SI 4222 Topik Khusus Geoteknik: Pertemuan Ke - 11 Site Response Analysis

SI 4222
TOPIK KHUSUS GEOTEKNIK

PERTEMUAN KE – 11
SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS
• SOIL PROFILE AND PROPERTIES
• SOIL MODELS AND SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFRASTRUKTUR DAN KEWILAYAHAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SUMATERA
Ground Response Analysis
6. Penentuan a (max)
dan Response Spectra
Output : Ground Motion at Surface
Input :
Wave propagation analysis Soil Dynamic
Properties
Input :
Matched
Ground
Motion
SITE REPONSE ANALYSIS
SOIL PROFILE AND PROPERTIES
1-D Site Response Analysis
Elastic Rock Base

Code Requirement
21.1.2 Site Condition Modeling. A site response model based on low strain
shear wave velocities, ... And unit weights shall be developed. Low strain
shear wave velocities shall be determined from field measurements at the
site or from measurements from similar soils in the site vicinity. ... the
uncertainties in soil properties shall be estimated. Where very deep soil
profiles make the development of a soil model to bedrock impractical,
the model is permitted to be terminated where the soil stiffness is at least as
great as the values used to define Site Class D in Chapter 20. in such cases,
the MCER response spectrum and acceleration time histories of the base
motion developed in Section 21.1.1 shall be adjusted upward using site
coefficients in Section 11.4.3.4 consistent with the classification of the soils
at the profile base.
Ground Response Analysis :
• Prediction of surface motions, development of design response
spectra, evaluation of dynamic stress and strains, to determine
earthquake induced forces.
The influence of local soil conditions on the nature of earthquake damage has
been recognized for many years, e.g., 1985 Mexico City EQ and 1989 Loma
Prieta EQ
Effects of Soil on Ground Motion
(Gazetas, 2015)
Different motions: amplitude and frequency (periods)

Mexico, 1985(Gazetas, 2015)
8.1 Earthquake Magnitude at the source, different damage.

Lake Zone: very soft soils. SCT is the affected area

Peak accelerations, velocities (different soils, essentially the same

distance from the source, different responses).
Mexico, 1985 - Records of acceleration
(Gazetas, 2015)
Epicentral region and SCT, similar amplitude, but, different frequencies of oscillation
- RESPONSE SPECTRA.
Mexico, 1985 (Gazetas, 2015)
Different periods of response vs Natural periods of structures,

which one is more detrimental?
Different depths of soil, given similar soils, what happens with

the 40 m of soil ?.
Agreement with simplest theory?

The nature and distribution of earthquake
damage is strongly influenced by the
response of soils to cyclic loading
Governed by dynamic soil

properties
Behavior of soils subjected to

dynamic loading
Wave propagation effects : low levels of strain are induced.

Stability of masses of soil : large strains are induced in the soil
Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties
The selection of testing techniques for measurement of
dynamic soil properties requires careful consideration and
understanding of the specific problem at hand.
Low strain properties : Stiffness, Damping, Poisson ratio

and Density.
High-strain properties : Stiffness, Damping, Influence of

rate and number of cycles of loading and volume change
characteristics.
Properties
Field Tests
Field tests allow the properties of the soil to be measured in situ.
Advantages: Do not require sampling, Measure the response of large

volumes of soil, Many field tests induce similar soil deformations to
those of the problem of interest.
Limitations: In many field tests, the specific soil property of interest is

not measured, but must be determined by theoretical analysis or
empirical correlation.
Properties
Low-Strain tests: operate at strain levels that are not large enough to
induce significant nonlinear stress-strain behaviour of the soil, typically
at shear strains below about 0.001%.
Seismic geophysical tests: determination of dynamic soil properties by

the creation of stress waves (S,P) and the interpretation of their
behavior from measurements at one or more locations.
Low Strain Shear Modulus
Regionfor
Range for Bearing
Deformation Capacity and
Analysis Stability
Geophyalcal
Shear Modulus, G
Calculations
Test
Unload-Reload PMT
Flat DMT
Sc
rew
-Pl
ate
Te
st
Initial Loading PMT
Penetration
Test
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
NHI-Manual on Subsurface Investigations, 2001

Low Strain Shear Wave Velocity, Vs
• Typical site geotechnical investigations and laboratory testing for soil
profile, soil types and basic properties, such as unit weights.
• Measurement of VS
o Direct measurement : Seismic Cross-hole or Down-hole tests,
SASW or Remi
o Indirect measurement : correlation from SPT, CPT or lab results
(a number of correlations can be found in Kramer (1996)).
Low Strain Shear Modulus :

