Ciclo Brayton

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Dr.
Luis Angel
116
THERMAL MACHINES Miró
GAS TURBINE ENGINE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Dr. Luis Angel
117
118
119
Types of Gas Turbines
Turbojet Engine
120
Turbofan Engine
121
Turboprop Engine
122
Turboshaft Engine
123
The gas turbine engines (GTE) being installed in many of today's natural-gas-
fueled power plants are very complex machines with about 20,000 moving
parts, that basically involve three main components:
124
Compressor, which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the
combustion chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
Axial
Compressor
Centrifugal
Compressor
125
Combustion chamber, typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a

steady stream of fuel into combustion chambers where it mixes with the air. The
mixture is burned at temperatures of more than 2000 °C. The combustion
produces a high temperature, high pressure gas stream that enters and expands
through the turbine section.
Combustion
Chamber
126
Turbine, an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating airfoil-section

blades. As hot combustion gas expands through the turbine, it spins the rotating
blades. The rotating blades perform a dual function: they drive the compressor
to draw more pressurized air into the combustion section, and they spin a
generator to produce electricity.
Turbine
127
Land based gas turbines are of two types: heavy frame or industrial engines
and aeroderivative engines. Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower
pressure ratios (below 20) and tend to be physically large. Pressure ratio is the
ratio of the compressor discharge pressure and the inlet air pressure.
Industrial GTE
Aeroderivative GTE
128
Aeroderivative engines are derived from jet engines and operate at very high
compression ratios (typically in excess of 30) and tend to be very compact and
are very useful where smaller power outputs are needed.
As large frame turbines have higher outputs, they can produce larger amounts
of emissions, and must be designed to achieve low emissions of pollutants, such
as NOx.
129
The key to a high turbine fuel-to-power efficiency is the temperature at which it

operates. Higher temperatures generally mean higher efficiencies, which in
turn, can lead to a more economical operation. Gas flowing through a typical
power plant turbine can be as hot as 2300 °C, but some of the critical metals in
the turbine can withstand temperatures only as hot as 1500 to 1700 °C.
Therefore, air from the compressor might be used for cooling main turbine
components, reducing ultimate thermal efficiency.
130
131
One of the major achievements of modern gas turbine manufacturers was to

break through previous limitations on turbine temperature, using a
combination of innovative cooling technologies and advanced materials. These
advanced gas turbine engines are able to boost turbine inlet temperature to as
high as 2600 °C (nearly 300 degrees hotter than previous turbines) and achieve
efficiencies as high as 60%.
132
133
*Capex: Capital Expenditure

134
135
136
Air-Standard Brayton Cycle Operating Principle
Process 1-2 → Isentropic compression Process 3-4 → Isentropic expansion
Process 2-3 → Constant-pressure heat-addition Process 4-1 → Constant-pressure heat-rejection

137
Compressor Turbine
Single-shaft
GTE configuration
Two-shaft
GTE configuration
138
Compressor Turbine
In a single-shaft GTE, the

turbine device is simply
called “turbine”
In a two-shaft GTE, the

compressor turbine is also
known as gas generator
turbine or high-pressure
turbine (HPT)
Compressor
In a two-shaft GTE, the

power turbine (PT) is also
known as low pressure
turbine (LPT) or free turbine
139
Single-shaft
GTE configuration
Two-shaft
GTE configuration
140
BRAYTON CYCLE
Single-shaft GTE Configuration Two-shaft GTE Configuration
Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression
𝑝𝑟2 𝑃2 𝑝𝑟2 𝑃2
= = 𝑟𝑃 = = 𝑟𝑃
𝑝𝑟1 𝑃1 𝑝𝑟1 𝑃1
𝑤ෝ𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑤ෝ𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝐶 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 𝑘𝐽 𝑊𝐶 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝐶 = 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠 𝑊ሶ 𝐶 = 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
Process 2-3 Constant-Pressure Heat- Process 2-3 Constant-Pressure Heat-

Addition Addition
𝑃3 = 𝑃2 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃3 = 𝑃2
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐻3 − 𝐻2 𝑘𝐽 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐻3 − 𝐻2 𝑘𝐽
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
141
Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion Process 3-4 First Expansion HPT

