Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

“INTRODUCTION”

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

In today’s time, medical studies had become more helpful and been the

fastest way to discover a kind of illness that a person have, and because of all

the medical practices and expertise made by our doctors and scientists, these

illnesses became curable depends on the effectiveness of the medicine being

taken. Some other people take medicine which they use for other purposes such

as; food supplement, multivitamins, and medication for sustaining a healthy

living. For some that are having an inevitable illness, these medicines are

something that pushed them to keep fighting for their illness which gives them

hope to keep moving forward. On the other hand, these medicines are already

mixed with chemical substances which helped people to regain their health in the

need that patients should be well-informed before taking the medicine and what

is the appropriate dosage because most of these medicines have side effects.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical

conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary

supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other

medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal,

vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of

surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are

1
generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and

prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied

to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons

younger than 2 years of age.

This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this

product, nor endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any

patient or health condition. This information is not specific medical advice and

does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You

should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks

and benefits of using this product.

The report will support the clients in making investment decisions and

formulating business strategies in periwinkle extract. The study includes the

regulations, consumer trends analysis and also provides a detailed analysis of

the segments and sub-segments of periwinkle extract. Catharanthus roseus is

known for its potential composition of terpenoid indole alkaloids of greater

pharmaceutically importance. Among the various alkaloids extracted from the

Madagascar periwinkle extract, there are only a few alkaloids of commercial

importance, which are elaborated in this report. The important alkaloids are used

in anticancer drugs which are used in the treatment of acute leukemia and

Hodgkin’s disease.

2
 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

An herbal remedy with a rich history, periwinkle is the common name for a

pair of perennial flowering shrubs belonging to the dogbane (Apocynecae) family.

The herb has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments and was a

favorite ingredient of magical charms in the middle ages. The purple-flowered

plant was called sorcerer's violet by superstitious Europeans and was renowned

for its power to dispel evil spirits. There are two main varieties: lesser periwinkle

(Vinca minor), which is also called common periwinkle, and greater periwinkle

(Vinca major).

Lesser periwinkle originated in Spain, France, and other areas

of Europe but can now be found growing in many parts of the world, while greater

periwinkle is native to southern Europe. While not widely recommended for

medicinal purposes today, periwinkle is sometimes used to improve brain

circulation and alleviate heavy menstrual periods. Only the aboveground parts of

the plant are used as a drug. It is important to distinguish lesser and greater

periwinkle from a close relative called Madagascar periwinkle. The Latin name

for this herb is Catharanthus roseus, but it was formerly classified as Vinca

rosea, and is still called by that name in some of the herbal literature.

Another member of the dogbane family, this plant originated on the island

of Madagascar but now grows in the Southern United States and many other

temperate regions of the world. Madagascar periwinkle has been used for

centuries to treat a variety of medical problems, from diabetes and

3
eye infections to sore throats and tumors. Modern research has indicated that

Madagascar periwinkle contains dozens of alkaloids, some of which may have

the ability to lower blood sugar levels and stop bleeding.

Two of these alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine, are recognized by

Western medicine as potent anticancer agents. (A shaman in Madagascar who

used the plants to treat tumors and cancer gave Western scientists the lead.)

They are used to make important prescription drugs. Madagascar periwinkle is

not widely recommended as a dietary supplement because some of the alkaloids

in the plant can cause serious and potentially dangerous side effects.

Plant scientists have taken the crucial last steps in a 60-year quest to

unravel the complex chemistry of Madagascar periwinkle in a breakthrough that

opens up the potential for rapid synthesis of cancer-fighting compounds. The

team in the laboratory of Professor Sarah O'Connor at the John Innes Centre

have, after 15 years of research, located the last missing genes in the genome of

the periwinkle that are devoted to building the chemical vinblastine. This valuable

natural product has been used as an anti-cancer drug since it was discovered in

the 1950s by a Canadian research team. A potent inhibitor of cell division and

used against lymphomas and testicular, breast, bladder and lung cancers, it is

found in the leaves of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus).

Until now, the complex chemical mechanisms the periwinkle uses in the

production of vinblastine have not been fully understood. Consequently, access

to its life-extending chemistry has been laborious -- it takes approximately 500 kg

4
of dried leaves to produce 1g of vinblastine. But the new study -- lead author Dr.

Lorenzo Caputi -- which appears today in the peer-review journal Science, uses

modern genome sequencing techniques to identify the final missing genes in the

pathway. This research also identifies enzymes that build vinblastine precursor

chemicals, which include catharanthine and tabersonine. These can be readily

chemically coupled using synthetic biology techniques to give vinblastine.

"Vinblastine is one of the of the most structurally complex medicinally

active natural products in plants -- which is why so many people in the last 60

years have been trying to get where we have got to in this study. I cannot believe

we are finally here," said Professor O'Connor. "With this information we can now

try to increase the amount of vinblastine produced either in the plant, or by

placing synthetic genes into hosts such as yeast or plants." Its attractive white or

pink flowers have made the Madagascar periwinkle a popular ornamental plant in

homes across the world. But for decades it has been the focus of increasingly

competitive research probing its natural chemistry and potential pharmacological

activity.

Professor O'Connor also pointed out that this new study builds on the

work of numerous other research groups around the world who contributed to the

elucidation of the vinblastine pathway over the years. Having assembled the

genetic pathway and the formidable chemical structures, the teams are now in a

position to use the information to create more compounds much more quickly

using synthetic biology techniques.

5
Professor O'Connor anticipates that her group or another in this competitive field

will be able to produce microgram quantities of vinblastine or its precursor’s

vindoline or catharanthine in the next 12 to 18 months. The John Innes Centre

teams were joined in the research by the Courdavault group based at Tours,

France.

They employed modern sequencing and genomic techniques along with

some traditional chemistry relying on a blend of intuition and some literature

dating back to the 1960s and 70s. In total the team counted 31 steps in the

chemical chain from the primary chemical precursor to the final product,

vinblastine. One molecule in the chain so volatile that Dr. Caputi came to know it

as "angry-line" instead of its true scientific name dihydroprecondylocarpine

acetate. The full findings can be found in the paper: Biosynthesis of the

Vinblastine and Vincristine Precursors, Caranthine and Tabersonine, in the

journal Science.

6
HISTORY OF BENEFITS OF DOSAGE AND
PERIWINKLE PERIWINKLE PRESCRIPTIONS

PERIWINKLE LEAF EXTRACT:

“CURE FOR WOUNDS”

EFFECTS OF PERIWINKLE
EXTRACT TO PATIENTS

NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSITIVE EFFECTS

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF THE PROBLEM

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

FIGURE 1:

7
 THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to produce a new material from the periwinkle as
a cure for open wounds using its leaf extract. During this semester, A.Y 2020-
2021 as basis for a proposed study.
The study intends to answer the following questions:

1. How to get the Periwinkle’s leaf extract?

2. What are the possible effects it can give to someone who use it?
3. What are the characteristics of the following:
2.1. Materials used;
2.2. Result product?
4. What is the reaction of the respondents about the product on its:
3.1. Features;
3.2. Quality;
3.3. Usability;
3.4. Necessity;
3.5. User’s acceptability;
5. How safe it is to use for any kind of medications as to:
4.1. Infants;
4.2. Children;
4.3. Adults?

8
STATEMENT OF NULL HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is no significant value on the said product for people with severe

illness, between the perception of the respondents and the level of product

acceptability.

H2: There is a significant value on the said product for people with severe

illness, between the perception of the respondents and the level of product

acceptability.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is beneficial to anyone who will use the stated product using a

proper dosage and prescriptions in accordance with the kind of illness that the

person have. This includes person with/in;

Unhealthy Diet:

A chemical in periwinkle called vincamine can be converted in

the laboratory to the compound vinpocetine, which is marketed as a dietary

supplement.

Wounds:

It is used for promoting wound healing, improving the way the immune

system defends the body, and for “blood-purification.”

9
High blood pressure:

Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. It can also help reduce swelling

(inflammation) and have a drying (astringent) effect on the tissues.

Disturbed brain condition:

Despite serious safety concerns, periwinkle is used for “brain health”

(increasing blood circulation in the brain, supporting brain metabolism, increasing

mental productivity, preventing memory and concentration problems and

feebleness, improving memory and thinking ability, and preventing early aging of

brain cells).

With multiple illnesses:

Periwinkle is also used for treating diarrhea, vaginal

discharge, throat ailments, tonsillitis, chest pain, high blood pressure, sore throat,

intestinal pain and swelling (inflammation), toothache, and water

retention (edema). It is also used for promoting wound healing, improving the

way the immune system defends the body, and for “blood-purification.”