Properties
Seismic Reflection Test : measurement of wave propagation velocity
and thickness of superficial layers.
S R
x
wavefront
2i H
vp1
vp2
Measuring the arrival time, wave velocity is obtained by the ratio between the
distance of travel (x) and the wave velocity (vp1):
Properties
•
Properties
Seismic Refraction Test : This test involves measurement of the travel times
of p- and/or s-waves from an impulse source to a linear array of points along
the ground surface at different distances from the source.
Properties
Seismic Refraction Test: The direct waves produce the first wave arrival at
short source-receiver distances, but head waves (critically refracted waves)
arrive before the direct waves at distances greater than the critical distance, xc.
Properties
Seismic Refraction Test: At any time the critically refracted wave travels along
the interface and refracts back into the upper layer.
The upper layer thickness can

be calculated as:
Properties
Seismic Refraction Test : A result of processing seismic refraction data
(Grit, M. and Kanli, A., 2016)
Properties
Seismic Cross-Hole Test
Two or more boreholes are
used to measure wave
propagation velocities
along horizontal paths. The
test is performed at various
depths and a velocity
profile can be obtained.
https://www.geoengineer.org/
Properties
Seismic Down-Hole
Tests
In the down-hole test, an
impulse source is located
on the ground surface
adjacent to the borehole.
Within the borehole a set
of seismic receivers are
deployed.
https://www.geoengineer.org/
Properties
Seismic Down-Hole
Tests
Travel time from down-hole test in San Francisco Bay Area (Schwarz and Musser, 1972)
Properties
High-Strain Tests: These tests are most commonly used to measure
high-strain characteristics such as soil strength, their results have also
been correlated to low-strain properties. For geotechnical earthquake
engineering problems:
Standard Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test
Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Test

Properties
Seismic Piezocone Test : The main output of this test is shear wave
velocity and the small strain shear modulus Gmax.
Properties
Seismic Piezocone Test : Results of CPTU tests in Rio de Janeiro soft
clay- Sarapui test site. (Ortigao, 2007)
Properties
Laboratory Tests: Usually performed on relatively small specimens
that are assumed to be representative of a larger body of soil.
Laboratory tests provide accurate measurements of soil properties
depending on the ability to replicate the initial conditions and loading
conditions of the problem of interest.
Low strain element tests: Resonant column, Bender element.
High strain element tests: Cyclic triaxial, Cyclic direct shear
Model tests:Shaking table, Centrifuge

Properties
Low strain element tests- Resonant column: Is the most commonly
used laboratory test for measuring the low-strain properties of the soil.
A cylinder of soil is subjected to cyclic torsion (controlled harmonic or
random noise loading).
Properties
Low strain element tests- Resonant column
Rotation amplitude vs.

frequency of induced
vibration, where, fn is the
fundamental frequency of the
specimen in which occurs
resonance (Briaud, 2013)
Properties
Low strain element tests- Resonant column
Example of test results, Shear modulus vs. Shear strain, the strain that can be
tested with this test typically ranges from 10−6 to 10−3
( Briaud, 2013 ).
Properties
Low strain element tests- Bender Element Test
Measurement of shear wave velocity on laboratory specimens. A ceramic nickel film

generates motion when driven by an oscillating electrical signal. The bender
element can act as source and receiver.
Properties
Orientation of BE for S- and P- Wave velocity measurement

Properties
Example of BE input and output signals, tip-to-tip distance between BE source and
receiver d=144.44 mm ( Kim, T .et al., 2015 ).
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests : Cyclic Triaxial Test
Measurement of dynamic
soil properties at high strain
levels. The load is applied
in the radial and axial
direction, therefore, the
principal stresses are
always vertical and
horizontal.
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests : Cyclic Triaxial Test
The cyclic triaxial test can be performed under isotropically consolidated or

anisotropically consolidated conditions.
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests - Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test
A short cylindrical specimen is restrained against lateral expansion by a rigid

boundary and is applied a cyclic horizontal stress at the bottom of the specimen.
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests - Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Test
Conventional simple shear

tests are limited to their
inability to impose initial
shear stresses other than
those corresponding to K0
conditions. Cyclic direct
shear tests on Trakya Sand
under various normal
stresses ( Cabalar, A .et al.,
2013 )
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests - Cyclic Torsional Test
Allows isotropic or
anisotropic initial stress
conditions and can impose
shear stresses on horizontal
planes with continuous
rotation of principal stress
axes.
Properties
High-Strain-Element tests - Cyclic Torsional Test
Measurement of stiffness and damping over a wide range of strain levels.
Comparison between Resonant

Column (RC) and Cyclic
Torsional Shear test (CTS)
results performed on medium
and low plasticity silty-clayey
soils ( Fedrizzi, P .et al., 2015 )
Properties
Model Tests - Shaking Table
Most shaking tables utilize a single horizontal translation degree of freedom.

Shaking tables of many sizes have been used for geotechnical earthquake
engineering.
Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave
(SASW)
Surface waves are ‘dispersive’ which

means they travel at a speed that is
dependent upon the frequency.
Commonly Used Correlations
1•
2
3 Gmax = 2000 Su 4
Gmax = maimum shear modulus
Su = undrained shear strength
(in lb/ft2 / kN/m2)

Uncertainly of Soil Properties
❑ Determine the “Best Estimated (BE)”

soil profile from investigation, lab
testing or correlations
❑ Determine the “Lower Bound” and
“Upper Bound” soil profiles for property
uncertainty.
▪ Bounding all investigation and lab
results
▪ Varying the BE stiffness profile by
50% (22% for the BE vs. Profile)
What if soil Profile can Reach Rock
❖ Soil profile is allowed to be terminated where the soil stiffness is at least as
great as the values used to define Site Class D (VS > 600 ft/s).
❖ The base motion (MCER) developed in Section 21.1.1 shall be adjusted
upward using site coefficients in Section 11.4.4.
One-Dimensional Ground Response
Analysis
Assumption : all the boundaries are horizontal and the response of a soil
deposit is predominantly caused by SH-waves propagating vertically from
the underlying bedrock.
One-Dimensional Ground Response
Analysis
Ground Response Nomenclature
Motion at the surface of a soil deposit - free surface motion; Motion at the
base of the soil deposit - bedrock motion; Motion at a location where
bedrock is exposed - outcropping motion.
One-Dimensional Ground Response Analysis –
Linear Approach
Transfer Functions With Linear Systems
Output Motion
Bedrock
Input Motion
A transfer function is a derived equation that allows the evaluation from the input motion (at
the base) to the output motion (in the mass).
Main assumption : vs, G, ε (dynamic properties) DO NOT CHANGE WITH γ

Linear Approach
Transfer Functions – TF
Transfer
Base Ground Structural
Function for
Motion Response
the Structures
Bedrock Site Response Ground Motion

Linear Approach
Case I : Homogeneous Undamped Soil on Rigid Rock :
Case I : Homogeneous Undamped Soil on Rigid Rock :
Transfer Function
Case II : Homogeneous Damped Soil on Rigid Rock
Transfer Function
Case III : Homogeneous Damped Soil on Elastic Rock
In the rigid model, the

waves are perfectly
reflected by the rock. In
this case, there are
reflected and transferred
waves. In addition, the
presence of damping will
imply complex stiffness.
Transfer Function
Case III : Homogeneous Damped Soil on Elastic Rock
•
Case IV : Layered, Damped Soil on Elastic Rock
• Solving recursion formulae are very complicated and nearly impossible by hand, however various
computer codes have been written over the years to solve these systems.
• Different codes can be used : SHAKE (Schnabel et al., 1972), DEEPSOIL (elastic site response,
non-linear site response), EERA (Equivalent-linear Earthquake site Response Analysis)
Summarizing – Site Response Analysis
Site Response for Nonlinear
Systems
Site response for linear systems computed directly by using Transfer Functions.
However, linear approach neglects the nonlinear behavior of the soil. There are
two methods to account for soil non-linearity:
1) Equivalent Linear Approach : ”trick” the analysis by dealing with linear

systems.
In the equivalent linear approach, the analysis is performed dealing with a linear
system. The overall goal of this analysis is to :
Using a single modulus and damping value for each layer that represents
the average shear response during an earthquake.
To do this, it’s used the modulus reduction and damping curves.
2) Nonlinear approach.
Systems
Equivalent Linear Approach
Reduction curves and damping curves can be determined in a laboratory, where
cyclic harmonic loading is applied. However this loading is significantly different
than transient earthquake loading.
In this case it is used an effective shear strain to convert the transient shear to
a laboratory-equivalent shear.
Systems
•
Systems
Procedure (Hashash, 2016)
Deconvolution
Because the equivalent linear method adopts the linear approach to
site response, it is possible to ”go both ways” with the transfer function.
When there are recorded grounds on motion.

Deconvolution
Deconvolution starts with the surface ground motion and divides it by
the Transfer Function to obtain the bedrock ground motion.
Ground
Base Ground Transfer
Motion at
Motion Function
Bedrock
Deconvolution
Deconvolution must be used with extreme caution.
Ground surface recorded motions include things like 3-D effects, basin
effects, wave reflections, etc. Therefore, not all of the observed ground
motions are simply due to soil amplification. So, in reality, the difference
between the soft soil site and the stiff soil site probably is not 1:1.
For example, what would happen if there is a high surface acceleration

at the same period where there is a low value on the transfer function ?
Super-big bedrock motions that are not real.

Deconvolution
Rather than use deconvolution, most professionals prefer to use
ground motions recorded on rock outcrops with similar shear wave
velocities as the bedrock at their site.
Rock Outcrop
Instrument
SITE REPONSE
ANALYSIS
SOIL MODELS AND SITE RESPONSE
ANALYSIS
1-D Site Response Analysis
Elastic Rock Base

Code Requirement
21.1.3 Site Response Analysis and Computed Results
Base ground motion time histories shall be input to the soil profile as outcropping motions.
Using appropriate computational techniques that treat nonlinear soil properties in a
nonlinear or equivalent-linear manner, the response of the soil profile shall be determined
and surface ground motion time histories shall be calculated. Ratios of 5% damped
response spectra of surface ground motions to input base ground motions shall be
calculated. The recomended surface MCER ground motion response spectrum shall not be
lower than the MCER response spectrum of the base motion multiplied by the average
surface-to-base response spectral ratios (calculated period by period) obtained from the
site response analysis. The recomended surface ground motions that result from the
analysis shall reflect consideration of sensitivity of response to uncertainty in soil
properties, depth of soil model, and input motions.

Stress-Strain behavior of Cyclically Loaded
Soils
Equivalent Linear Model
Because some of the most used

methods of ground response
analysis are based on the use of
equivalent linear properties,
considerable attention has been
given to the characterization of
Gsec (secant shear modulus) and
ε (damping ratio).
Soils
Equivalent Linear Model
•
Soils
Shear Modulus
The secant shear modulus varies with cyclic shear strain amplitude. At low
strain amplitudes, the secant modulus is high, but it decreases as the strain
increases.
The stress-shear strain tip points corresponding to different hysteresis loops

conform the backbone curve.
Soils
Shear Modulus
The variation of the modulus ratio (G/Gmax) is described by the modulus reduction
curve.
Soils
Shear Modulus
Normalised modulus reduction curve at different ranges of shear strain (

modified after Atkinson and Salfors, 1991 ).
Soils
Maximum Shear Modulus, Gmax
The use of shear wave velocities is the most reliable means of evaluating the in
situ value of Gmax.
• Seismic geophysical tests are commonly used to evaluate Gmax: Seismic
Reflection, Seismic Refraction, Cross-Hole, Down-Hole, Seismic Cone.
• Gmax can also be estimated from in situ test (SPT, DMT, CPT, PMT)
parameters by means of empirical correlations. However its use should be

limited to preliminary estimates of Gmax. Gmax is a small strain parameter and
in situ tests imply larger strains.
Soils
Damping Ratio
Experimental evidence shows that some energy is dissipated even at very low
strain levels, so the damping ratio is never zero.
Schematic figure showing

the dynamic deformation
characteristics test and
data processing ( Kiku
and Yoshida, 2000 ).
Soils
Damping Ratio
Damping behavior is influenced by plasticity characteristics. Damping ratios of
highly plastic soils are lower than those of low plasticity soils at the same cyclic
strain amplitude.
Variation of damping ratio

of fine grained soil with
cyclic shear strain
amplitude and plasticity
index (After Vucetic and
Dobry, 1991).
Outcropping Motions
1-D Shear Beam Site Amplification
Soil Stiffness
Wave Refraction
Earthquake Source
Not the same!
Nonlinear Soil Properties - Stiffness
Range for Regionfor