𝑤
ෝ 𝐻𝑃𝑇 = 𝑤
ෝ𝑐
𝑝𝑟4 𝑃4 1 𝑃𝐻𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐
= =
𝑝𝑟3 𝑃3 𝑟𝑝 𝑝𝑟4 𝑃4
=
𝑝𝑟3 𝑃3
𝑤
ෝ 𝑇 = ℎ3 − ℎ 4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑤
ෝ𝐻𝑃𝑇 = ℎ3 − ℎ4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑇 = 𝐻3 − 𝐻4 𝑘𝐽 𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑇 = 𝐻3 − 𝐻4 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ3 − ℎ4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠 𝑊ሶ 𝐻𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐻𝑃𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ3 − ℎ4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
Process 4-1 Constant-Pressure Heat-

Process 4-5 Second Expansion PT
Rejection
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟5 𝑃5
=
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻1 𝑘𝐽 𝑝𝑟4 𝑃4
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ4 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠 𝑤
ෝ 𝑃𝑇 = ℎ4 − ℎ5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑃𝑇 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻5 𝑘𝐽
𝑃4 = 𝑃1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ4 − ℎ5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
Process 5-1 Constant-Pressure Heat-
Rejection
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ5 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
N/A
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐻5 − 𝐻1 𝑘𝐽
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ5 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
𝑃5 = 𝑃1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
142
Back-work Ratio
ෝ 𝐶 𝑊𝐶 𝑊ሶ 𝐶
𝑤 N/A
𝑟𝐵𝑊 = = =
𝑤ሶ 𝑇 𝑊𝑇 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
Net Power Output
𝑤
ෝ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤ෝ𝑇 − 𝑤
ෝ𝐶 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑤
ෝ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤
ෝ𝑃𝑇 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝐶 𝑘𝐽 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑃𝑇 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤
ෝ𝑇 − 𝑤
ෝ𝐶 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤
ෝ𝑃𝑇 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
Thermal Efficiency
ෝ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑤 ෝ 𝑃𝑇 𝑊𝑃𝑇 𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑇
𝑤
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = = 𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = = 𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡

= =1− = =1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛
143
Exercise 1
A gas turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure
ratio of 8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at
the turbine inlet. Accounting for the variation of specific heats with
temperature, determine:
a) The gas temperature at the exits of the

compressor and the turbine
b) The back-work ratio
c) The thermal efficiency
d) The magnitude of the available work in
absolute and relative value
e) The second-law efficiency
𝑘𝐽
𝑇2 = 540𝐾, 𝑇4 = 770𝐾; 𝑟𝑏𝑤 = 40.25%; ɳ𝑡ℎ = 42.6%; 𝑤
ෝ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 362.44 ,𝑤
ෝ = 59.74%; ɳ𝐼𝐼 = 55.38%
𝑘𝑔 𝑛𝑒𝑡%
144
Exercise 2
A gas turbine power plant with closed cycle remains pressurized at the
compressor inlet at 1.5 bar and 310 K. The pressure ratio is 10 and the
temperature of the work fluid is 1300 K at the HPT inlet. If the air mass flow is
20 kg/s, determine:
a) The P-𝑣-T
ො properties in the cycle points
b) The added heat flow
c) The power produced by the HPT
d) The rejected heat flow
e) The net power output of the gas turbine
f) The thermal efficiency
145
𝒎𝟑
a) 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, 𝑣ො𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈
, 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝑲, 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, 𝑣ො𝟐 =
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒈 , 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 𝑲, 𝑷𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, 𝑣ො𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒈
, 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑲, 𝑷𝟒 =
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝟔𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂, 𝑣ො𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝒈
, 𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟑. 𝟒 𝑲, 𝑷𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, 𝑣ො𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝒈
, 𝑻𝟓 =
𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟑 𝑲
𝒌𝑱
b) 𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟖. 𝟔 𝒔
c) 𝑾ሶ 𝑯𝑷𝑻 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝒌𝑱
d) 𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕. 𝟔 𝒔
e) 𝑾ሶ 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑾
f) η𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟔%
146
Deviation of Actual GT Cycles from Idealized Ones
The actual GT cycle differs from the ideal Brayton cycle on several accounts.
In first place, some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat-rejection
processes is inevitable. In second place and more important, the actual work
input to the compressor is more and the actual work output from the turbine
is less because of irreversibilities. Using isentropic efficiencies, we can
consider this:
Compressor efficiency
𝒘𝑪𝑰 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
η𝑪 = =
𝒘𝑪𝑹 𝒉𝟐𝑹 − 𝒉𝟏
Turbine efficiency
𝒘𝑻𝑹 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒𝑹
η𝑻 = =
𝒘𝑻𝑰 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒
147
Exercise 3
Considering the data of exercise 1, and assuming a compressor efficiency of
80% and a turbine efficiency of 85%, determine:
a) The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine
b) The back-work ratio
c) The thermal efficiency
d) The magnitude of the available work in absolute and relative value
e) The second-law efficiency
𝑇2 = 598 𝐾, 𝑇4 = 853 𝐾; 𝑟𝑏𝑤 = 59.19%; ɳ𝑡ℎ = 26.61%; 𝑤

