Chapter Title: List of figures

Book Title: Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present
Book Editor(s): Yijie Zhuang and Mark Altaweel
Published by: UCL Press

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctv550c6p.4

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY
4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

UCL Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Water
Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present

This content downloaded from

190.101.140.103 on Mon, 01 Jun 2020 01:44:59 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
List of figures

Figure 2.1 The main Harappan landscapes of the

western Indo-Gangetic plain 18
Figure 2.2 Satellite image of the Indus basin showing
the major sites and rivers 20
Figure 2.3 Suggested palaeo-drainage map of the
western Ganga and Indus floodplains in the
late Quaternary 21
Figure 2.4 Annotated satellite map of north-west India
and Pakistan 22
Figure 2.5 Compilation of monsoon intensity proxies
showing the peak intensity in summer monsoon 25
Figure 2.6 Pb isotopic plots of feldspars from Forts
Derawar, Abbas, Nara and Fakirabad 29
Figure 2.7 Kernel density plots of U-Pb ages of zircon grains 31
Figure 2.8 Multidimensional scalar (MDS) plot showing
the similarities and differences between the
zircon populations 32
Figure 2.9 Evolution in Nd isotopic character compared
with the compositional evolution in the
floodplains of the Ghaggar-Hakra 34
Figure 3.1 Map of Egypt showing the Nile traversing
Egypt and the main places mentioned in the text 43
Figure 3.2 The small playa, Lake Ephemera, one year
after rainfall 44
Figure 3.3 Map of a small playa, Dolfin Playa, in the Kharga
basin 45
Figure 3.4 Map of the area around Oxyrhynchus
showing how the Bahr Yusuf is diverted westwards 52
Figure 3.5 Diagram of climate changes from the Mount
Kilimanjaro ice core superposed on political
events in Egypt 54

xi

This content downloaded from

190.101.140.103 on Mon, 01 Jun 2020 01:44:59 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 Figure 4.1 The Jianghan Plain and the Dongting Plain
in the Middle Yangtze, and locations of major
archaeological sites mentioned in the text 64
Figure 4.2 Typical loess slope at Shiligang and the moat
at Pengtoushan, Hunan 65
Figure 4.3 The Chengtoushan site 71
Figure 4.4 Plan of the Shijiahe site complex 72
Figure 4.5 An excavated ceremonial feature at the
Dengjiawan location inside the walled area 73
Figure 4.6 The earthen wall at Shijiahe 75
Figure 4.7 The stone steps discovered at the Bashidang site 77
Figure 4.8 The excavated bridge remains at the
Tanjialing location of the Shijiahe site complex 77
Figure 4.9 Plan of the Jijiaocheng site 80
Figure 5.1 Lake Shijiu and the poldered fields and small
lakes surrounding it 88
Figure 5.2 Historic poldered fields in the Lower River Yangtze 89
Figure 5.3 The Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao
Plain region, and locations of sites 90
Figure 5.4 The Holocene geomorphological history of
the Lake Taihu region and the Yangtze Delta 92
Figure 5.5 A typical Late Pleistocene–Holocene
sequence at Chuodun 94
Figure 5.6 Distribution and excavation of the rice fields
at Tianluoshan 98
Figure 5.7 Early-phase rice fields at Tianluoshan 99
Figure 5.8 Distribution of paddy fields at the east
excavation area, Caoxieshan 100
Figure 5.9 Plans of the paddy fields at the Chuodun site 101
Figure 5.10 Large paddy fields at the Chenghu site 103
Figure 6.1 Ancient canal in herringbone irrigation system 113
Figure 6.2 Ancient canal in dendritic irrigation system 114
Figure 6.3 Active canal in herringbone irrigation system 114
Figure 6.4 Wide natural levees with a gradual slope
towards the floodplain 115
Figure 6.5 Narrow artificial levees with a sharp slope
towards the floodplain 115
Figure 6.6 Crevasse splay associated with river 116
Figure 6.7 Meandering ancient river and straight
ancient canal 117

xii List of figures

This content downloaded from

190.101.140.103 on Mon, 01 Jun 2020 01:44:59 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Figure 6.8 CORONA and QuickBird images of the
Hindiya Canal 118
Figure 6.9 Oxbow lakes associated with ancient river 119
Figure 6.10 An ancient river following the general slope,
and an ancient canal crossing the general slope 119
Figure 6.11 The rivers and canals in the case study 120
Figure 6.12 Ramahiyah archaeological sites and the
River Ramahiyah 122
Figure 6.13 River Ramahiyah and the Talib site and canal 123
Figure 7.1 Geomorphological map of the 48 km²
research area of the Udhruh archaeological
project 130
Figure 7.2 Aerial picture of Udhruh 136
Figure 7.3 The ancient water-management and
irrigated field systems in the Wādī el-Fiqay 144
Figure 7.4 3D reconstruction of a surface channel of the
Udhruh qanat scheme 145
Figure 8.1 The cities of Merv, showing three of the
main canals 159
Figure 8.2 The remains of a major bathhouse,
constructed alongside the Madjān Canal,
probably in the mid-eighth century ad 163
Figure 8.3 The Madjān Canal sequence 164
Figure 8.4 The Islamic-period Madjān Canal from above 165
Figure 8.5 Cross-section of Sultan Kala and Gyaur Kala 166
Figure 8.6 Excavations in the Madjān Canal 167
Figure 8.7 The north-western quarter of the Islamic city 175
Figure 9.1 The steps applied in the model 185
Figure 9.2 Canal levees and fields 187
Figure 9.3 Salinisation and yield for fields 190
Figure 9.4 Fallowing helps to stabilise salinity in fields 190
Figure 9.5 Results demonstrating yield and fallow years
for different field types 192
Figure 9.6 Fallow-year values for different field systems
in the modelled regions 193
Figure 9.7 Results demonstrating yield and fallow years
for different field types when irrigation salinity
is increased 195
Figure 11.1 Major Buddhist and urban sites in early
historic India 226
Figure 11.2 Sanchi Survey Project study area: site distribution 237

List of figures xiii

This content downloaded from

190.101.140.103 on Mon, 01 Jun 2020 01:44:59 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 Figure 11.3 SSP settlement chronology 239
Figure 11.4 ‘Monastic shelter’ distribution 240
Figure 11.5 Sanchi hill: ritual monuments, settlements
and water-resource systems 243
Figure 11.6 Reservoir volume and run-off 246
Figure 12.1 Satellite image of Anuradhapura and
surrounding irrigation tanks 257
Figure 12.2 Satellite image of the West Baray, with inlet
and outlet points 261
Figure 12.3 Map of the Satingpra peninsula, Isthmus of
Kra, South Thailand 263
Figure 12.4 Photograph of surviving remnant of the
ponded fields of the Satingpra peninsula 264
Figure 13.1 Time frame of the Three Kingdoms and
Unified Silla periods 270
Figure 13.2 Salpo from Uiseong, Gyeongsangbuk province 273
Figure 13.3 Three Kingdoms period fields from the
Pyunggeo site 278
Figure 14.1 Aliens visiting Earth 293
Figure 14.2 Overview of Hohokam settlements in the
Salt and Gila rivers areas 297
Figure 14.3 Reconstructed and standardised winter
precipitation for the period ad 1000–1500 300

xiv List of figures

This content downloaded from

190.101.140.103 on Mon, 01 Jun 2020 01:44:59 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms