.

.~ ";~ ,

.'

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.~-=~

: GASCONDITIONING
ANDPROCESSING
.
.
.

.. .VOLUMEl

. .SEVENTH EDITION

. Library of Congress
CatalogCardNo.: 76-157183

..
: Third Printing,November
1998
.Version No.: GCP01-07.03.98

.
.Printed

.D
.The
andBoundin U.S.A.

ISCLAIMER
author, John M. Campbell and Company, takes no position as to whether any method,
.apparatus or product mentioned herein is or will be covered by a patent or other intellectual property.
.Furthermore, the information contained herein does not grant the right, by implication or otherwise, to
.manufacture, sell, offer for sale or use any method, apparatus or product covered by a patent or other
.intellectual property right; nor does it insure anyone against liability for infringement of same.

.Neither John M. Campbell and Company nor any co-author or other party involved with the writing,
.preparation. publishing or distribution of these materials shall be responsibleor liable in any way for any loss.
damageor claim with respectto the use of the information,apparatus,equipment,methodsor processesdisclosed
.or describedherein. There is no warranty or representation,expressor implied, with respectto the accuracy,

.
.completeness,
.any
or usefulnessof the information containedherein.AII express or implied warranties, including
warranty of fitness for any particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed.

Published
by: CampbellPetroleum
1215Crossroads
Series
Blvd.
Norman,Oklahoma73072
Phone:(405)321-1383
Fax:(405)321-4533
E-mail: registrar@jmcmail.attmail.com
Website: WWW.JMCAMPBELL.COM
 .
.
.
j .,
TABLE
OFCONTENTS ..
.chagter
# ~ .
1 INTRODUCTION
The
Fundamental
Technology 2
.
BASIC
TERMINOLOGY : 3 .
Elements
andAtoms 3 .
Chemical
Compounds
andMolecules 3 .
Physical
Compounds 4
Relative
Atomic
Mass(Weight) 4 .
Relative
Molecular

Mixture
Mass(Weight)
~.
4

5
.

.
BASIC
HYDROCARBON
NOMENCLATURE 5 .
Paraffin
Series
Formul~:
CnH2n+2 5 .
OlefinorEthylene
Senes(Alkenes)
Formula:
CnH2n 6
Acetylenic
orAlkyneSeries
Formula:CnH2n-2 7 .
Diolefins
Formula:CnH2n-2 7 .
Aromatic(Ben~ene)
Series
Formula:
CnH2n-6 8 .
NaphtheneSenesFormula:CnH2n 8
PARAFFIN
HYDROCARBON
COMPOUNDS 8 .

Other
Carbon-Su1fur
Compounds 9 .
:
Organic
Nitrogen
Compounds
-Amines : 9 .
Glycols 10 .
ACIDS.
BASES
AND
SAL
TS 10
ANAL
YSIS
OF
MIXTURES 11 .
BASIC
UNITS
OFMEASUREMENT 13 .

Length.
Area
and
Volume
:~ .
16 .
:~ :
Work
and
Power , 18 .

VOLUMETRIC-MASS
CONVERSIONS
:: :
]9
REFERENCES 20 .
APPENDIX
]A: Definition
ofSIBase andSupplementary
Units 21 .
APPENDIX
]B: Definition
of S]?erived
U~its
having
Specia1
Names 22 .
APPENDIX
1C: SummaryofBaSlC Converslon
Factors 23
2 PLANNIN G THE SYSTEM 25
THEBASICSYSTEM 26
Constraints
oftheBasicSystem 27
THEDECISION MODULES , 28
TheReservoir
Module 28
TheSeparalion
Module 28
CrudeGilTreating
Module 29

TABLE OF .CONTENTS i
.
.
.
.Produced Water Treating Module ".." 29
.Gas Processing Module , , 30

..
Process Selection and Design Basis '.""""'...' ' ""...'"...34
.CONTRACT TERMS '..""...'..""..."'...'..' '."'..'.' 34
.Gas Contracts 35

SUMMARY , 41
.REFERENCES '."""."' '.."""'.".'...' 41

.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS 43

.EQUA TIONS OF STA TE , ""."...,..,..,.."..,.., , ,."""..,..,., 47
.Nonideal P~V -T Equations 48
.Correspondmg States Concept ' ' '.""".' ' """"" 49 .
Third Parameters , '..' '...' '...""' 49
.Mixture Combination Rules """ "'..'."""."...".""""'.""".."'.'...""""..' '.."'."'.""'" 50
.GAS DENSITY , 51
.Katz Correlation and Kay's Rule , 51
Application of Figure 3.2 to GasesContaining H2S and CO2 53
.Approximate correlation for T c' and Po' 55
.Other Correlations for z , , 56
.LIQUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES '.."..' '." "' 56
Distillation Characteristics ""'.."'...' '..' ' ' '.'.." 57
.Watson Characterization Factor "'...'.'..'..".""..."'..'.'..' " 58

:E
.API Barrel 60
.General Correlations .".'."'."".".".'.' "'.."...'...'...".." , 61
Relative Density Versus Molecular Weight 61
.General Nomographs , 61
.Corresponding States Methods '."".".""""".""."...' '."""."' 66
.Effect of Methane and Ethane '.'.."""""..."'."'..".'.'..' ".."."" 69
Summary of Liquid Density Correlations , "...""",.."..." , " 71
.VISCOSITY 72
.Units of Viscosity , 72
.GAS VISCOSITY 72
.LIQUID VISCOSITY , '...' '...'." '.."."..'..'..' ' 74
SURFACE TENSION 75
.GENERAL PREDICTIONOF FLUID PROPERTIES 76
.USEFUL CONVERSIONFACTORSFOR CHAPTER 3 77
.REFERENCES 78

.4 QUA LIT A TI VE PHASE BEHA VIOR 79

.SINGLE COMPONENT S~STEMS .' '...""""'..'" 79
P- T Plot for aPure Substance "' " '."..'.."'."..""..."' 80
.MUL TI-COMPONENT SYSTEMS , 83
.Effect of Composition , 84
.Effect of C7+ Charactcrization 85
Effect of lmpurities '.."."'.'."'."".." ' '.""."".""" 86
.APPLICA TION OF PHASE ENVELOPES 87
.Reservoir Behavior , 87

.::
.
.
.ii VOLUME 1: THE BASICPRINCIPLES
~.
é

.
.

.
.Vapor-Sol id Equilibrium Constants ..;' 165
.Trekell-Campbell Method :~ 170
.McLeod-Campbell Method 178
Equation of State Calculations ""' ' '...""...'...' "."' "' 179
APPUCA TION OF HYORA TE CALCULA TIONS ; 179
.HYORA TE INHIBITION 179
.Inhibito~ Losses to the Hydrocarbon Phase , 181
.Calculatlon Summary 183
Crystallization (Freezing) of Glycols 184
.Glycol Losses ...,.., ,...,..,..,...".".",.."",.."",.." , 185
.REFERENCES 185
.7 BASIC THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS 187
.::: .
.Basic Thermodynamic Accounting 188

:::f
.The Second Law of Thermodynamics -Entropy 193
.Relat.ionship Between Thermod)'namic Propertiesand with P-v-T 194
Spcclal Case for Ideal Gases 196
.Special Case for Incompressible Liquids 196
.Solution of Equations 7.15 and 7 .17 196
.Effect of Pressure on Cp 197
General Effect of PvT Relationships 198
.APPUCATIONS OF THERMOOYNAMICS 198
.8 CALCULA TION OF SYSTEM ENERGY CHANGES 20!
.CHOICE OF SYSTEM 202
.UNITS OFMEASUREMENTS ".."'.'.'."' "."..' "'.."" 202
.Flow Rates 203
.EFFECT OF PHASE CONDITION ' '.""' '...'..""' ' " 203
ENTHALPY CALCULATION ALTERNATIvES 204
.SENSIBLE HEA T CHANGES ' ' ""..""...'...' '..'."" '. 204
.HEAT CAPACITY CORRELATIONS 205

:
.Mixtures
.ENTHALPY CALCULATIONS FOR PURE SUBSTANCES
207
208
.ENTHALPYCAI.CULATIONS FOR MIXTURES 211
GencrJI Correlations 211

.
.PvT Equations of State 214
.ENTROPY ANO INTERNAL ENERGY CALCULATIONS 215
.REFERENCES ".'.'."'...' '.' ".,..,.., ,..."" 216
APPENDIX 8A: Enthalpy Chal1s 217

9 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION 247

.OEFINITION OF TERMS , 24g

.
.CONTROL OBJECTIvES ANO CONCEPTS 249
.Feedback Control Systcms 250

.~~~

.i
.iv VOLUME 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES ¡
-. On/Off 252
..
Proportional
Contra! 253 .
Kt:!¡et ;;.;~ 255 .
Derivative
PROCESS
CONTROL
CASCADE
AND
CONTROL
VAL
SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
FEED-FORWARD
VES
CONTROL .. ; 256
257
259
260 .
.

