Discussion:

In some way, active faults can still be crossed.

Faults should be located prior to design of structures.

Distance of active fault to calculate peak ground accelerations

accelerations

0.6 G highest

0.2 G

We should also know the indications of fault.

- Slickensides
- Misaligned beddings
- Fault scarps
- Fracture with gouche (??)
- Highly fractured rocks
o Andesite was discovered but the rocks were highly fractured and is 10km away from a
fault. Hence it was considered gravel instead of bedrock.
- Very low rqd (??)

Indications can be found with geotechnical investigations and geologic mapping.

You can found your structure on soil provided it is hard.

Sand and gravel should have continuous 5 m thick

Spt values (?) 5 ata dapat

50 meters depth (ano to??) – via duct (?)

We must always consider the rock mass properties of rocks.

 For slope stability

When u build structure on slope u should have 3-5 m clearance away from the slope.

 Fold

Is a flexure in the rock (it is a bend)

Chevron is steep fault

Recumbent where the dip is almost lying horizontally

What is importance is u should know the configuration of the fold in the field. Make sure to determine
where the fold is plunging. (u will have prob if it is dipping toward the mountain cut).

At the same time, u should remember that we located the structure on top of the anticline (ridge part)
because that is the most stable part.

If highway is on the syncline part, there will be problems with regards to flooding. Because of the water
coming from the mountain slopes.

Water seepage is another prob if structure is on the syncline part. Kasi aquifer is usually on the syncline
part.

Syncline part = gulley

There are measures to combat this like:

- Build a bridge above the flood level.

- Drainage can be used to combat water seepage.

Reinforced concrete lining is required to protect a tunnel from slope instability.

Rechmechanics

- Vey importance on both tunneling and dam works.

- Folded rocks on the area can also be a problem in slope stability.
- We only provide geologic data and hazard warning to civil engineer; sila bahala sa design.
- Kartification = problem in subsidence.
- When rocks are highly jointed, it will hasten erosion and rock will easily disintegrate and convert
into a soil
- As much as possible when we have jointed rocks in the area, we try to determine the density of
the jointing (distances niya between joints or if widely space ba sila or not) to know about
suitable excavation.
- Soft sed – reaper can be used
- Hard rocks = explosives can be used for excavation.
- As much as possible we don’t want to remove (ano?) in the base to avoid toppling problem.
- Shat crete (??) used on rock slope that have tendency to slide (?) that’s why u hve to determine
what the hazard will be.

Rock mass strength

- If the rock mass is highly fractured or jointed then the strength is reduced.

Dam

- Slope stability of the dam abutment

- permeability