GROUP N ---B1-------

Name of student : NIKHILESH SHARMA___ ROLL NO.:22

1. Cohort study (short review) , what is proposed to calculate

in cohort study
ANSWER: A cohort study is an observational study. In a cohort
study the epidemiologist records whether each study participant
is exposed or not, and then tracks the participants to see if they
develop the disease of interest. This differs from an experimental
study because, in a cohort study the investigator observes rather
than determines the participants exposure status. After a period
of time, the investigator compares the disease rate in the
exposed group with the disease rate in the unexposed group.
The unexposed group serves as the comparison group, providing
an estimate of the expected amount of disease occurrence in the
community. If the disease rate is substantively different in the
exposed group compared to the unexposed group, the exposure
is said to be associated with illness.

2. Case-control study (short review) , what is needed to

calculate in case-control study
ANSWER: In a case-control study, investigators start by enrolling
a group of people with disease. As a comparison group, the
investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease
(controls). Investigators then compare previous exposures
between the two groups. The control group provides an estimate
of the expected amount of exposure in that population. If the
amount of exposure among the case group is substantially higher
than the amount you would expect based on the control group,
then illness is said to be associated with that exposure.
The key in a case-control study is to identify an appropriate
control group, comparable to the case group in most respects, in
order to provide a reasonable estimate of the expected
exposure.
3. Interpretation different level of OR (<1, =1, >1)
ANSWER: Odds Ratio (OR) is a measure of association between
exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an
outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the
odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.
Assume group A and group B. The OR is used to figure out if a
particular exposure (like eating meat) is a risk factor for a
particular outcome (such as colon cancer), and to compare the
various risk factors for that outcome.

 An odds ratio of exactly =1 means that exposure to A does not

affect the odds of B.
 An odds ratio of more than >1 means that there is a higher odds
of B happening with exposure to A.
 An odds ratio is less than <1 is associated with lower odds.