~E :
PRINCIPLES
OFPNEUMA
TICCONTROLLERS 268 .
LEVEL
MEASUREMENT
ANDCONTROL 271 .
Other
Level
Devices 274 .
PRESSURE
REGULA
TION
AND
CONTROL 275
Pressure
Controller
Specification 276 .
TEMPERA
TURE
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL 277 .

FilledSystems
~~~.
278 .
Thermocouples 279 .
Resistance
Temperature
Detectors
(RTD's) 280 .
Radiation
Pyrometers 280
Some
Temperature
Control
Applications 280 .
FLOW
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL ;
~:~:
283
Flow
Measurement .
i:~ .
.'"IV"
0.-. .
I Ingane
SI.d.
Rotating
Venturi
eter
V

Vane
Rotary
Meter
Vorte~
M
Meter
Piston
Meters
Shedding , :
,."..,
:
.
285
285
286
.
.
.
.
Centnfugal
(Elbow)
Meters 286
Segmental
Orifices 286 .

Turbine
Meters
~:~ :
288 .

Two-Phase
Flow
Measurement
:
291 .
ALARM
ANDSHUTDOWN
SYSTEMS , , 292 .

Temperature
Switches
i~~ .
294 .
~~~.
TABLE
PRESSURE
Sizing
RELIEF

OFCONTENTS
SYSTEMS 295
296

v
..
.
.

.
 .
.
.
LIST
OFFIGURES .

.
Figure
# ..~ :
1.1 Chromatogram
ofCondensed
Llquld 1-
1.2 Relationship
between
SIMetricUnits : 13 .

.
2.1 Schematic
Viewof aTotalProduction
Processing
System 25 .
2.2 R.efrigeration-
T~peLiquids RecoveryMod.ule 27 .
2.3 Simple Flow Dlagramfor an NGL ExtractlonPlant , 30

3.1 VaporPressure
(a)andReduced
VaporPressure
(b)of Methane
andPropane 49 .
3.2 KatzC~mpressibility
FactorChart 52 .
3.3 CorrectlonFactorChartfor SourGases 53 .
3.4 ApproximatePseudo-criticalProperties
of NaturalGas 55 ,
3.5 Some
Representative
TBPDistillation
Curves 57 .
3.6 LiquidDensityforTBPDistillation
CutsfromThreeDifferent
Oils 58 .
3.7 Corre!atio~sRelating Var~ous.Characterization
Va:ia~lesand Liquid Pro.~rties.: 59 .
3.8 RelatlonshlpBetweenRetractlve lndex, CharactenzatlonFactor.and Bollmg Pomt 60 .
3.9 Approximate CorrelationbetweenMolecular Weightand Relative Density for HydrocarbonLiquids 62
3.10 Density
-Temperature
Correlation
forLiquids 63 .
3.11 Relative
Density
of Hydrocarbon
Mixtures 64 .
3.12 RelativeDensityofHydrocarbon Mixturesat theirBubblePointPressure, 65 .
3.13 Effectof Temperature
andPressure on the Densityof Hydrocarbon
Liquids 67 .
3.14 TemperatureCorrectionfor RelativeDensityin Figure3.16 69
3.15 Relative
Densityof LiquidsContaining
Methane andEthaneatAtmospheric
Pressure
and15°F 69 .
3.16 Pressure
CorrectionforRelativeDensity
in Figure3.15 70 .

.
3.17 Viscosity
of Paraffin
Hydrocarbon GasesatAtmosphericPressure 73 .
3.18 P~essu~e
Correctionfor:iscosityfromFigure3.17 73 .
3.19 VIscoslty
of PureParaftln
Hydrocarbons 74

4.1 P-V-T Diagram

fora SingleComponent
System , 80 .
4.2 P-T Diagram
fora Single
Component
System 8\ .
4.3 Vapor Pressure Chart for Paraffin Hydrocarbons :.: : 82 .
4.4 Vapor Pressure Chart for Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbons Based on Normal Bollmg Pomt 83
4.5 Typical
Phase
Diagram
fora Multi-Component
Mixture 84 .
l 4.6
4.7
Effectof Composition
Location
onPhase
Envelope,
of CriticalLociforSeveral
Methane-Propane
Binary
Systems
Binary , """.""", 85
85
.
.
l
'!4.8 Effectof C6+Characterization
onPhaseEnvelope
forNon-Associated
Gas 86 .
4.9 Effectof CO2'H2S,andN2onNatural
GasPhaseEnvelope 87
4.10 Useof PhaseEnvelopesin ReservoirPrediction
" "."""""","." , , R8 .I
4.11 Characteristic
PhaseEnvelopes
for FourReservoirs , , , ...88 . I

4.12 PhaseDiagramsand Pumping , : 89 .

.
4.13 High PressurePipelines 89 .
4.14 Effe~tof ~ressure
onDewpoint
ControlProcessing
Temperatures YO .
4.15 Refngeratlon
Processes , ')]

5.1 Effect
of Composition
onK Values ,..I()I .
5.2 Estimation
of Conve~gence
Pressure
fromHeptanes
Plus 101 .
5.3 Plotof LogKvs.Tc2 103
.