ෝ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 210.41 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑤
ෝ 𝑛𝑒𝑡% = 40.8%; ɳ𝐼𝐼 = 34.6%
148
Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
In GTE, the temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine is considerably
higher than the temperature of the air leaving the compressor. Therefore, the
high-pressure air leaving the compressor can be heated by transferring heat to
it from the hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger, which is also
known as a regenerator.
149
150
The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of regeneration

since the portion of energy of the exhaust gases that is normally rejected to the
surroundings is now used to preheat the air entering the combustion chamber.
This, in turn, decreases the heat input (thus fuel) requirements for the same
work output.
ADDED HEAT
𝒒𝒊𝒏 = 𝒒𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎 + 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝒒𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎 = 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈
SAVED HEAT
𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 = 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐
𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅
% 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 = 𝒒𝒊𝒏
151
Regenerator Efficiency
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 = 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐 → 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈′ − 𝒉𝟐 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐

η𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 = = =
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈′ − 𝒉𝟐
𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐
η𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 =
𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐
152
Thermal Efficiency with Regenerator Installed
𝒘ෝ 𝒏𝒆𝒕 ෝ𝑻 − 𝒘
𝒘 ෝ𝑪 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 − 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
η𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 = =
𝒒𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎 𝒒𝒊𝒏 − 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝒘ෝ 𝒏𝒆𝒕 ෝ 𝑷𝑻
𝒘 𝑻𝒘𝒐 − 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
η𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 = =
𝒒𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎 𝒒𝒊𝒏 − 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅
153
Exercise 4
Considering the data of exercise 3, and assuming a regenerator efficiency of
80%, determine:
a) The gas temperature before the combustion chamber inlet

b) The percentage of saved fuel
c) The thermal efficiency with the regenerator installed
𝑇2,𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 803 𝐾, 𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 27.8% ɳ𝑡ℎ = 36.9%

154
Exercise 5
A GTE power plant operates between the extreme pressures of 0.1 and 0.6
MPa. The inlet temperature is 22°C and the temperature at the turbine inlet is
747 °C. Assuming compressor and turbine efficiencies of 0.84 and 0.87
respectively, and a regenerator efficiency of 0.8, determine:
a) The thermal efficiency

ɳ𝑡ℎ = 32.6%; 𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 25.6%

155
Exercise 6
A GTE power plant operates between the extreme pressures of 0.1 and 0.85
MPa. The inlet temperature is 7°C and the temperature at the turbine inlet is
1127 °C. Assuming compressor and turbine efficiencies of 0.87 and 0.89
respectively, and a regenerator efficiency of 0.85, determine:
a) The thermal efficiency


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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Dr.

GAS TURBINE ENGINE

Types of Gas Turbines

Combustion chamber, typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a

Turbine, an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating airfoil-section

The key to a high turbine fuel-to-power efficiency is the temperature at which it

One of the major achievements of modern gas turbine manufacturers was to

*Capex: Capital Expenditure

Air-Standard Brayton Cycle Operating Principle

Process 1-2 → Isentropic compression Process 3-4 → Isentropic expansion

Process 2-3 → Constant-pressure heat-addition Process 4-1 → Constant-pressure heat-rejection

In a single-shaft GTE, the

In a two-shaft GTE, the

In a two-shaft GTE, the

𝑤ෝ𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑤ෝ𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

Process 2-3 Constant-Pressure Heat- Process 2-3 Constant-Pressure Heat-

𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion Process 3-4 First Expansion HPT

Process 4-1 Constant-Pressure Heat-

ෝ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡

a) The gas temperature at the exits of the

Deviation of Actual GT Cycles from Idealized Ones

𝑇2 = 598 𝐾, 𝑇4 = 853 𝐾; 𝑟𝑏𝑤 = 59.19%; ɳ𝑡ℎ = 26.61%; 𝑤

Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of regeneration

𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 = 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐 → 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒈 − 𝒉𝟐

Thermal Efficiency with Regenerator Installed

a) The gas temperature before the combustion chamber inlet

𝑇2,𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 803 𝐾, 𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 27.8% ɳ𝑡ℎ = 36.9%

a) The thermal efficiency

ɳ𝑡ℎ = 32.6%; 𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 25.6%

a) The thermal efficiency

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