Fluid Mech Module 1 Lesson 2

Fluid Classification, Fluid Properties Module 1-Lesson 2
Lesson 2. Fluid Classification, Fluid Properties
2.1 Types of Fluid
The fluid can be classified as follows:
1. Ideal Fluid
5
2. Real Fluid
3. Newtonian Fluid
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid
1. Ideal Fluid
 The liquids which are incompressible and is having no thickness is known as a perfect liquid.
 A perfect liquid is just a non-existent liquid as every one of the liquids which exist, have some
thickness.
2. Real Fluid
 The fluids, which possesses viscosity is known as real fluid.
 Every one of the liquids, in genuine practice, are genuine liquids.
3. Newtonian Fluid
 A real fluids in which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity
gradient) known as a Newtonian Fluids.
4. Non-Newtonian fluid
 A real fluids in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity
gradient) known as a Non-Newtonian Fluids.𝜏𝛾𝑥 𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑦] = 𝜴0
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid

 The fluids in which shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the
rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient) is known as ideal plastic fluids.
Fluid is a common state of certain substances, or a type of matter. Liquid is one of the three phases or state
of matter. Fluids flow and has some viscosity (thickness). Liquids also flows and it has volume, but no definite
shape.
Definition of fluid
 It may be defined as follows:

o A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing but don’t have definite shape of its own.
Or
o A fluid is a substance which cause it to undergo a deformation continuously when subjected
to external shearing force.
ABE 226- Fluid Mechanics Course Facilitator: Engr. Catherine B. Arroyo, MA Ed.
2nd Semester, SY 2020-2021 E-mail add: cbarroyo@capsu.edu.ph
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
Behavior of Fluids
 The analysis of fluids behaviour is based on:

i. Fundamental laws of mechanics
ii. Conservation of mass momentum energy and
iii. Laws of thermodynamics
2.2 FLUID PROPERTIES1.6