Cancer:

Vinblastine and vincristine , chemotherapy medications used to treat

several types of cancers, are found in the plant and are biosynthesized from the

coupling of the alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline.

10
Community:

The result of the study will be the benefit of the people within the

community, particularly in the town of San Francisco. This will also give

awareness to new generations about the use of this herbal plant. This is to help

people and give them awareness to maximize its effectiveness to the community

and lessen the risk of incurable diseases.

Students:

The students will have the awareness about the outcomes of this herbal

medicine into their life as a student living in this generation. Where people are

dependent on the inventions of new technologies, many have forgotten that there

are wonders in nature undiscovered, like how this product came up as life

changing herbal medicine.

Future Researchers:

The knowledge from this study will contribute data for additional field of

interest and future studies. Researchers can incorporate this data when studying

various topics of periwinkle’s effect to people and the environment. This will also

give them knowledge on how did this medicinal plant came to known in so many

fields of uses and how can people benefit from its various effects.

11
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter incorporates on the research design that will be used with the

corresponding research environment, respondents, instruments, and data

gathering procedures, statistical treatment, and scoring procedures.

Design

This study utilizes the descriptive-investigative research. The researcher is

using pure-research methods as the technique in collecting and gathering data

about the periwinkle and its capabilities of curing wounds using its leaf extract to

come up the researcher’s longed output which is a product innovation plan. The

outcome of the survey instrument was tabulated, analysed, and interpreted very

well.

Flow of the Study

Presented in Figure 2 is the flow of the study. Inputs of the study are the

different variables that include the respondents level of acceptability and

proposed level as perceived to the different factors such as: quality, Data

gathered was analysed and statistically treated in order to arrive at a conclusion

and recommendation. An innovation plan is proposed.

12
 INPUT

Possible effects of periwinkle left extract to:

1.1 Community

1.1.1 Children

1.1.2 Young Adults

1.1.3 Adults

1.2 Self

1.2.1 Behavior

1.2.2 Body reaction

1.2.3 Effects PROCESS

Analysis of results through:

 Research from the internet

 Constructed personal ideas of the

researchers

 Analysis of the possible solutions for the

specified problem of the topic

 Appropriate statistical treatment

 Findings, recommendation, and

OUTPUT conclusions

PERIWINKLE LEAF EXTRACT: DOSAGE,

USAGE, PRESCRIPTIONS, FULL FLOW OF THE STUDY

AWARENESS AND INNOVATION PLAN FIGURE 2:

13
Respondents:

The respondents of this study are the residents of Sitio Cogon 1. The

respondents consist with: Grandparents aged 60 to 80 with a livelihood in

farming, Children from age 12 to 16 some are students and some are out of

school youths, Adults aged from 35 to 54 with the same livelihood in farming and

others in fishing. They will be identified using the stratified random sampling.

Only 20% of the residents of Sitio Cogon 1 are considered as respondents

for this study. Table 1 presents the age and livelihood of the respondent, the total

number of the population (N), the sampled population (n) and the percentage

(%).

Environment

This study was conducted in Sitio Cogon 1, Brgy. Esperanza, San

Francisco, Cebu. Here is a short background about the location of this research:

The Sitio celebrates its yearly fiesta celebration on the month of May. The

fiesta is celebrated for two days during the 15 th and 16th day of the month. Sitio

cogon is divided into two which is namely the Sitio Cogon 1 and Sitio Cogon 2,

both were part of Brgy. Esperanza leaded by the Brgy. Captain Nerizza

Arquillano. Most of the residents of Cogon 1 shared same bloodlines; everyone is

connected from the parents of their parents to their parents and relatives.

14
LOCATION MAP OF THE STUDY

15
 FIGURE 3:

Research Instrument

To assist the gathering of data about the level of acceptability of the

respondents, a researcher-made technique was utilized and some are based on

the theories which are modified by the researcher.

The level of the respondents’ perception towards periwinkle leaf extract

was assessed with on-the-spot interview to the respondents.

Data gathering procedure

The gathering of data was made through asking permission from the

respondents. The research instruments were finalized under the guidance of the

thesis adviser. The gathered data was tabulated, subjected to statistical

treatment, analysed, and interpreted very well.

