ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.


Tandebuli da Tandebuliani brunvebi
Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuliani brunvebia: wrfelobiTi, micemiTi,
naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi, viTarebiTi, agreTve naTesaobiTisgan nawar-
moebi meoreuli brunvebi: mimarTulebiTi da daniSnulebiTi.1 Tandebuli
ar daerTvis saxelobiTs, moTxrobiTsa da wodebiTs.

axali qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi Tandebulebis

saxelTan mimarTebas ori Tavisebureba axasiaTebda:

1) Tandebulis rigi _ Tandebuli upiratesad brunvis formas

mosdevs, magram Zvel qarTulSi windebuladac gamoiyeneboda.
2) Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara mxolod erT, ramed or brun-
vaSic.

 Tandebuli Zvel qarTulSi SeiZleba saxels uswrebdes

(mosikudidca) an mosdevdes (qalaqiTgan), windebulic iyos da
ukudebulic. Tandebulebis umetesoba ukudebulia (erTmarcvliani
TiTqmis ugamonaklisod: mamebr, amisT s, moyusisagan...). zogierTi
ormarcvliani Tandebuli ukudebuladac gamoiyeneba da
windebuladac, aseTia, mag., zeda da Soris Tandebulebi: `meufebasa
zeda~, `huri-aTa Soris~, `zeda kvarTsa Cemsa wili igdes~, `dga igi
Soris ezosa~ ... aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiricxeba ucxoenovani
teqstebis, kerZod, berZnulis gavlena, sadac Tandebulebi
windebulebia. qarTulisTvis ufro bunebrivi Tandebulis
postpoziciaa,2 magram misi prepoziciurad xmarebac rom
SesaZlebeli iyo, amas adas-turebs Zvel qarTulSi mi- da mo-
Tandebulebis windebulad xma-reba (ukudebulis paralelurad):
mimkamdis, mimwuxradmde, moaqamom-de... (am SemTxvevaSi xdeba
miwevniTobis semantikis mrCoblad gamo-xatva). rogorc a. SaniZe

1
saSualsa da, sabolood, axal qarTulSi, Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, Camoyalibda e.w.
lokaluri brunvebi (adgilobiTi, miwevniTi, gamosvliTi), romlebSic mijna Tandebulsa
da brunvis niSnis daboloebas Soris moSlilia fonetikuri cvlilebebis safuZvelze
(saxlSi, saxlamde, saxlidan). Zveli qarTulis Tavisebureba isaa, rom jer kidev
Tandebulisa da brunvis niSnebis istoriuli saxe Secnobadia: saxl-iT-gan (>saxl-id-gan
>saxlidan). Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuli metwilad calke idga, amitom brunvis dabolo-
ebaze gavlenis Zala ar hqonda.
2Tandebulis win gadmotanas xels uwyobs prepoziciurad gamoyenebuli msazRvreli:

didebulebaTa maT zeda, Sdr. yovelTa maT zeda didebulebaTa. msazRvrelis prepo-
ziciurad xmarebam nawevris win gadmowevac gamoiwvia.

1
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

aRniSnavs, `ZvelisZvel qarTulSi, romlis-Tvisac werilobiTi

Zeglebi ar mogvepoveba, Tandebuli saxels winac erToda~3.
 Tandebuli, rogorc wesi, erT brunvasTan gamoiyeneba, magram zogi-
erTi Tandebuli or brunvaSi marTavs saxels. mag., Zvel qarTulSi
winaSe, Tana, zeda, Soris, Sina Tandebulebi saxels marTavda
micemiT an naTesaobiT brunvaSi; kerZo _ moqmedebiTsa da viTare-
biTSi; -gan, gamo _ naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi; -ebr _ wrfelo-
biTsa da naTesaobiTSi). erTi da imave Tandebulis mier saxelis
sxvadasxva brunvaSi marTva istoriulad motivirebulia garkveuli
semantikuri faqtoriT, rasac pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia k.
kekeliZem statiaSi `winaSe, Tana da zeda TandebulTa sintaqsuri
funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi~4.
Tu saxeli aRniSnavs usulo sagans, winaSe da Tana Tandebulebi
micemiT brunvaSi marTaven mas, Tu sulieris aRmniSvnelia,
naTesaobiTSi. analogiur viTarebas gviCvenebs Soris Tandebulic:
micemiTi naTesaobiTi
winaSe saxlsa winaSe mefisa
saxlsa Tana mamisa Tana
Soris ezosa Soris naTesavisa
rac Seexeba zeda Tandebuls, aq kidevufro SezRudulia semantika:
igi micemiTSi marTavs ra jgufis saxelebs, xolo naTesaobiTSi _
vin jgufisas:
micemiTi naTesaobiTi
queyanasa zeda SuSanikis zeda