6
The characteristics of a fluid by which its physical condition may be described are called properties of fluid.
It helps in the formulation of general laws which govern fluid motion. Some of the important properties of
fluids are density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, capillarity,
compressibility and vapor pressure. The properties that are independent of the mass of a system are called
intensive properties, for example, temperature, pressure and density. The properties that depend on the size
(or extent) of the system are called extensive properties. Thus, in dividing a system into two equal parts if
the properties become half of the original system then the properties are said to be extensive properties, for
example, mass and volume.
2.3 MASS DENSITY OR DENSITY 1.7
The mass density or density (ρ) is the ratio of mass (m) of a fluid to its volume (v). The mass density of a
fluid is mathematically expressed as given below.
2.4 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY 1.8
The specific weight or weight density (w) is the ratio of the weight (W) of a fluid to its volume (v). The
specific weight of a fluid is mathematically expressed as given below.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
2.5 SPECIFIC VOLUME1.9
2.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR RELATIVE DENSITY 1.10
Specific gravity (S) is defined as the ratio of the density (or weight density) of a fluid to the density (or weight
density) of a standard fluid. For liquids, the standard fluid is assumed as water (at 4°C), whereas for gases
it is air (at 0°C). The specific gravity is also known as relative density and it has no units. The specific gravity
of a fluid is mathematically expressed as given below.
Exercises/Drills
Example 2.1
Example 2.2
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
Example 2.2
2.7 VISCOSITY OR DYNAMIC VISCOSITY 1.11
Viscosity is the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over an
adjacent layer. In other words, it is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow.
The viscosity is due to cohesion and molecular momentum transfer between fluid layers. If there is any fluid
flow, then these factors add up and appear as shearing stresses. A typical velocity profile developed during
the flow of a fluid over a stationary solid flat surface is illustrated in Figure 1.2(a).
Here, no slip occurs at the point of contact between the fluid and the solid surface where the fluid motion
completely stops and has a zero velocity (u) = 0 . The layer that sticks to the solid surface slows down the
next adjacent fluid layer due to the presence of viscous forces and it slows down the next layer and so on.
Thereby, the velocity of each successive layer increases. Thus, the stream velocity in the fluid layers which
is far away from the solid surface attains the free stream velocity. In fact, the velocity variation between
each layer is due to viscosity.
2.7.1 Newton’s Law of Viscosity 1.11.1
Consider two adjacent layers of a fluid at a distance apart and denoted as dy. The lower layer moves with a
velocity u and the upper layer moves with a velocity (u + d u) which is higher than the lower one as shown
in Figure 1.2(a). The upper layer drags the lower layer along with it by means of force F acting over an area
of contact A. However, the lower layer tries to retard the upper one with an equal and opposite force F.
These two equal and opposite forces causes shear stress τ and it is mathematically expressed as given below
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
The Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear stress on a fluid layer is directly proportional to the
velocity gradient or the rate of shear strain (du/dy) as shown in Figure 1.2(b) and it is mathematically
expressed as given below.
Here, μ is the constant of proportionality known as coefficient of viscosity or the dynamic viscosity or simply
the viscosity.
Fluids which obey Newton’s law of viscosity are known as Newtonian fluid, for example, water, air and
molten metals. Fluids which do not obey this law are known as non-Newtonian fluids, for example, human
blood and thick lubricating oils. The variation of shear stress (𝜏) with velocity gradient (du/dy) for Newtonian
fluid is a straight line whose slope (y/x) is the viscosity of the fluid (Figure 1.2(b)).
It can be noticed that the Newton’s law of viscosity for fluids is analogous to the Hooke’s law of elasticity
for solids.
2.7.2 Units of Viscosity (1.11.2)
From Equation (1.6), we get:
2.7.3 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature (1.11.3)
The viscosity of fluids varies greatly with temperature. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of
liquids decreases while for gases it increases (Figure 1.2(c)). This can be explained by the fact that the
property of viscosity is due to intermolecular forces of cohesion and the momentum transfer due to exchange
of molecules between adjacent layers of fluid under shear. In liquids due to closely packed molecules, the
cohesive forces predominates the molecular momentum transfer. With increase in temperature, the molecular
cohesion decreases due to increase in distance between the molecules and as a result, the viscosity of liquids
decreases. In case of gases, the molecular cohesive forces are very small and the viscosity is mainly due to
molecular momentum transfer. With increase in temperature, the molecular activity increases with increase
in momentum transfer and also the viscosity.
The relationship between viscosity and temperature for liquids is expressed as follows.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
Here, 𝜇 is the viscosity of liquid at T°C in poise, μo is the viscosity at 0°C in poise, and a and b are the
constants depending on the liquid.
For water:
𝜇 o = 0.0179 poise, a = 0.03368 and b = 0.000221 10
From Equation (1.7), it can also be observed that viscosity of liquids decrease with increase in temperature.
The relationship between viscosity and temperature for gases is expressed as follows.
2.8 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (1.12)
Exercises/Drills
Example 2.3
Example 2.4
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
Example 2.4
11
Example 2.5
2.9 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES (1.14)
2.9.1 Perfect Gas Law (1.14.1)
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
12
2.9.2 Universal Gas Constant (1.14.2)
The characteristic equation given by Equation (1.11) can also be expressed in mole basis which is universally
applicable.
Let for a gas, m be the mass in kg, M be its molecular weight in kg/mol and n be the number of moles in
mol, then we get the following expression.
Therefore, the value of gas constant of a gas can be calculated from Equation (1.14a) if its molecular weight
is given.
2.9.3 Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature Process) (1.14.3)
When the change in density of a fluid system occurs at constant temperature, then it is called isothermal
process.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429

pv = Constant (Boyle’s law)
2.9.4 Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure Process) (1.14.4)