Treatment of Data

The following statistical techniques used in this study:

1. Simple Percentage: This will be used to treat the demographic profile of

the respondents. The formula used was: %=f/nx100 where,

f = the frequency of level and perception towards innovation plan

n = the number of responses

2. Frequency: This will be used to see the frequency of perception towards

innovation plan using periwinkle left extract as cure for wounds as well.

3. Average Weighted Mean: This will be used to analyse the respondent’s

perceptions and the acceptability of this innovation plan. The formula is:

AWM=∑x/n where,

AWM = Average Weighted Mean

16
 ∑x = the sum of weighted mean

n = the number of cases

4. Average Rank: This will be used to analyse and interpret the average of

the data gathered with regards to the respondent’s perception and the

acceptability of this innovation plan.

Scoring Procedures

This study subscribes to the following rubrics.

A. For interpreting the categorical responses of the respondents

assessing their familiarity with periwinkle leaf extract that can

effectively heal an open wound. The following determinants to which

the level were evaluated based on:

Categorical
Usage Effectiveness Verbal Description
Response
Strongly Agree The respondent intensely approves to
5 4.20-5.00
(SA) effectiveness. The level is 80-100%.
Agree The respondent affirms positively to
4 3.40-4.19
(A) effectiveness. The level is 60-79%.
Neutral The respondent has impartial to
3 2.60-3.39
(N) effectiveness. The level is 40-59%.
Strongly The respondent is in doubt/unsure to
2 1.80-2.59 Disagree effectiveness. The level is 20-39%.
(SD)
Disagree The respondent intensely disapproves
1 1.00-1.79 to effectiveness. The level is 0-19%.
(D)

TABLE 1.

17
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Below is the operational definition of the terms that are defined and

described for further comprehension of the readers, to wit:

Alkaloids: are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that

contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related

compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic

compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.

Apocynaceae: is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs,

stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because

some taxa were used as dog poison.

Acute diarrhea: is diarrhea that lasts a short time. It is a common problem. It

usually lasts about one or two days, but it may last longer.

Alzheimer's disease: is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly

destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the

simplest tasks. In most people with the disease those with the late-onset type

symptoms first appear in their mid-60s.

Anabolism: is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from

smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic

process. Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism

is the breaking-down aspect.

Catabolism: Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down

molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in

18
other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller

units.

Catharanthus roseus: commonly known as bright eyes, Cape periwinkle,

graveyard plant, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, pink periwinkle, rose

periwinkle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae.

Diarrhea: Are loose, watery stools (bowel movements). You have diarrhea if you

have loose stools three or more times in one day.

Dogbane: dog-bane, dog's bane, and other variations, some of them regional

and some transient, are names for certain plants that are reputed to kill or repel

dogs; "bane" originally meant "slayer", and was later applied to plants to indicate

that they were poisonous to particular creatures.

Dosage: the size or frequency of a dose of a medicine or drug.

Immune system: is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight

infection (microbes). The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells,

antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the

thymus, and the bone marrow.

Medical Prescription: A prescription, often abbreviated ℞ or Rx, is a health care

program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in

the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient.

Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in

maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be

conveniently divided into two categories: Catabolism and Anabolism.

19
Periwinkle: is an herb. The parts that grow above the ground are used to make

medicine. Don't confuse periwinkle with Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus

roseus).

Precautions: a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous,

unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening.

Side effect: a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is

secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to

describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended,

consequences of the use of a drug.

Vinblastine: (VBL) sold under the brand name Velban among others, is a

chemotherapy medication, typically used with other medications, to treat a

number of types of cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell

lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer.

Vincristine: also known as leurocristine and marketed under the brand name

Oncovin among others is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of

types of cancer. This includes acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid

leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, neuroblastoma, and small cell lung cancer among

others.

20
 Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS, AND REPRESENTATION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data obtained from the selected respondents of Sitio Cogon 1. Also included on

this chapter were the analyses of the effects of this product, how it is used and

how to reduce the risk of its side effects. The data presented are the following:

MATERIAL USED: Periwinkle leaf

The fresh leaf of the periwinkle should be heated first, and have to press

the leaf to remove the extract. The used leaf of the periwinkle plant can be

also use to cover the wound for the mean time if there are no bandages

available.

CHARACTERISTICS: Bitter taste

The periwinkle extract has a bitter taste, when accidentally put into the

mouth and swallowed, it may cause to vomiting, but there is nothing to

worry about it unless you have another type of illness which can be

triggered by its side effects.

