EXERCISE 1

MACRONUTRIENTS – CARBOHYDRATES

When planning diets, you should consider the amount of carbohydrates in the
food to be prepared and the contributions of other nutrients in a given food. Bread,
rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes are important contributors from the
vegetable-group to the carbohydrate intake. Bananas, dried fruits, and beans are also
relatively high in carbohydrates.

Most people consider carbohydrates as fattening and avoid them when they
want to lose weight. However, it would be wise to cut down on sugars and not totally
avoid them while eating more of the complex form of carbohydrates.

I. Objectives:

There are certain conditions where the body cannot metabolize some forms of
carbohydrates. From the lecture, you have learned the different sources of
carbohydrates and their importance to one’s health. In this exercise, you will be
assigned to plan meal for a significant carbohydrate disorder.

At the end of the 3-hour laboratory session, you should be able to:

1. Plan and prepare a meal for an individual requiring a carbohydrate intake

modification; and
2. Discuss the diet and its implications for the disease condition.

II. Procedures

Case: A child who is underweight or is suffering from under nutrition.

1. Using a 1,500 caloric requirement, calculate and plan a high carbohydrate diet
allowing 70% to 80% of total caloric requirement for carbohydrates. Prepare a sample
menu plan for lunch.

Sample Lunch Menu

Menu Household Measure

One sheet-pan chicken fajita bowls with
rice with a side dish of green salad with
chickpeas and a dessert of muesli with
raspberries and one medium apple and
one medium banana.
Green Salad with Chickpeas (2 cups
mixed greens, 1/2 cup cucumber slices,
8 cherry tomatoes, halved, 1/3 cup
canned chickpeas, rinsed, 2 Tbsp. feta
cheese and 10 kalamata olives, chopped.
Combine ingredients and dress salad
with 1 Tbsp. each olive oil and balsamic
vinegar. 1 serving Sheet-Pan Chicken
Fajita Bowls with 1/3 cup cooked brown
rice with 1 serving Chipotle-Lime
 Cauliflower Taco Bowls. 1 medium
banana and 1 medium apple with 1
serving Muesli with Raspberries.

Green Salad with Chickpeas (449 calories) + Sheet-Pan Chicken Fajita Bowls with
brown rice(507 calories) + Chipotle-Lime Cauliflower Taco Bowls (105 calories) + 1
medium banana and 1 medium apple (344 calories) + Muesli with Raspberries (95)=
1,500 calories
 

2. Discuss the following and write the answers in a separate sheet.

2.1. Carbohydrate – related diseases

 2.2. Symptoms
2.3. Causes
2.4 Prevalence
2.5. Dietary changes

2.1. Carbohydrate – related diseases

Carbohydrate metabolism disorders are hereditary metabolic disorders.
Hereditary disorders occur when parents pass the defective genes that cause these
disorders on to their children. There are different types of inherited disorders. In many
hereditary metabolic disorders, both parents of the affected child carry a copy of the
abnormal gene. Because usually two copies of the abnormal gene are necessary for the
disorder to occur, usually neither parent has the disorder. Some hereditary metabolic
disorders are X-linked, which means only one copy of the abnormal gene can cause
the disorder in boys. 

Carbohydrates are sugars. Some sugars are simple, and others are more
complex. Sucrose (table sugar) is made of two simpler sugars called glucose and
fructose. Lactose (milk sugar) is made of glucose and galactose. Both sucrose and
lactose must be broken down into their component sugars by enzymes before the body
can absorb and use them. The carbohydrates in bread, pasta, rice, and other
carbohydrate-containing foods are long chains of simple sugar molecules. These longer
molecules must also be broken down by the body. If an enzyme that is needed to
process a certain sugar is missing, that sugar can accumulate in the body, causing
problems.

2.2. Symptoms
The symptoms of genetic metabolic disorders vary widely depending on the
metabolism problem present. Some symptoms of inherited metabolic disorders
include: Lethargy, Poor appetite, Abdominal pain, Vomiting, Weight loss, Jaundice,
Failure to gain weight or grow, Developmental delay, Seizures, Coma and Abnormal
odor of urine, breath, sweat, or saliva. The symptoms may come on suddenly or
progress slowly. Symptoms may be brought on by foods, medications, dehydration,
minor illnesses, or other factors. Symptoms appear within a few weeks after birth in
many conditions. Other inherited metabolic disorders may take years for symptoms to
develop.

2.3. Causes
Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity. It's
also linked to a condition called insulin resistance. Normally, your digestive system
breaks down the foods you eat into sugar. Insulin is a hormone made by your
pancreas that helps sugar enter your cells to be used as fuel.
2.4 Prevalence
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are individually rare, their cumulative
incidence is substantial: a birth prevalence of 1 in 2500–5000 live births is often
quoted.
2.5. Dietary changes
In order to grow, a child has to obtain enough protein and calories from the
food he eats to build a body that is continually stretching and maturing; and an adult
needs protein and calories to keep the body working and in good repair. The protein
that makes up all the body's cells and tissues, as well as the protein in the food we eat
consists of individual building blocks called amino acids. These amino acids are linked
together into long protein chains. When food protein is digested, the chains are split
apart into individual amino acids. These are absorbed and then put together again in
different combinations to make protein structures the body needs. When more food
protein is eaten than is needed to make body protein, excess amino acids are either
burned as fuel for energy, or changed into other compounds.

 
III. Questions to be answered briefly but substantially.
1. What is the importance of the following to the body?
A. Insoluble fibers
 B. Soluble fibers
2. What is ketosis?
3. What are the harmful effects of excessive fiber intake?
4. How does the body make glucose from protein?
 

1. What is the importance of the following to the body?

A. Insoluble fibers
B. Soluble fibers
Insoluble fiber attracts water into your stool, making it softer and easier to pass
with less strain on your bowel. Insoluble fiber can help promote bowel health and
regularity. It also supports insulin sensitivity, and, like soluble fiber, may help reduce
your risk for diabetes.
Soluble fiber dissolves; it creates a gel that may improve digestion in a number
of ways. Soluble fiber may reduce blood cholesterol and sugar. It helps your body
improve blood glucose control, which can aid in reducing your risk for diabetes.

2. What is ketosis?
Ketosis is a process that happens when your body doesn't have enough
carbohydrates to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes things called
ketones, which it can use for fuel. Ketosis is a word you'll probably see when you're
looking for information on diabetes or weight loss.

3. What are the harmful effects of excessive fiber intake?

Too much fiber in the diet can cause bloating, gas, and constipation. A person
can relieve this discomfort by increasing their fluid intake, exercising, and making
dietary changes. These uncomfortable side effects of excessive fiber can occur when
someone eats more than 70 grams (g) of fiber a day.

4. How does the body make glucose from protein?

When glycogen is used up, muscle protein is broken down into amino acids.
The liver uses amino acids to create glucose through biochemical reactions
(gluconeogenesis). Fat stores can be used for energy, forming ketones.