When the change in density of a fluid system occurs at constant pressure, then the process is called isobaric
process.
13
2.9.5 Reversible Adiabatic Process (Isentropic Process) (1.14.5)
When the change in density of a fluid system occurs without involving any heat transfer and irreversibility
(such as friction), then the process is called reversible adiabatic process. A reversible adiabatic process (or
frictionless adiabatic process) is also known as isentropic process. The relation for reversible adiabatic process
is given in the following expression.
Exercises/Drills
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
14
2.10 SURFACE TENSION 1.15
The surface of the liquids behaves like a stretched elastic membrane under tension. Due to intermolecular
attraction (i.e., cohesion) between molecules, a pulling force acts parallel to the surface. The magnitude of
this force per unit length is called surface tension which is denoted by σ and it is usually expressed in N/m.
Its dimensions are [MT-2].
This phenomenon also appears as surface energy which may be defined as the work done against the pulling
force for the formation of a surface and it is expressed in N ⋅m/m2 or J/m2.
A liquid molecule inside a fluid mass is equally attracted on all the sides and thus, the forces of attraction
are in equilibrium [Figure 1.12(a)]. However, a molecule at the surface of the liquid does not have any liquid
molecule above it and consequently, there is a net downward force on it due to the attraction by the
molecules below it. Thus, a film or an elastic membrane seems to form on the liquid surface which remains
in tension and it can support small loads like a small steel needle that can float on it and water strider (an
insect) can walk on the water surface in a pond. The surface tension phenomenon can be observed in a
mercury drop which forms a sphere, a soap bubble, a liquid fuel injected into an engine which forms a mist
of spherical droplets, water droplets and capillarity.
The surface tension (σ) of liquids decreases with increase in temperature (T). It depends on the cohesive
forces and the fluid in contact with the liquid surface. The magnitude of surface tension of water in contact
with air at 20°C is 0.073 N/m and it decreases to 0.059 N/m when the temperature is increased to 100°C
[Figure 1.12(b)]. The surface tension of some fluids in air at 20°C is given in Table 1.5. The addition of soaps
and detergents lower the surface tension of water. The effect of surface tension is to minimize the surface
of the liquid and thus, the drops of liquid tend to take a spherical shape. For a droplet, surface tension
increases the internal pressure p to balance the surface force. In the following sections, the pressure inside
a liquid droplet, soap bubble and a liquid jet is described.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
2.10.1 Pressure Inside a Liquid Droplet 1.15.1
Consider a small spherical droplet of liquid of diameter d as illustrated in Figure 1.13.
Let σ be the surface tension of the liquid and p be the pressure intensity inside the liquid droplet which 15
is above the atmospheric pressure.
The forces acting on one half of the droplet are as follows.
1. Tensile force due to surface tension which acts around the circumference is given below.
2.10.2 Pressure Inside a Soap Bubble 1.15.2
A soap bubble has two surfaces in contact with air, one inside the bubble and the other outside it as
schematically shown in Figure 1.14. Thus, the
surface tension force will act on both the
surfaces.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
16
2.10.3 Pressure Inside a Liquid Jet 1.15.3
A schematic view of a cylindrical liquid jet of diameter d and length l is shown in Figure 1.15.
The following forces act on the liquid jet.
Pressure force = p × l × d
Surface tension force = σ × 2 × l
For equilibrium of the liquid jet, equating the above forces, we get:
p × l × d = σ × 2l
Exercises/Drills
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
17
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
2.11 CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY EFFECT) 1.16
Capillarity means the rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small diameter tube relative to the adjacent general
level of liquid when the tube is inserted vertically into the liquid. The small diameter tube is called the capillary
tube and the curved free surface of the liquid in this tube is called the meniscus. The rise of kerosene through
the wick dipped into the sump of a kerosene lamp is a good example of capillary effect. The rise of liquid
surface is called capillary rise and the lowering of liquid surface is called capillary depression and it is
expressed in terms of mm of liquid or m of liquid.
The strength of capillary effect can be known by the contact angle α, which is the angle that the tangent 18
to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface at the point of contact. The liquid wet the surface when 𝛼
< 90° and the liquid does not wet the surface when 𝛼 > 90°. The contact angle of water with clean glass
tube is about zero, i.e., 𝛼 ≈ 0°. Therefore, the surface tension force acts upward on water in a glass tube
and consequently, water rises in the tube until the weight of the liquid in the tube above the liquid level of
the reservoir balances the surface tension force.
Capillarity is due to both cohesion (forces between like molecules) and adhesion (forces between unlike
molecules). Adhesion between glass and water molecule is greater than cohesion between water molecules.
Thus, water rises in the tube and forms a concave meniscus with very small angle of contact. In the case of
mercury (Hg), the cohesion force between the molecules is more than the adhesion force between the
mercury molecules and the glass surface. Thus, the mercury in the clean glass tube goes down relative to
the free surface in the container and forms a convex meniscus with the angle of contact for about 130°.
2.11.1 Expression for the Capillary Rise or Fall 1.16.1
Let σ be the surface tension of the liquid, ρ be the density of the liquid, h be the height of the liquid in the
tube and α be the contact angle as shown in Figure 1.16.
The magnitude of the capillary rise or depression (fall) in a circular glass tube can be determined from a
force balance given below.
Weight of the liquid raised or lowered in the capillary tube is given by,
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
19
2.12 Exercises/Drills
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
20
2.14 COMPRESSIBILITY AND THE BULK MODULUS 1.17
The compressibility of a fluid is the measure of volumetric strain caused by unit change in pressure. In other
words, compressibility or coefficient of compressibility (β) is the reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity of
the fluid. The bulk modulus of elasticity (K) is the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain.
Mathematically, the bulk modulus of elasticity is given in the following expression.
The bulk modulus of elasticity is expressed in N/m2 and its dimensions are [ML− 1 T − 2]. The values for the
bulk modulus of elasticity for water and air at normal temperature and pressure are about 2.06 × 109 N/m2
and 1.03 x 105 × N/m2, respectively. This indicates that air is about 20000 times more compressible than
water. A large value of the bulk modulus of elasticity indicates that a large pressure will be required to cause
a small change in volume. Thus, a fluid with large value of K will be incompressible, for example, liquids.
However, in some problems where the changes in pressure of liquid is either very large or very rapid, such
as water hammer or rapid closure of valve, the effect of compressibility is to be considered.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
On the other hand, gases are highly compressible. Thus, the value of K for gases is not constant. It is
proportional to pressure and changes very rapidly. It may be noted that compressibility of air is considered
only at high velocities, i.e., nearing the local speed of sound in that medium and otherwise the flow of air is
considered as incompressible. In Chapter 17, it is explained that velocity of sound in an ideal gas is given by
the following expression.
21
Equation (1.24) is for an isentropic process, since there is negligible heat transfer and the disturbance is
small.
The relationships between the bulk modulus of elasticity and pressure for an ideal gas for isothermal and
adiabatic process are discussed in the following sections.
2.14.1 Bulk Modulus for an Isothermal Process 1.17.1
The relation for isothermal process is given by the following expression.
2.14.2 Bulk Modulus for Reversible Adiabatic Process

(or Isentropic Process) 1.17.2
The relation for reversible adiabatic process is given by the following expression.
Thus, for an ideal gas, the bulk modulus of elasticity equals γ times the pressure for an adiabatic process (or
isentropic process).
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
Exercises/Drills
22
2.15 VAPOR PRESSURE 1.18
Atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor. Thus, atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial
pressure of dry air and the partial pressure of water vapor. The partial pressure of water vapor constitutes
only about 3% of the atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of water (liquid) can be defined as the
pressure exerted by its vapor in phase equilibrium with water at a given temperature. When both vapor and
water are present and the system is in phase equilibrium, then the partial pressure of vapor must be equal
to the vapor pressure, and the system is said to be saturated. A liquid changes into vapor when exposed to
atmosphere and its rate of evaporation is controlled by the difference between the vapor pressure and the
partial pressure. The vapor pressure of air at a given temperature is equal to the saturation pressure of water
at that temperature. Consider a large tub of water at 30°C in a room with dry air at one atmosphere. The
evaporation of water starts but it stops when the partial pressure of water vapor in the room rises to 4.25 kPa
at which phase equilibrium is attained.
At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes its phase is termed as saturation
temperature. Similarly, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance changes phase is
called the saturation pressure. When the liquid is confined in a closed vessel, the ejected vapor molecules
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
get accumulated in the space between the free liquid surface and the top of the vessel. These accumulated
vapors of the liquid exert a partial pressure on the liquid surface which is known as vapor pressure of the
liquid. There may be an interchange of vapor molecules between the liquid and the gaseous space above it.
The vapor pressure will have a constant value when the vapor molecules leave and enter the liquid at the
same rate (i.e., equilibrium state). The constant vapor pressure is called the saturated vapor pressure (or
saturation pressure) and it greatly depends on the temperature. The vapor pressure and saturation pressure
are equivalent for phase changes processes and it increases with temperature. For example, water at 0°C
has a saturation pressure (or vapor pressure) of 0.611 kPa, whereas it changes to 2.34 kPa, 4.25 kPa and
12.35 kPa at 20°C, 30°C and 50°C, respectively. The saturated pressure of water at 100°C is equal to 101.325 23
kPa. When the pressure above the liquid is equal to its saturation pressure, the liquid starts to boil. Thus, if
the pressure above the liquid surface is reduced by some means to such an extent that it becomes equal to
or less than the saturation pressure of the liquid, then boiling of the liquid starts irrespective of the
temperature. The vapor pressure of mercury is very low and hence, it is an excellent fluid to be used in a
barometer. On the other hand, the vapor pressure of volatile liquids, like benzene, petrol, etc., is very high.
2.16 CAVITATION 1.19
In a liquid flow system, the pressure at any location in the liquid may drop below its vapor pressure. This
causes vaporization of the liquid and results in the formation of small cavities of vapor bubbles and dissolved
gases. The vapor bubbles so formed are carried by the flowing liquid from low pressure region to a high
pressure region where they collapse suddenly and generate very high pressure waves. The pressure
developed due to collapsing of bubbles may cause pitting, erosion and fatigue failure of the adjoining solid
surfaces. This destructive phenomenon is called cavitation which results in noise, vibration, loss of efficiency
and damage to machines. Cavitation phenomenon may occur in hydraulic machines, such as turbines, pumps
and propellers and it can be sensed by its characteristic tumbling sound. To avoid cavitation, the pressure at
any point in the fluid flow should not be allowed to drop below the vapor pressure at the local temperature.
To avoid problems related to flow of water, the pressure should not be permitted to fall below 2.5 m of
water.
2.17 EVALUATION
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Define fluid mechanics and give its application areas. What is fluid continuum?
2. Define the following properties of fluid: (i) mass density, (ii) specific weight, (iii) specific volume and (iv)
specific gravity.
3. What do you mean by viscosity? State and explain Newton’s law of viscosity. Also discuss how does
viscosity of liquids vary with temperature?
4. Define a fluid and also discuss the various types of fluids.
5. Define surface tension and explain its cause.
6. Derive expressions for internal pressure inside a droplet and soap bubble.
7. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity and also obtain an expression for capillary rise or fall of a liquid in
a very small diameter glass tube.
8. Explain why in a capillary tube, the meniscus of water is concave upwards while the meniscus of mercury
is convex upwards.
9. Define compressibility. How is it related to bulk modulus of elasticity?
10. Explain why some insects can walk on water and soap bubbles rise up in air?
11. Explain why a water column in a thin glass tube be lifted up while a mercury column be depressed?
12. Define cavitation, evaporation, vapor pressure and boiling.
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
II. Answer the following problems:
1. Find the mass density, specific weight and weight of one litre of a liquid of specific gravity of 0.72.
[Ans. 720 kg/m3, 7063.2 N/m3, 7.0632 N] [#1 p. 1.31 Kumar]
2. Water at 68°F has a dynamic viscosity of 1 Centipoise. Compute its dynamic viscosity and kinematic
viscosity in foot pound-second units. [#1 p.12 King et. al.]
24
3. Derive °C and °F formula and convert it to °K. Freezing Point: 0 °C, 32 °F; Boiling Point: 100°C, 212 °F.
FON
4. A given gas of chlorine occupies 38 cm3 @ 20 °C. Determine its volume @ 45 °C. Pressure remains
constant. (Express answer in liter) FON
5. A steel tank contains oxygen gas @ 32°F and a total pressure of 12 atmosphere. Determine the gas
pressure when the tank is heated to 212°F. (Note: Express the temperature in Rankine)
6. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 3 y − y 2, where u is the velocity in m/s at
a distance y meter above the plate. Find the velocity gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.2 m
from it when μ = 0.86 Ns/m2. (EN1.8 p1.10)
7. The space between two horizontal square flat plates of sides 0.7 m each is filled with a lubricant film of
thickness 1 cm. The upper plate requires a force of 100 N to maintain its speed of 2 m/s while the lower
plate is fixed. Evaluate the dynamic viscosity in poise and the kinematic viscosity in stokes of the lubricant
if its specific gravity is 0.96. (SP. 1.9/p 1.11)
8. Calculate the minimum size of a glass tube that can be used to measure water level when capillary rise
in the tube is not to exceed 0.4 mm and surface tension for water in contact with air is 0.0735 N/m. Take
angle of contact 𝛼 = 0°. (SP. 1.26/p 1.25)
9. Calculate the bulk modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of compressibility of the liquid when increase
in its pressure from 6000 kN/m2 to 12000 kN/m2 causes 0.15 per cent decrease in volume. (SP. 1.30/p 1.27)
10. Calculate the bulk modulus of air kept in a cylinder of volume 0.2 m3 at 100 kPa when compressed to
0.05 m3 by (i) isothermal compression and (ii) adiabatic compression. (SP. 1.32/p 1.28)
III. Write a reflection in this module using the following questions:

a. What have I learned from this module?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________ .
Cell No. 0906 441 4429
b. How will these concepts influence my future work?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________ . 25
c. Answer the following completely:

1. After having (read, learned, understood, experienced, analysed…)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. As an individual, I therefore now…
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. I have significantly (developed, improved, widened…) my skills/abilities in
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________ .
2. 18 Additional Reading
Featherstone, R.E. & Nalluri, C. (1998) CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS Essential Theory with
Worked Examples. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd. London
Naib, S.K.Al. FLUID MECHANICS HYDRAULICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
2.19 References
Kumar, M. (2019) FLUID MECHANICS and HYDRAULIC MACHINES. Pearson India Education
Services Pvt. Ltd. India
King, H.W. et al. HYDRAULICS. 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London
Cell No. 0906 441 4429

Fluid Mech Module 1 Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Mech Module 1 Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Classification, Fluid Properties Module 1-Lesson 2

Lesson 2. Fluid Classification, Fluid Properties

2.1 Types of Fluid

The fluid can be classified as follows:

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid

 It may be defined as follows:

 The analysis of fluids behaviour is based on:

2.2 FLUID PROPERTIES1.6

2.3 MASS DENSITY OR DENSITY 1.7

2.4 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY 1.8

2.5 SPECIFIC VOLUME1.9

2.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR RELATIVE DENSITY 1.10

2.7 VISCOSITY OR DYNAMIC VISCOSITY 1.11

2.7.1 Newton’s Law of Viscosity 1.11.1

2.7.2 Units of Viscosity (1.11.2)

From Equation (1.6), we get:

2.7.3 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature (1.11.3)

𝜇 o = 0.0179 poise, a = 0.03368 and b = 0.000221 10

2.8 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (1.12)

2.9 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES (1.14)

2.9.1 Perfect Gas Law (1.14.1)

2.9.2 Universal Gas Constant (1.14.2)

2.9.3 Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature Process) (1.14.3)

From Equation (1.11), we get:

2.9.4 Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure Process) (1.14.4)

2.9.5 Reversible Adiabatic Process (Isentropic Process) (1.14.5)

2.10 SURFACE TENSION 1.15

2.10.1 Pressure Inside a Liquid Droplet 1.15.1

Consider a small spherical droplet of liquid of diameter d as illustrated in Figure 1.13.

is above the atmospheric pressure.

The forces acting on one half of the droplet are as follows.

2.10.2 Pressure Inside a Soap Bubble 1.15.2

2.11 CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY EFFECT) 1.16

2.11.1 Expression for the Capillary Rise or Fall 1.16.1

2.14 COMPRESSIBILITY AND THE BULK MODULUS 1.17

2.14.1 Bulk Modulus for an Isothermal Process 1.17.1

The relation for isothermal process is given by the following expression.

2.14.2 Bulk Modulus for Reversible Adiabatic Process

2.15 VAPOR PRESSURE 1.18

2.16 CAVITATION 1.19

I. Answer the following questions:

II. Answer the following problems:

III. Write a reflection in this module using the following questions:

b. How will these concepts influence my future work?

c. Answer the following completely:

Naib, S.K.Al. FLUID MECHANICS HYDRAULICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.

You might also like