Materials Used: Periwinkle leaf, few cotton, container, and a lighted

candle.

You can use a lighted candle to heat the periwinkle leaf in case of emergencies if

the wound needs to be aided immediately. To completely remove the extract

from the left, you can use cotton and transfer the extract into a container.

21
 End Product: Pure periwinkle extract

The extract can be also used for curing on wounded animals, like

your injured pets. Ever tried this one on my cat and heals his wound

effectively.

PERCEPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Features:

Periwinkle is amazing because of its capabilities to cure wounds

and it is very useful for any other treatments. It is great to know more

about periwinkle extract and its healing effects not just for humans from for

any other living beings.

Quality:

Periwinkle is UNSAFE. It can cause side effects such as nausea,

vomiting, and other stomach and intestinal symptoms. It can also cause

nerve, kidney, and liver damage. Large amounts can cause very low blood

pressure. This can only be intended to people who are not prone to any

worst kind of illness so that it can’t affect them that might be dangerous for

them.

Usability:

Periwinkle is also used for treating diarrhea, vaginal discharge,

throat ailments, tonsillitis, chest pain, high blood pressure, sore throat,

intestinal pain and swelling (inflammation), toothache, and water retention.

It is also used for promoting wound healing, improving the way the

immune system defends the body, and for “blood-purification. Most of

22
these qualities are necessary for our everyday living and we must rely on

something that actually help us without illnesses and preventing it to

worse.

Necessity:

We must not rely much on how useful this plant was, now that we

have medicines made by our doctors. But to think that this plant can help

us on emergencies or during the shortage of medicines from clinics or

pharmacies, then we should also consider its importance and how great it

can help people with in terms of herbal treatments. Periwinkle is

necessary because it also has the capability of curing wounds and it is

very useful because many people cannot afford to buy medicines from

pharmacies and must only rely on herbal treatment.

Material Availability:

As we all have concern to its availability, then we must secure this

plant and started planting more of it now that we know how useful it is for

treating illnesses and wounds.

User’s Acceptability:

Despite serious safety concerns, periwinkle is used for “brain

health” increasing blood circulation in the brain, supporting brain

metabolism, increasing mental productivity, preventing memory and

concentration problems and feebleness, improving memory and thinking

ability, and preventing early aging of brain cells.

23
PROPOSED LEVEL

Features:

Periwinkle plant may have side effects to our body but despite all of

this; it is still very useful for our treatments if we are relying on herbal

medications. Just by knowing the proper dosage and how to use the

product will not affect us or can trigger its side effects with the proper

usage.

Quality:

The effectiveness of the product with in a single use. It immediately

takes effect on wounds and it heals immediately without any prescriptions

from the doctors and not experiencing any side effects. Side effects are

only present when the extract is being intake.

Usability:

This product can be available on any kind of treatment, minor or

major kind of illness can be cured by periwinkle. But to avoid

complications on the intake of this product, people who will use it must

know the enough dosage that should be taken.

Necessity:

For some, periwinkle might be very useful when relying on herbal

treatments because, not everyone can afford to buy medicines from

pharmacies. It is considerably to apply this as a temporary treatment to

avoid getting the situation get worst.

24
 Material Availability:

Periwinkle can reproduce using its seeds and it is being sold on

markets. To produce many of this specie, we must preserve them

because we have no idea how many useful effects of this plant we can

discover in the future. Especially now that we had already encountered its

healing wonders.

User’s Acceptability:
Periwinkle may have side effects but to avoid this part, the user

should know the proper dosage that is allowed for intake because we all

know that too much is bad. Before using this product, the user must first

have a checkup for his/her body’s condition to be certain of what could

possibly periwinkle may cause to the body.

IMPLICATIONS:
Before using any kind of products on our body, we must always take

cautions and precautions to avoid uninvited issues that might put us in danger.

Our body is very important; it needs to be taken care of properly and

appropriately. Before the usage of this proposed product, we must first make

sure that we are using it very well, is it appropriate for us to use, what’s the kind

of side effects it has and how will it affect our body. To make sure of this, we

must see a doctor first and ask more knowledge about our health to avoid even

worse complications that might put our lives in danger.