Zvel qarTulSi es wesi Tandebulis mier saxelebis garCevisa unda

iyos naSTi odindeli gramatikuli klas-kategoriis arsebobisa, romelic
Zvel qarTulSi karga xnis gadavardnili iyo, magram naSTebi garkveul
ubanSi mainc rCeboda, Tanac Zvel qarTulSive xsenebuli wesis darRve-
vebi iSviaTi ar aris (gvxvdeba orive SemTxvevis sawinaaRmdego magali-
Tebi: micemiTSia adamianis klasis saxeli (ersa mas Soris) an naTesaobiT-
Sia nivTis klasis saxeli (Soris keTilisa da borotisa), rac uni-
fikaciis Sedegia.5 es xangrZlivi procesi imiT dasrulda, rom axal
qarTulSi zeda, Tana, Soris micemiTTan damkvidrda, xolo winaSe _
naTesaobiTTan.
Zvel qarTulSi, rodesac erTi da igive Tandebuli unda daerTos
or saxels, SesaZlebelia 3 SemTxveva:

3
a. SaniZe, mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tb., 1981, gv.
464.
4
saq. mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, 1942, #2, 3.
5
cxrilSi mainc mivuTiTebT normiT mosalodnel formebs.

2
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod pirvel saxels (`patiosnebisaT s

misisa da siwmidisa~...). yvelaze gavrcelebuli swored es
SemTxvevaa.
o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod meore saxels (`...marTa s da
mariamis zeda~).
o Tandebuli erTvis orive saxels (`drt nvida eri igi mosesT s
da ahronisT s~).

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ama Tu im brunvis formasTan naxmar Tandebu-

lebs warmovadgenT cxrilis saxiT:

Y
brunva Tandebuli SeniSvna

wrfelobiTi -ebr//-ebriv kac-ebr, warmarT-ebr; kac-ebriv,

warmarT-ebriv...

*-ebr//-ebriv Tandebuli msgavsebas

gamoxatavs.
** -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs
or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-
TesaobiTSi.

micemiTi Tana saxlsa Tana

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:
usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,
suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
zeda saxlsa zeda, zeda saxlsa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra

jgufis saxelebs marTavs mice-
miTSi, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiT-
Si.
**SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-
bodes.
Sina saxlsa Sina, ersa Sina

Soris saxlTa Soris, Soris saxlsa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:

usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,
suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
** windebuladac gamoiyeneba da
ukudebuladac.
** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs
mxolobiTSi mdgar saxels, aqvs

3
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

mniSvneloba -Si: Soris ezosa

`ezoSi~.
*** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs
or saxels an mravlobiTSi mdgar
saxels (//krebiT saxels), maSin
misi mniSvnelobaa Sua, Soris:
Soris ekalTa `ekalTa Soris~.
**** aRniSnuli Tandebuli na-
TesaobiTi brunvis formaa (Sor-
is, Sdr. Sor-s (mic.)).

winaSe saxlsa winaSe, winaSe saxlsa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:

usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,
suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
**SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-
bodes.

queSe saxlsa queSe, ersa queSe

gare6 velsa gare7, gare qalaqsa

*windebuladac gamoiyeneba da
ukudebuladac.
** gvxvdeba agreTve gareSe, rome-
lic windebulia: gareSe qalaqsa.

