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SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

PHED 552 PRELIM EXAM
SECOND SEMESTER 2020-2021

1. Why is it important to establish the validity and reliability of the research

instrument?

Answer:
Validity and reliability are two important factors to consider when developing
and testing any instrument. Attention to these considerations helps to ensure
the quality of the instruments and of the date collected for the study. The
quality of instrument used in research is very important, since the
conclusions drawn from the findings of a study are based on the data
collected. For inferenced drawn from the study to be valid, the research
instruments must be valid and reliable.  It is also important that validity and
reliability not be viewed as independent qualities. A measurement cannot be
valid unless it is reliable; it must be both valid and reliable if it is to be
depended upon as an accurate representation of a concept or attribute A
research study design that meets standards for validity and reliability
produces results that are both accurate (validity) and consistent (reliability).

2. Respondents of the Study.

The study population consists of 200 public school teachers from

selected 10 schools in the Division of Negros Occidental, Negros Occidental in
school year 2019-2020 and distributed as shown in table 1.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents
Sample Size Percentage
Schools Population (N)
(n) (%)
A 52
B 15
C 11
D 14
E 37
F 15
G 13
H 20
I 13
J 10
Total 200
 2

Since the total population is too big, How will you determine the total
sample size and the sample size (unit) for each school, using Cochran formula
with margin of error at 5%, maximum possible proportion (p) is 50%, critical
value for the confidence level (Z) is 1.96? What appropriate sampling technique
will you use in choosing the respondents?
Compute and discuss your answer comprehensively.

3. Differentiate between probability sampling from non-probability sampling.

Answer

1. The sampling technique, in which the subjects of the population get an

equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample, is known
as probability sampling. A sampling method in which it is not known
that which individual from the population will be chosen as a sample, is
called nonprobability sampling.
2. The basis of probability sampling is randomization or chance, so it is
also known as Random sampling. On the contrary, in non-probability
sampling randomization technique is not applied for selecting a
sample. Hence it is considered as Non-random sampling.
3. In probability sampling, the sampler chooses the representative to be
part of the sample randomly, whereas, in non-probability sampling, the
subject is chosen arbitrarily, to belong to the sample by the researcher.
4. The chances of selection in probability sampling, are fixed and known.
As opposed to non-probability sampling, the selection probability is
zero, i.e. it is neither specified not known.
5. Probability sampling is used when the research is conclusive in nature.
On the other hand, when the research is exploratory, nonprobability
sampling should be used.
6. The results generated by probability sampling, are free from bias while
the results of non-probability sampling are more or less biased.
7. As the subjects are selected randomly by the researcher in probability
sampling, so the extent to which it represents the whole population is
higher as compared to the nonprobability sampling. That is
why extrapolation of results to the entire population is possible in the
probability sampling but not in non-probability sampling.
8. Probability sampling test hypothesis but nonprobability sampling
generates it.