2075 ERP SOLUTION:

1) What are the major breeds of horses found in the world? Which breed of horse is found in
Nepal? Write down the importance of horse rearing in Nepal. [2+1+3=6]
 Major breeds of equine Worldwide:
1) Warm-blooded (Light breed Horse):
2) Cold Blooded (Draft Horse):
a) Warm-blooded (Light breed Horse):
i. Arabian horse
ii. American Quarter Horse.
iii. Marwari Horse
iv. Kathiawari
b) Cold Blooded (Draft Horse):
i. Belgian horse
ii. Shire horse
iii. Clydesdale horse
iv. Suffolk

Jumli horse is mostly found in Nepal.

The importance of horse rearing in Nepal are:
Horses are used for sporting and farming. The American horse council estimates that horse have an
impact on the economy of the united states of over $39 million.
There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For
example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Horses
can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature
reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than
motorized vehicles.

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses
used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BC, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the
end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are
still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport
activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. 

Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character
in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories.
Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products.  The
horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment.
2) Describe the estrus cycle in mare and management of pregnant mare. [3+3=6]
 Estrus cycles in mares:
Although the mare continue 22 days throughout the breeding season the length of estrus varies from 2-8
days varies according to maintain.
Breeding time:
A mare reaches puberty at about 18 months but does not achieve physical maturity until 3 years of age
when a mare is in heat. She is receptive to stallion. She exhibits certain characteristics sign. They induce
frequent urination, raised tail, winkling of vulva.
Care and management of pregnant mares:
Pregnant mares need adequate daily exercise in a paddock or pasture and horse kept together should be
vaccination and deworming should be done. Do not given during the first days of gestation. The routine
diet and pasture or hay and concentration to maintain good condition is necessary. During the last three
month gestation the mare should be gradual increasing nutrition.
3) What are the major breeds of rabbit in Nepal? Write their characteristics briefly. [2+4=6]

1) Angora:
It is the one of the oldest known breeds of domestics rabbits is kept primarily for wool. It is the
only breed from which wool for spinning can be obtaining. White angora are popular. It gives very fine
quality of wool. One animal can give about 700gm of wool in a year. Present rate of rabbit is about Rs
1500/kg the different strains of Angora rabbit available in Nepal are:
I. German Angora:
 Large body size with 3-4 kg body weight.
 Bighead and wool grows around the mouth and ears.
 Good wool producer.
 Medium reproductive performance.
 Average wool production 700-800gm/year (Nepal) but average wool production is 1200-
1400gm/year (Germany).
II. British Angora:
 Body weight of British Angora is 3 kg.
 Bright wool production, low wool, average 500gm/year.
 Low wollensity.
III. Russian Angora:
 Small head.
 Wool is brightness.
 Low wool production 600-700gm/year.
IV. Chinese Angora:
 Good mothering ability.
 Good wool producer 600-700gm/year.
 Good adaptation ability.
V. French Angora:
 Loose wool attachment in the body.
 French angora is a large rabbit with long fur on the body, legs and necks.
 It was originated from Europe.
 Main purpose wool and meat production.
 They require regular grooming and harvesting of wool for about 2-3 times in a year.
2) Chinchilla Rabbit:
 It is a wool breed, the chinchilla closely resembles that real chinchilla langira, the pelts of
which are the most expensive in the world. Therefore, the pelt of chinchilla rabbits fetches a better price
then other breeds. The breed weight between 2.5-3kg and has excellent meat qualities. A large chinchilla
Rabbit has been developed which the coat color of chinchilla its meat qualities and growth rate are
excellent. It is originated in France in early 19003.
 Chinchilla rabbits are generally quite docile, good natured and very gentle.
 They are intelligence, conscious and playful rabbits and enjoy company and attention.
 They are well suited as house rabbit.

3) Newzearland White:
Newzearland white is white in color has excellent fur and good in size and excellent meat
producer also 4-5kg.
4) White gaints:
It is also large size and a good meat producer. There are many other breeds including sati breeds,
which are kept mainly for pelts and produce meat in addition, their pelts fetch better price.
5) Grey Gaints:
Large in size and excellent meat production. Adult weight is 4-5kg.
6) Californian hyline:
Black ears, black foot, white body color has excellent fur and good in size and excellent meat producer
also 4-5kg.
4) What are the major metabolic diseases of horse? Describe briefly one of them. [2+4=6]

Some metabolic disease of horse:
i. Monday morning disease
ii. Laminitis
iii. Equine metabolic syndrome

(A) Laminitis:
The hoof wall is made up of interlinked outer insensitive layer support by an underlying
inner sensitive layer. In laminitis, the blood flow to laminae is affected result in inflammation and
swelling in tissues with hoof and serve pain.
Causes:
i. Bacteria endotoxins released into the blood stream causes intense constriction of small capillaries
that nourish the laminate result in deprivation of blood and oxygen to the laminae swelling occur.
ii. Obesity
iii. Mechanical over load.
Sign:
i. Digital artery at the fetlock has pounding pulse.
ii. Fetlock are hot and painful.
iii. The horse ultimately lifts one foot after another and gives evidence of serve pain.
iv. When all feet involved horse draws her feet up under beneath the belly or lies down.
Diagnosis:
 By history
 By lab test
Treatment:
 There is given proper balance diet.
 Some mineral and vitamins source of food should be given.
 Some antibiotics should be given i.e. penicillin,
 Anti-inflammatory drugs should be given. i.e. Dexamthasone sodium.
5) Describe the housing and feeding practices of Rabbit in our country. [3+3=6]

Housing Practices for Rabbit:
Rabbits to be used to protect them and prevent them running
away. Rabbits housing depends upon the types of farming, i.e. weather backyard or commercial type,
climate and the availability of income. The farmers that keeps rabbit in backyards usually utilizes old
boxes, bamboo etc. commercial farmer make wire cages. Commercials farms, rabbits are kept mostly in
wire. The cages are made up of galvanized wire mesh not exceeding 19 X 19 mm is favored as this allow.
Feed pellets to post through and does not cause foot injury.
For rabbit over 13 week of age the high should
not be less than 45 cm. A cage of this high with floor space 0.56 cm 2 can accommodate one breeding doe
or buck. Each cage should have a hay rack outside the cage and automatic watering system with nipple
drinker in each cage.
 Area having temperature between 12 to 35oC and relative humidity between 55-65% around the
year are best for rabbit rearing.
 It is desirable to rear them in hilly areas where the climate is fairly cool and uniform around the
year.
 In plains, it is desirable to have the areas either good canopy of trees or coconut groves/orchard.
The shed should be constructed in such a way that rabbit may not be affected by direct wind and if it is
not possible trees may be planted near the shed should be well-ventilated and provision must be there to
cover the windows etc. during chilled weather.
Feeding of rabbits:
Rabbit required all six nutrients .i.e. water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, all
essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins may should be feed.
Green leaf, concentrates less in c.f. under 20% and high in energy cover 60%. Corophagy, water,
vitamins: A, D,E is necessary to supply through diet.
Vitamin requirement: 5000 I.U/kg to 75000I.U/kg.
6) Write down etiology, transmission, symptoms, treatments, and controls measures of Tyzzer’s disease
in rabbits. [1+1+2+2]

Etiology:
 Clostridium piliforms
 Obligate parasites, intercellular bacterium.
 Gram negative, pleomorphic.
 Spore forming, bipolar rod shape bacteria.
Mode of transmission:
 Spread by spore ingestion.
 Fecal oral.
Symptoms:
 Loss of appetite.
 Dehydration.
 Loss of energy.
 Staining of the hind quarters.
 Profuse watery to mucous diarrhea.
 Death of 12-48 hours after onset of diarrhea are typical.
 Mortality rate is high.
Treatment:
 No specific treatment.
 Supportive treatment is only
 Antibiotic should be given.
Prevention and control:
 Good sanitization (1% peracetic acid or 3% bleach.)
 Regular removal of fecal materials.
 Prevent from different types of stress.
7) Write down the vaccination schedule of dog. Write the etiology, signs, and symptoms, transmission
diagnosis and control and prevention of canine Distemper. [6]
Cause:
It is caused by RNA virus belonging to the genus morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae.
Sign and Symptoms:
 The dog is dull and depressed and is indifferent to its surrounding for a day or two in the initial
phase of the disease.
 There is a high rise of temperature (103 – 104oF). In this stage the nose will become dry and hot
and eyes become congested.
 The animals become markedly depressed and anorectic.
 The temperature usually comes down in 3 – 4 days and remains normal till 11 – 12 days after
which the temperature rises again (diphasic fever).
 The second rise of temperature is accompanied by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and
bronchopneumonia.

There may be variation in the clinical manifestations depending on severity and the system involved. In
general, the systems involved and the manifestations are:
a) Pulmonary form: It is more prevalent than digestive form. It is characterized by oculonasal discharge
pharyngitis and bronchitis. Bronchopneumonia is a constant feature.
b) Digestive form: Loss of appetite, vomiting abdominal pain and loose faeces with or without blood.
c) Ocular form: Swollen eyelids, congestion of conjunctiva and purulent discharge from the eyes.
d) Nervous form: Restlessness, excitement, chewing movement, excessive salivation and convulsion.
The dog may show epileptic fits/seizures (the dog falls down on its side and performs running
movement). Later on there is ascending paralysis. During seizures, there may be involuntary defecation
and urination.
e) Cutaneous form: There is appearance of vesicle and pustules in the skin of abdomen and thigh. The
skin of foot pad and nose become hard due to hyper keratosis.

Transmission:
Transmission mainly occurs by inhalation. The virus is present in all secretion and excretion of the body.
Transmission through ingestion of contaminated water and food is also possible.
Treatment:
 There is no specific treatment for canine distemper.
 Anticanine distemper serum may be given to save the life of the patient. It should be given @ 1
– 5 ml/kg body weight by IV, IM or SC route as soon as possible. In severe cases 5 – 10 ml/kg
body weight can also be given.

Other symptomatic treatments may be tried such as broad spectrum antibiotics, neurovitamins and
anticonvulsants. (a) Neurovitamins: Neurobion/Neuroxin @ 2 – 3 ml IM for 1 week. (b) Anticonvulsant:
Chlorpromazine HCl @ 5mg/kg b. wt. orally or 1 – 2 mg/ kg b. wt. IM or IV.
 8) Write the etiology, signs, and symptoms, transmission diagnosis and control and prevention of canine
typhus. [6]

Initial Adult
Dog
Initial Puppy Vaccination
Vaccination (at or (over 16
Dog Vaccine under 16 weeks) weeks) Booster Recommendation Comments

Single dose Annual boosters are required. Core dog vaccine. Rabies is 100%
Rabies 1-year Can be administered fatal to dogs, with no treatment
in one dose, as early available. Prevention is key.
as 3 months of age.
States regulate the
age at which it is first
administered.

Rabies 3-year Can be administered Single dose A second vaccination is Core dog vaccine.
as one dose, as early recommended after 1 year,
as 3 months of age. then boosters every 3 years.
States regulate the
age at which it is first
administered.
Distemper At least 3 doses, 2 doses, given Puppies need a booster 1 year Core dog vaccine.Caused by an
given between 6 and 3-4 weeks after completing their initial airborne virus, distemper is a severe
16 weeks of age apart series, then all dogs need a disease that, among other problems,
booster every 3 years or more may cause permanent brain damage.
often.
Parvovirus At least 3 doses, 2 doses, 3-4 Puppies need a booster 1 year Core dog vaccine.Canine "parvo" is
given between 6 and weeks apart after completing the initial contagious, and can cause severe
16 weeks of age series, then all dogs need a vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Parvo
booster every 3 years or more is usually fatal if untreated.
often.
Adenovirus, At least 3 doses, 2 doses, 3-4 Puppies need a booster 1 year Core dog vaccine.Spread via
type 1 (CAV-1, between 6 and 16 weeks apart after completing the initial infected urine and feces; canine
canine hepatitis) weeks of age series, then all dogs need a hepatitis can lead to severe liver
booster every 3 years or more damage, and death.
often.
Adenovirus, type At least 3 doses,  2 doses, 3-4 Puppies need a booster 1 year Core dog vaccine. Spread via coughs
2 (CAV-2, between 6 and 16 weeks apart after completing the initial and sneezes.
kennel cough) weeks of age series, then all dogs need a
booster every 3 years or more
often.
Parainfluenza Administered at 6-8 1 dose A booster may be necessary Non-core dog vaccine.Parainfluenza
weeks of age, then after 1 year, depending on infection (not the same as canine
every 3-4 weeks manufacturer influenza) results in cough, fever. It
until 12-14 weeks recommendations; may be associated with Bordetella
old revaccination every 3 years is infection.
considered protective.
Bordetella Depends on the 1 dose of the Annual or 6-month boosters Non-core dog vaccine.Not usually a
bronchiseptica vaccine type; 2 doses intranasal or may be recommended for serious condition, although it can be
(kennel cough) are usually needed oral product, dogs in high-risk dangerous in young puppies. It is
for protection or 2 doses of environments. usually seen after activities like
the injected boarding or showing.
product
 
Lyme disease 1 dose, administered 2 doses, 2-4 May be needed annually, prior Non-core dog vaccine.Generally
as early as 9 weeks, weeks apart to the start of tick season recommended only for dogs with a
with a second dose high risk for exposure to Lyme
2-4 weeks later disease-carrying ticks.
Leptospirosis First dose as early as 2 doses, 2-4 At least once yearly for dogs Non-core dog vaccine.Vaccination is
8 weeks, with a weeks apart in high-risk areas generally restricted to established
second dose 2-4 risk areas. Exposure to rodents and
weeks later standing water can lead to a
leptospirosis infection.
Canine influenza First dose as early as 2 doses, 2-4 Yearly Non-core dog vaccine. 
6-8 weeks; second weeks apart Similar to bordetella.
dose 2-4 weeks later