LIST
OFFIGURES vii .
..
...
.5.4 Volatility Exponent for Use in Finding the K of C7+ ~ ; 104
.5.5 Anorher Correlation for Estimating HydrocarbÓn Boiling Point 104
.5.6 Constant "A" vs. Pseudo~ensity of Feed at T=80°F 110
.5.7 Reid Vapor Pressurevs. Temperature forTypical NGL Liquids 117
5.7a Vapor Pressuresvs. Temperatures 118

.
.5.8 Reid Vapor Pressurevs. True Vapor Pressure for Crude Oils , 119
.5.9 Mechanism of Tank Breathing Loss 123
.5.10 Various Types of ACT Systems 125

6.1 Water Content of Sweet. Lean Natural Gas 147

.6.1 (a) Water Content of Sweet. Lean Natural Gas 148
.6.2 Effective Water Content of COz in Saturated Natural Gas Mixtures 150
.6.3 Effective Water Content of HzS in Saturated Natural Gas Mixtures 151 '
.6.4 Water Content Contr~but~ono~ COz 152
6.4(a) Water Content Contrlbutlon ot COz 152
.6.5 Water Content Contribution of HZS 153
.6.5(a) Water Content Contribution of HzS 153
.6.6", Another Correlation for Sour Natural Gases , 154
.6.7" Constant 'k" .asa Function. of Pressure and Temperature 155
6.8 Water Fugaclty as a Functlon of Pressure and Temperature 156
.6.9 General Fugacity Coefficient Chart 157
.6.10 Water Content of 5.31 C/cC3 -94.69C/cC¡ Gas in Equilibrium with Hydrate 160
8, 6.11 Schematic of Natural Gas Hydrate Lattice 162
.6.12 Hydrate Forming Condit.ions for Natu~a¡.Gas Compone.nts , 164
6.13 General Hydrate Formatlon Characterlstlcs of a Gas Mlxture 165
.6.14 Vapor-Sol id K Values for Methane and Ethane 166
.6.15 Vapor-Sol id K Values for Propane 167
.6.16 Vapor-Salid K Values for iso-Butane 167
.6.17 Vapor-Sol~d K V.a~ue.s
for COz and HzS 168
6.18 Vapor-Salid Equlllbrlum Constants for n-Butane 169
.6.19 Hydrate Prediction Correlations at 6.9 MPa 171
.6.19(a) Hydrate Prediction Correlations at 13.8 MPa 172
.6.20 Hydrate Prediction Correlations at 20.7 MPa """""."".,..",.."""", " 173
.6.20(a) Hydrate Prediction Correlations at 27.6 MPa 174
.6.21 Hydr.lte Predictio~ Correlations at 34.5 MPa , 175
6.21 (a) Hydrate Prediction Correlations at 41.4 MPa 176
.6.22 Hydrate Prediction Correlations tor Non-Hydrate Formers , 177
.6.23 Vapor-Liquid Equi1ihrium of Methanol ayer Water 182
.6.24 Freezing Points of Glycol- Water Solutions 185

.8.1 , ".",." 202

.8.2 ..., : 202
.8.3 Heat Capacity of 0.65-0.75 Relati"e Density Natural Gas 205

.
.8.4 Correlation for Esti~ating Latent Heat 207
.8.5 Pressure-Enthalpy D~agram for Propane , 2()9
8.5(a) Pressure-Enthalpy Dlagram for Propane 210

.9.1 Simple Level Control System , '..' 250

.
.9.2 Blo~k Diagram. for Level. Control System 251
.9.3 Perlormance 01 Valve Trlm , 263

.\iii VOLUME 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES

 ...
9.4 Schematic
View
ofTwo Fisher
Pilots 270 .
9.5 Sch,cmat~c
V~t;;"'"
ofFishef
Dislacemcnt
Type
Level
Controller , 272 .
9.6 Schematlc
Vlew
ofLow
Pressure
DPController 274 .
A.I Useofa "Stinger"
A.2 Recommended
forSampling
Separator
Hookup
,...' : 313
313
.
.
...
.
.
.
.. ...
...
...
JO"'# - .."
...
...
..
...
.
.