Deformation Bearing
Geophyalcal Capacity and
Analysis
Stability
Test
Calculations
Shear Modulus, G
Unload-Reload
PMT Flat DMT
Sc
re
w
-P
la
te
Initial Loading PMT Te
st Penetration
Test
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
NHI-Manual on Subsurface Investigations, 2001 EPRI Shear Modulus Degradation Curves

Nonlinear Soil Properties -
Damping
• EPRI Damping Curves

Equivalent Linear Approach
G/Gmax
G2
G3
Average effect for nonlinear soil responses during earthquakes

Nonlinear Approach
Wave equation for
visco-elastic medium
tj t
Zi
Vij = v (z = zi, t = tj)
Z
Available Programs
Dimension OS Equivalent Linear Nonlinear
AMPLE, DESRA, DMOD,

DOS Dyneq, Shake91
FLIP, SUMDES, TESS
1-D
ShakeEdit, ProSHake, CyberQuake, DeepSoil,
Windows
Shake2000, EERA, Strata NERA, FLAC, DMOD2000
DYNAFLOW, TARA-3,
FLUSH, QUAD4 /
DOS FLIP, VERSAT, DYSAC2,
2-D / 3-D QUAD4M, TLUSH
LIQCA, OpenSees
Windows QUAKE/W, SASSI2000 FLAC, PLAXIS

Response Spectral Ratio
Design Spectrum and 80% Floor
• Based on Eqauation (21.3-1), design spectral acceleration is 2/3 of MCER
spectrum develop from site response analysis.

• Design spectrum at any period shall not taken as less than 80% of Sa floor.
Site Specific SDS and SD1
SDS = 0,89 x 0,9 = 0,8 g & SD1 = 0,8 g
Sa = 0,89
THANK YOU

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SI 4222

TOPIK KHUSUS GEOTEKNIK

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL

Elastic Rock Base

Different motions: amplitude and frequency (periods)

8.1 Earthquake Magnitude at the source, different damage.

Lake Zone: very soft soils. SCT is the affected area

Peak accelerations, velocities (different soils, essentially the same

Different periods of response vs Natural periods of structures,

Different depths of soil, given similar soils, what happens with

Agreement with simplest theory?

Governed by dynamic soil

Behavior of soils subjected to

Wave propagation effects : low levels of strain are induced.

Low strain properties : Stiffness, Damping, Poisson ratio

High-strain properties : Stiffness, Damping, Influence of

Field tests allow the properties of the soil to be measured in situ.

Advantages: Do not require sampling, Measure the response of large

Limitations: In many field tests, the specific soil property of interest is

Seismic geophysical tests: determination of dynamic soil properties by

10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

NHI-Manual on Subsurface Investigations, 2001

Low Strain Shear Modulus :

and thickness of superficial layers.

The upper layer thickness can

Standard Penetration Test

Cone Penetration Test

Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Test

Low strain element tests: Resonant column, Bender element.

High strain element tests: Cyclic triaxial, Cyclic direct shear

Model tests:Shaking table, Centrifuge

Rotation amplitude vs.

Measurement of shear wave velocity on laboratory specimens. A ceramic nickel film

Orientation of BE for S- and P- Wave velocity measurement

The cyclic triaxial test can be performed under isotropically consolidated or

A short cylindrical specimen is restrained against lateral expansion by a rigid

Conventional simple shear

Measurement of stiffness and damping over a wide range of strain levels.

Comparison between Resonant

Most shaking tables utilize a single horizontal translation degree of freedom.

Surface waves are ‘dispersive’ which

Su = undrained shear strength

(in lb/ft2 / kN/m2)

❑ Determine the “Best Estimated (BE)”

Main assumption : vs, G, ε (dynamic properties) DO NOT CHANGE WITH γ

Bedrock Site Response Ground Motion

In the rigid model, the

two methods to account for soil non-linearity:

1) Equivalent Linear Approach : ”trick” the analysis by dealing with linear

system. The overall goal of this analysis is to :

the average shear response during an earthquake.

To do this, it’s used the modulus reduction and damping curves.

When there are recorded grounds on motion.

For example, what would happen if there is a high surface acceleration

Super-big bedrock motions that are not real.

Elastic Rock Base

Using appropriate computational techniques that treat nonlinear soil properties in a

analysis shall reflect consideration of sensitivity of response to uncertainty in soil

properties, depth of soil model, and input motions.

Because some of the most used

The stress-shear strain tip points corresponding to different hysteresis loops

Normalised modulus reduction curve at different ranges of shear strain (

• Seismic geophysical tests are commonly used to evaluate Gmax: Seismic