naTesaobiTi -T s kacisa-T s

*ukudebulia da daerTvis mxolod

savrcobian formas.
**-T s Tandebuli gamoxatavs: a)
daniSnulebas (kacisaT s `kacis-
Tvis~), b) mizezs (bralisaT s `da-
naSaulis gamo~), g) cnobas sagnis
an movlenis Sesaxeb (lomisaT s
`lomis Sesaxeb~).
***-T s Tandebulis gverdiT
gvxvdeba dialeqturi -T n varian-
tic.
-gan kacisa-gan

6
micemiTis formasTan dasturdeba mo- windebulic: moadgilsa.
7
gare Tandebulis funqciiT niSnavs: Sina, zeda, Tana. Tu aRniSnuli Tandebulebi
yovelgvar saxels erTvis, gare _ mxolod iseTi sagnebis saxelebs, romlebic didia da
mTqmelisgan Sors imyofeba, sxvagvarad, mTqmeli iqve ar imyofeba: mTasa gare, udabnos
gare...

4
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs

or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da
moqemedebiTSi.

-viT kacisa-viT

-ebr kacisa-ebr

* -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs

or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-
TesaobiTSi8.
Tana kacisa Tana

* saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:

usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,
suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.

zeda kacisa zeda, zeda kacisa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra

jgufis saxelebs marTavs micemiT-
Si, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiTSi.
** windebuladac gamoiyeneba da
ukudebuladac.
***gvxvdeba agreTve ze Tandebuli,
romelic aRniSnavs dros: `mra-
valni keTrovanni iyvnes elises
ze wina swarmetyuelisa~ (`elises
dros”).

mier kacisa mier

gamo kacisa gamo

* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs

or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moq-
medebiTSi.

Soris erisa Soris, Soris kacisa da

moyusisa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:

8
-ebr Tandebuli yovelTvis naTesaobiTSi marTavs saxels, Tu es ukanaskneli: a)
anTroponimia (enuqisebr), b) axlavs nawevari an raime gansazRvreba (sity sa misebr,
simarTlisaebr mefisa), g) masdaria (brZanebisaebr mefisa), d) mravlobiT ricxvSia
(winawarmetyuelTaebr).

5
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,

suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
**SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-
bodes.

winaSe kacisa winaSe, winaSe kacisa

*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi:
usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi,
suliers _ naTesaobiTSi (Tumca es
wesi bolomde gatarebuli ar
aris).
**upiratesad windebulad ixmare-
ba.

queSe queSe kacisa

T nier T nier9 kacisa

mimarTulebiTi momarT daviTisa momarT, Cemda momarT

mimarT daviTisa mimarT, Tquenda

mimarT

-mde//-mdis daviTisa-mde, daviTisa-mdis

(daniSnulebiTi) (-da) Cem-da, Cuen-da, Tquen-da

*-da aq -T s Tandebulis ekviva-

lentia: Cemda `CemTvis~ (n. mari, i.
imnaiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe). sxva
TvalsazrisiT, -da brunvis
niSania.

moqmedebiTi -gan queyaniT-gan, qarTliT-gan

* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs

or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da
moqmedebiTSi.
**Tandebuliani moqmedebiTi brun-
vis forma (es exeba yvela Tande-
buls) yovelTvis usavrcoboa.

9
T nier _ garda, gareSe. zogjer T nier Tandebuli gamodis kavSiris (`Tu ar”)
funqciiT: `rameTu ara Sevides kaci sasufevelsa RmrTisasa, viTarca-igi RmrTisa ma
ity s, T nier wyliTa da suliTa~ (am SemTxvevaSi kavSiris funqciiT gamoyenebuli
T nier aRar marTavs saxels naTesaobiTSi).
P
6
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

*** X saukunidan gvxvdeba regre-

suli asimilaciuri gamJRerebis
Sedegad miRebuli saxlidgan,
queyanidgan... formebi.