LIST
OFFIGURES ix .
.
 .,¿,.
.,",=- -
.',;(é "

;~
.;.
.LIST OF TABLES --' -

.Table# ~
.1.1 Fluid Analysis , : """'.""."""""""""" 11
.1.2 Summary of SI Metric Prefixes 14

.. .1.3

.3.2(a)
3.1
' Force and Mass Units

Properties of Paraffin Hydrocarbons -SI Units

16

44
.3.2(b) Properties of Paraffin Hydrocarbons -English Units ; 45

.5.1 Properties of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Liquids -Metric Units c" 111

.-
.5.1 (a) Propertjes of Paraffin Hydrf)carbon Liquids -English Units : , 111

.
.52 Col1ipari~oh of Experimental and Predicted Liquefaction , 116

.'8.1 The Propert~es:ofSaturateda~d Superheated Propane -SI U~its...,.: 212

8.1 (a) The Propertles of Saturated and Superheated Propane -Engllsh Urnts , ,213

... .9.1
.9.2
Some Different Types of Control Val ves '
Composition and Temperarure Range of,Common Thermocouples '..'.."'
:
'
:
' '..'.'..'
261
,279

...
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.
.

:
... c",'i;;~~

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.x
.. VOLUME 1: THE BASICPRINCIPLES
 '.~ .. i

1 ...I
--.
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CAMPBELL
PETROLEUM
SERIES :
BOO
KS... .
This book is one of a series in the afea of petroleum prod4ctiqn/processing. Each uses a CPS formal ..

ence. ~
designed to provide direct, concise explanations of thesystem InvoÍVed for convenient use as a desk refer-
., . .

The same approach is used in a second series of books covering the (\r~a of financial analysis and .
planning -and petroleum project and property evaluation -for both petroleum and financial speci~lists. .
These toa have served as th~e~tandardrefetencesin the petroleum afea for the past quarter century. .,:

A description..aQdpric~lis~ for all books is available upon request. Adult training coursesusing these
books also:ai~aváilable exclusively through John M. Campbell and Company.

COMPUTER
SOFTWARE...
~~~ ,c., ....C:

ThekeYequationsandeorrelatiijr~~in
V()lumes1 and"2of GasConditioningandProcessinghavebeen .
programmedfor use with microcomputers.The booksserveas your manuals. The computerwill give the .
sameresultas manualcalculations. ..
No longerdoes onehave to calculate"blindly" or to undergothe frustrationof trying to makethe .
programwork. The programfollows the sequencein the book. Exampleproblemsin the book canbe used .
to checkyour procedure. .
,"'-'" , As personal computers become more common these programs become a part of your "desk refer- .
ences," along with the companionbooks. They enhancethe time efficiency ofthe professional. .

Programdisksareavailablein both EnglishandSI Metric units. '8

..
Pricesand otherdetai.isareavailableuponrequest.

",,'" ..~"o., ;e;¡:?C-.""'.

,- ~ ,"'"
--.
.

.-,
.
"'~i, ..
c,...".; ...
-.
CAMPBELL
PETROLEUM
SERIES xi .
.
 ..
..
, ..c,,~ '" .:::,~':~-,

...
.'.:'"~'

..

'1
,.
..
';

.':
:~
" :
e --" ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This Seventh Edition representsa substanti.alrewrite and reorga~izationo: the .previous~dition. This

was done to retlect what 1 regard as necessarybaslc know,ledgeto functlon effectlvely In the subJectafea now .
.and il) the 1990's.

.About thirteen revisions have occurred since this book had its birth as an adult training manual in
.1960. Scores of folks have contributed to these changes by their formal or informal comments. Where
.possible, these have !->eenci~ed. The source of some changeshas been lost. 1 both apologize for this and'
.thank these unknown personsfor their contribution.

.Special thanks a!e due Bob Hubbard, Larry Lilly, John Morgan, and Bob Maddox for their contri bu-
.tiGns in the preparationand review of the technical material. Sharon Antram is responsible for much of the

.
new word processingand artwork. Joy Garrison (retired) is rememberedfor the many hours dedicated since
.1968 to this and previous editions. Danny Stowe deserves special recognition for countless hOUiSof layout
.and editing work.. His efforts pulled this manuscript togetheras a book. Thank you all for your help.

.
.Dr, John M. Campbell

.Norman, Oklahoma
.July 1992

.
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.

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... ..t'c'.'. 1,.:J;:{'é
,
¡,¡;f~:,~:.

.xii VOLUME 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES