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A scalar quantity has magnitude only; a vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
3
2. A temperature of 70C 3. 5 m volume
2
6. 30 cm area 7. A south-westerly wind of 10 knots
2
8. 50 m distance 9. An acceleration of 15 m / s at 60 to the horizontal
2. Scalar
3. Scalar
4. Vector
5. Scalar
6. Scalar
7. Vector
8. Scalar
9. Vector
point. Calculate magnitude of the resultant of the two forces, and the direction of the resultant
V 5.3623
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 16.4995
1
= tan 0.3249977... = 18.00
2. Velocities of 5 m/s and 12 m/s act at a point at 90 to each other. Calculate the resultant velocity
V 5
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 12 = 22.62
Thus, the resultant of the two velocities is a single vector of 13 m/s at 22.62 to the 12 m/s
velocity.
go through the procedure for horizontal and vertical components. In fact, the horizontal and vertical
3. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two force vectors shown in below.
resultant, R = 13 10 = 16.40 N
2 2
Using Pythagoras,
10
tan 1 37.57
and 13
Thus, the resultant of the two forces is a single vector of 16.40 N at 37.57 to the 13 N force.
4. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two force vectors shown below.
22
tan 1 50.71
and 18
Thus, the resultant of the two forces is a single vector of 28.43 N at 129.29 to the 18 N force.
12
tan 1 21.80
and 30
Thus, the resultant of the two displacements is a single vector of 32.31 m at 21.80 to the 30 m
displacement.
6. Three forces of 5 N, 8 N and 13 N act as shown below. Calculate the magnitude and
V 3.7408
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 14.2362 = 14.72
Thus, the resultant of the three forces is a single vector of 14.72 N at – 14.72 to the 5 N force.
v1 + v 2
The horizontal component of the 25 m/s velocity = 25 cos 60 = 12.5 m/s,
and the horizontal component of the 15 m/s velocity is 15 cos(-30) = 12.99 m/s
The total horizontal component of the two velocities, H = 12.5 + 12.99 = 25.49 m/s
The vertical component of the 25 m/s velocity = 25 sin 60 = 21.65 m/s,
and the vertical component of the 15 m/s velocity is 15 sin(-30) = - 7.5 m/s,
The total vertical component of the two velocities, V = 21.65 – 7.5 = 14.15 m/s
V 14.15
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 25.49 = 29.04
Thus, the resultant of the two velocities is a single vector of 29.15 m/s at 29.04 to the
horizontal
© John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis Chapter 30 501
8. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector of the force system shown below.
Total horizontal component, H = 8 cos 30 + 4 cos 105 + 6 cos 300 = 8.8929 N
Total vertical component, V = 8 sin 30 + 4 sin 105 + 6 sin 300 = 2.6676 N
V 2.6676
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 8.8929 = 16.70
Thus, the resultant of the three forces is a single vector of 9.28 N at 16.70 to the horizontal.
9. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector of the system shown below.
Total horizontal component, H = 2 cos 105 + 3.5 cos 135 + 4 cos 210 = - 6.4566 m/s
Total vertical component, V = 2 sin 105 + 3.5 sin 135 + 4 sin 210 = 2.4067 m/s
V 2.4067
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 6.4566 = 20.44
Thus, the resultant of the three velocities is a single vector of 6.89 m/s at 159.56 to the
horizontal.
10. An object is acted upon by two forces of magnitude 10 N and 8 N at an angle of 60 to each
= 14 6.928 = 15.62 N
2 2
V 6.928
tan 1 tan 1
The direction of the resultant vector, H = 14 = 26.33º
Thus, the resultant of the two forces is a single vector of 15.62 N at 26.33 to the 10 N force.
11. A ship heads in a direction of E 20 S at a speed of 20 knots while the current is 4 knots in a
direction of N 30 E. Determine the speed and actual direction of the ship.
Hence, the speed of the ship is 21.07 knots and its actual direction is E 9.22 S
(a) Total horizontal component of v1 + v 2 - v 3 = 15 cos 85 + 25 cos 175 - 12 cos 235 = -16.715
Total vertical component of v1 + v 2 - v 3 = 15 sin 85 + 25 sin 175 - 12 sin 235 = 26.952
(b) Total horizontal component of v 3 - v 2 + v1 = 12 cos 235 - 25 cos 175 + 15 cos 85 = 19.329
Total vertical component of v 3 - v 2 + v1 = 12 sin 235 - 25 sin 175 + 15 sin 85 = 2.934
1. A car is moving along a straight horizontal road at 79.2 km/h and rain is falling vertically
downwards at 26.4 km/h. Find the velocity of the rain relative to the driver of the car
The space diagram is shown in diagram (a). The velocity diagram is shown in diagram (b) and the
79.2
rc = 79.2 2
26.42
= 83.5 km/h and
tan 1 71.6
26.4
(a) (b)
i.e. the velocity of the rain relative to the driver is 83.5 km/h at 71.6 to the vertical.
2. Calculate the time needed to swim across a river 142 m wide when the swimmer can swim at
2 km/h in still water and the river is flowing at 1 km/h. At what angle to the bank should the
swimmer swim?
The swimmer swims at 2 km/h relative to the water, and as he swims the movement of the water
carries him downstream. He must therefore aim against the flow of the water – at an angle shown
in the triangle of velocities shown below where v is the swimmers true speed.
142
Hence, if the width of the river is 142 m, the swimmer will take 28.87 = 4.919 minutes
= 4 min 55 s
1
In the above diagram, sin = 2 from which, = 30
Hence, the swimmer needs to swim at an angle of 60 to the bank (shown as angle in the
diagram.
3. A ship is heading in a direction N 60 E at a speed which in still water would be 20 km/h. It is
carried off course by a current of 8 km/h in a direction of E 50 S. Calculate the ship’s actual
In the triangle of velocities shown below (triangle 0AB), 0A represents the velocity of the ship in
still water, AB represents the velocity of the water relative to the earth, and 0B is the velocity of the
3.87
tan 1 9.78
and 22.46
- q = -(- i + j + 4k ) = i - j - 4k
2. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k evaluate and simplify the following vector in i, j, k form: 2p
3. Given that q = - i + j + 4k and r = 6j – 5k, evaluate and simplify the following vector in i, j, k
form: q+r
q + r = (- i + j + 4k ) + (6j – 5k) = - i + 7j - k
4. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k and q = - i + j + 4k evaluate and simplify the following vector in
i, j, k form: - q + 2p
= 5i - 10k
5. Given that q = - i + j + 4k and r = 6j – 5k, evaluate and simplify the following vector in i, j, k
form: 3q + 4r
6. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k and q = - i + j + 4k, evaluate and simplify the following vectors in
i, j, k form: q – 2p
= - 5i + 0j + 10k = - 5i + 10k
7. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k, q = - i + j + 4k and r = 6j – 5k, evaluate and simplify the
= 2i + 0.5j – 3k - i + j + 4k + 6j – 5k
= i + 7.5j – 4k
8. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k, q = - i + j + 4k and r = 6j – 5k, evaluate and simplify the
= 20.5j - 10k
9. Given that p = 2i + 0.5j – 3k, q = - i + j + 4k and r = 6j – 5k, evaluate and simplify the
form: 7r – 2q
= (42j - 35k) – (- 2i + 2j + 8k )