-urT SviliT-urT

gamo queyaniT gamo

* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs

or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da
moqmedebiTSi.
** gvxvdeba gardamo Tandebulic:
ciT gardamo.

kerZo queyaniT kerZo

*kerZo Tandebuli gamoxatavs ro-

gorc gamosvliTobas (queyaniT
kerZo `qveynidan~), ise SedarebiT
iSviaTad miwevniTobas (galile-
a T kerZo `galileisken~).
** kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-
Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa
da viTarebiTSi.

viTarebiTi -mde//-mdis10 qalaqad-mde11, qalaqad-mdis

*VII saukunidan Tavs iCens

formebi: qalaqamde (<qalaq-ad-
mde), qalaqamdis (<qalaq-ad-mdis),
romlebSic Tandebuliseuli d-s

10
a. SaniZem daadgina -mde Tandebulis etimologia. misi azriT, am Tandebuls safuZvlad
udevs dRe sityvis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win erTvoda mi- Tandebuli: mi-
dRe-d>mde. rac Seexeba -mdis Tandebuls, misTvis amosavali unda yofiliyo dRe sityvis
naTesaobiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win aseve mi- erTvoda: mi-dR-is>mdis (a. SaniZe,
mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani, II, 1981, gv. 464). avtoris azriT, am Tande-
bulTa pirvandeli funqcia unda yofiliyo drois gamoxatva, meoreuli unda iyos adgi-
lis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba.
11
i. imnaiSvilis azriT, -mde Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara marto viTarebiT, aramed
naTesaobiT brunvaSic. amis nimuSad avtori asaxelebs ukunisamde formas, romelic
werilobiT ZeglebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis daqaragmebulia (ok~e), xolo, Tu gaxsniladaa
warmodgenili, yvelgan d-s gareSea (ukunisamde). i. imnaiSvilis azriT, ukunisamde
naTesaobiTis formaa, romelsac erTvis -mde Tandebuli (i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba
da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 336). Cveni azriT, ukunisamde da
avtoris mier moyvanili sxva formebi (meufisamde, queyanisamde...) nanaTesaobiTari
viTarebiTia da, amdenad, -mde Tandebulis mier saxelis naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTva
saeWvo unda iyos. a. SaniZis azriTac, naTesaobiTi unda gvqondes formebSi: ukunisamde,
miuflisamde... (a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 143).

7
 ლელა ციხელაშვილი, ძველი ქართული ენა, ნაწ. I, 2012-2020 წწ.

gavleniT moxda brunvisniSnise-

uli d-s disimilaciuri dakargva.
** X saukunidan gvxvdeba dia-
leqturi variantebi: -mdin//-mden//
-mdi.
*** metad gavrcelebulia vidre
qalaqadmde//qalaqadmdis ... tipis
formebi, romlebSic vidre
zmnizeda Warbia, radgan miwevni-
Tobis semantika mrCobladaa gamo-
xatuli. vidres xmareba am Sem-
TxvevaSi berZnulis gavleniTaa
Sepirobebuli, romelSic Tande-
buli windebulia.
mimarT cad mimarT

kerZo qalaqad kerZo

*qalaqad kerZo _ `qalaqis-ken~12

**kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-
Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa
da viTarebiTSi.

-mi Senda-mi, saukunod-mi13

-mo Cemda-mo, Cuenda-mo

mo- mo-sikudid, mo-dRendelad

mi- -mde//-mdis mi-dRed-mde//mi-dRed-mdis

mo- -mde//mdis mo-dRed-mde//mo-dRed-mdis

12
dRes es Sinaarsi gadmoicema -ken Tandebuliani naTesaobiTiT: qalaq-is-ken.
kerZo>kerZ>ker>ken (a. SaniZe, gramat. safuZv., gv. 622).
13
`xolo marTalni saukunodmi cxomden~. -mi Tandebuli dRes iSviaTad gvxvdeba aseT
gamoTqmebSi: Sendami, megobrisadmi, xolo -mo aRar gamoiyeneba.