25
 Chapter 3

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations of the study about periwinkle leaf extract as cure for open
wounds.
Summary

This study determines the use of periwinkle leaf extract as cure for

wounds. And the benefactors such as: students, parents, and each individual

who needs awareness about the use of this product as treatment to many kinds

of illness. Also to consider some side effects that this product consist which can

possibly affect the person’s health when it is used inappropriately and without the

doctors prescriptions and proper dosage. Also included in this study is the

gathering of data for the possible solution of the problem.

Findings

Based on the study, there are still people who are not aware about its usage and

what are the benefits they can get from periwinkle plant. The leaf extract and the

roots of this plant can be used for curing many kinds of illness specifically, for

curing open wounds effectively. Using its extract, a person can be able to cure a

wound without having to experience its side effects since it is not being taken in.

Its side effects can be triggered when a person who will use the periwinkle

extract has experience different illness or having other complications in their

body. Hence, it is considerably useful for everyone even wounded animals.

26
 Conclusion

An analysis of the internal and external motivations for people to use this product

as an aid of illnesses that most people have nowadays. Excessive use of this

product can also be dangerous to someone’s health, without its proper dosage

and prescription; a person’s health can be at risk. This product can grow bigger

and become well-known when it is considered and proposed in the market

because of its many capabilities of healing.

Recommendation

Going forward, more studies shall be conducted because this product has many

more unidentified capabilities. After a review of the analysis and interpretations of

data and findings, it is strongly recommended that the proposal and innovation

plan for periwinkle leaf extract as cure for open wounds be adapted and applied.

27
 Chapter 4

OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

This chapter presents the output of the study. The data presents the

following: rationale and objectives, application scheme of this product within the

school and within the community, proposed output of the study, application

awareness and development plan.

Rationale
In today’s time, medical studies had become more helpful and been the

fastest way to discover a kind of illness that a person have, and because of all

the medical practices and expertise made by our doctors and scientists, these

illnesses became curable depends on the effectiveness of the medicine being

taken. Some other people take medicine which they use for other purposes such

as; food supplement, multivitamins, and medication for sustaining a healthy

living. For some that are having an inevitable illness, these medicines are

something that pushed them to keep fighting for their illness which gives them

hope to keep moving forward. On the other hand, these medicines are already

mixed with chemical substances which helped people to regain their health in the

need that patients should be well-informed before taking the medicine and what

is the appropriate dosage because most of these medicines have side effects.

Objectives
The objectives of this plan are the following:

1. To identify side effects and to apply appropriate dosage.

28
 2. To maintain good health using herbal plants.

3. To maintain the availability of herbal plants in our surroundings and within

the community.

4. To enhance the capabilities of herbal plants to heal illnesses of people in

all ages without side effects.

5. Identifying other diseases that are curable by the use of this product.

Scheme of application within the school and within the community

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical

conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary

supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other

medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal,

vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of

surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are

generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and

prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied

to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons

younger than 2 years of age.

This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this

product, nor endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any

patient or health condition. This information is not specific medical advice and

does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You

29
should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks

and benefits of using this product.

The report will support the clients in making investment decisions and

formulating business strategies in periwinkle extract. The study includes the

regulations, consumer trends analysis and also provides a detailed analysis of

the segments and sub-segments of periwinkle extract. Catharanthus roseus is

known for its potential composition of terpenoid indole alkaloids of greater

pharmaceutically importance. Among the various alkaloids extracted from the

Madagascar periwinkle extract, there are only a few alkaloids of commercial

importance, which are elaborated in this report. The important alkaloids are used

in anticancer drugs which are used in the treatment of acute leukemia and

Hodgkin’s disease.

Plant scientists have taken the crucial last steps in a 60-year quest to

unravel the complex chemistry of Madagascar periwinkle in a breakthrough that

opens up the potential for rapid synthesis of cancer-fighting compounds. The

team in the laboratory of Professor Sarah O'Connor at the John Innes Centre

have, after 15 years of research, located the last missing genes in the genome of

the periwinkle that are devoted to building the chemical vinblastine. This valuable

natural product has been used as an anti-cancer drug since it was discovered in

the 1950s by a Canadian research team. A potent inhibitor of cell division and

used against lymphomas and testicular, breast, bladder and lung cancers, it is

found in the leaves of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus).

30
 Until now, the complex chemical mechanisms the periwinkle uses in the

production of vinblastine have not been fully understood. Consequently, access

to its life-extending chemistry has been laborious -- it takes approximately 500 kg

of dried leaves to produce 1g of vinblastine. But the new study -- lead author Dr.

Lorenzo Caputi -- which appears today in the peer-review journal Science, uses

modern genome sequencing techniques to identify the final missing genes in the

pathway. This research also identifies enzymes that build vinblastine precursor

chemicals, which include catharanthine and tabersonine. These can be readily

chemically coupled using synthetic biology techniques to give vinblastine.

"Vinblastine is one of the of the most structurally complex medicinally

active natural products in plants -- which is why so many people in the last 60

years have been trying to get where we have got to in this study. I cannot believe

we are finally here," said Professor O'Connor. "With this information we can now

try to increase the amount of vinblastine produced either in the plant, or by

placing synthetic genes into hosts such as yeast or plants." Its attractive white or

pink flowers have made the Madagascar periwinkle a popular ornamental plant in

homes across the world. But for decades it has been the focus of increasingly

competitive research probing its natural chemistry and potential pharmacological

activity.

Professor O'Connor also pointed out that this new study builds on the

work of numerous other research groups around the world who contributed to the

elucidation of the vinblastine pathway over the years. Having assembled the

genetic pathway and the formidable chemical structures, the teams are now in a

31
position to use the information to create more compounds much more quickly

using synthetic biology techniques.

OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

Periwinkle extract can be used as remedy for wounds. First heat the

periwinkle leaf using a lighted candle slowly to avoid burning the leaf. After that,

squeeze the leaf into the cotton ball then transfer it into the bottle or any

container where you can store the extract. It heals wounds in days and dry it out

effectively and it is absolutely safe because it has no other materials mixed in it

as it is pure herbal which is applicable for adults, children and even our wounded

pets.

32
 PROPOSED OUTPUT OF THE STUDY
Periwinkle leaf extract: Dosage, Usage, Prescriptions Full awareness and

innovation plan

Periwinkle alkaloids have been used to treat certain cancers; however,

use of the plant for this purpose is not recommended without consulting a health

care provider. Periwinkle has been studied for potential antimicrobial and

antiprotozoal applications, as well as for use in diabetes and wound healing;

however, there is not enough reliable information to recommend the plant for

these uses.

Dosing

There is no recent clinical evidence to support specific doses of periwinkle

for medicinal use. Traditional doses have included 10 leaves and 10 flowers

boiled in water as a tea, or 9 pink flowers in 0.5 L of water for 3 hours ("solar

tea") sipped throughout the day. Therapeutic doses for preparations of the pure

alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine are available.

Usage

Despite serious safety concerns, periwinkle is used for “brain health”

(increasing blood circulation in the brain, supporting brain metabolism, increasing

mental productivity, preventing memory and concentration problems and

feebleness, improving memory and thinking ability, and preventing early aging of

brain cells). Periwinkle is also used for treating diarrhea, vaginal discharge, throat

ailments, tonsillitis, chest pain, high blood pressure, sore throat, intestinal pain

33
and swelling (inflammation), toothache, and water retention (edema). It is also

used for promoting wound healing, improving the way the immune system

defends the body, and for “blood-purification.” A chemical in periwinkle called

vincamine can be converted in the laboratory to the compound vinpocetine,

which is marketed as a dietary supplement.

Interactions
Periwinkle is UNSAFE for anyone to use, but people with certain conditions are

especially at risk for harmful side effects.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Periwinkle is UNSAFE. Don't use it.

Constipation: Periwinkle has a drying effect on tissues. This means it can make

constipation worse. Don't use it.

Low blood pressure: Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. If you already have

low blood pressure, using periwinkle can make it drop too low. Don't use it.

Surgery: Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. There is a concern that it might

interfere with blood pressure control during and after surgery. Stop using

periwinkle at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Special precautions & Warnings

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) Interaction

Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Talk with your health

provider.

34
Periwinkle seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking periwinkle along with

medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too

low. Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten),

enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem),

Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and

many others.

The appropriate dose of periwinkle depends on several factors such as

the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not

enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for

periwinkle. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe

and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product

labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional

before using.

35
BIBLIOGRAPHY

36
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Published Resources

1. UK, WSU Launch Medicinal Plant Genetics Resources

GenomeWeb, 2011

2. Paired Ends

GenomeWeb, 2010

3. UK Awards £40M to Bolster Synthetic Biology Research

GenomeWeb, 2015

4. Innes Centre, MGRC Partner on Plant Research

GenomeWeb, 2011

1. Warwick Team's FT-MS Phasing Solution Boosts Instruments' Resolution,

Sensitivity, Mass Accuracy

GenomeWeb, 2012

2. Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Receives CE Mark for Enhanced Cardiac Assay

Leo O'Connor et al., 360Dx, 2019

3. Opko Declines Sharply, Castle Bio, NeoGenomics Jump as 360Dx Index

Stays Flat in October

staff reporter, 360Dx, 2019

4. UK Injects $1.5M into Synthetic Yeast Genome Effort

GenomeWeb, 2013

37
B. Websites

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjH2sDpqb7uAhUPG
qYKHR8rAAQQmhMwGXoECDAQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FCatharanthus_roseus&usg=AOvVaw2tCXrDRh7dgi3u1kXw5kcE

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiBg9DSqr7uAhXiLq
YKHcRxCVYQmhMwG3oECCYQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FApocynaceae&usg=AOvVaw381lTlCtLSPpsNLxUlVeKd

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjf77fGrL7uAhULCq
YKHWr1CoMQFjAGegQIDRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov
%2Fdiarrhea.html&usg=AOvVaw0sa_jaN3qzIin5wYqlTSc8

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjx1d-
wrb7uAhVkJaYKHR-cBHMQFjAJegQIAxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nia.nih.gov%2Fhealth
%2Fwhat-alzheimers-disease&usg=AOvVaw2PtIc6-pCh9M6TQ0_Xazf5

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiO-
7yhrr7uAhVKIqYKHZ45CR4QvecEMAB6BAgCEA8&url=https%3A%2F%2Flanguages.oup.com
%2Fgoogle-dictionary-en&usg=AOvVaw3kNBXVjbAIAFeyFQVCJmJF

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjMoabTrr7uAhW1L
6YKHaNUCNoQmhMwH3oECAcQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FMedical_prescription&usg=AOvVaw27eZFNZB6S-3mn3tDn2prX

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj3j-
yZr77uAhUGE6YKHVQVA0oQvecEMAB6BAgCEBk&url=https%3A%2F%2Flanguages.oup.com
%2Fgoogle-dictionary-en&usg=AOvVaw3kNBXVjbAIAFeyFQVCJmJF

38
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjTg7Lbr77uAhV_yo
sBHYPYDwEQmhMwFnoECCMQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FSide_effect&usg=AOvVaw0WI48WOmO8peDauEr3RDjC

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj7q4TDsb7uAhUtxo
sBHbefDosQmhMwIXoECDoQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FMetabolism&usg=AOvVaw0uax0w4eUkFrY3UsfWFQOl

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi5le-
Ssr7uAhX3xosBHQSuDUgQFjAHegQIBhAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FCatabolism&usg=AOvVaw3ZdHvNA80tatFHNQYcarWx

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiutfyKs77uAhUewo
sBHeYZD7UQFjABegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fhealth
%2Fconditionsandtreatments%2Fimmune-system&usg=AOvVaw2IN1seddEWJKwfsBN0Bo3c

39
CURRICULUM VITAE

40
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Data

Name : Liliosa C. Tabon

Place of Birth : Cogon 1, Esperanza, San Francisco, Cebu

Date of Birth : April 14, 1999

Civil Status : Single

Gender : Female

Religion : Roman Catholic

Citizenship : Filipino

Weight : 35kls.

Height : 5’2”

Father : Mr. Manuel Caballes

Mother : Mrs. Lilia Tabon

41
 Motto : “Rome isn’t built in a day”

B. Educational Attainment

● Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology

Major in Computer Technology

Cebu Technological University

San Francisco Campus

S.Y. 2020-2021

● Secondary : Lorenzo C. Tanza Memorial National High School

Union, San Francisco, Cebu

● Elementary : Esperanza Elementary School

Esperanza, San Francisco, Cebu

C. Working Experiences

● Work Immersion : at Mang Tinapay Bakeshop

Northern Poblacion, San Francisco, Cebu

November 2017- February 2018

D. Trainings and Seminars Attended

● RESCUE CAMOTES- DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AWARENESS

CAMPAIGN

September 8, 2018

● RESCUE CAMOTES- FIRST AID TRAINING

March 16, 2019

● DRUG AWARENESS SYMPOSIUM

January 10, 2018

42
43