts: Combined Shear and Bolt Holes

CIMEPI - August 2007

Bolt Holes in Calculations

Bolts: Bearing and Tear Out

CIMEPI - August 2007

Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear

Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear Bolts: Minimum Spacing and

= 76.2 k > 52.2 k

CIMEPI - August 2007

BASIC WELD RELATED

Note: Sheared plates require larger edge distance.

Weld Rupture Weld Rupture

CIMEPI - August 2007

Weld Rupture – Special Case Weld Rupture: Effective Areas

Weld Rupture: SMAW Weld Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes

φRn = 0.75 (0.6x70)(0.707x 1/16) = 1.392 k/in/1/16

CIMEPI - August 2007

Maximum Fillet Weld Size Base Metal Strength at Weld

Maximum Fillet Weld Size: Section J4.1 Shear Rupture Strength

tp > ¼ in. tw = tp – 1/16 in. φRn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)

Example: Determine φTn for Welds

CIMEPI - August 2007

Bolts: Eccentric Connections

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method

Example: Determine φPn

CIMEPI - August 2007

Welds: Eccentric Connections Welds: Eccentric Connections

I.C. c.g. I.C.

Elastic Method Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method