Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Malaysia
Mechanical Engineering
Dynamics DAM13903
 Objective

◼ To introduce the concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and

acceleration.
◼ To study particle motion along a straight line.
◼ The motion equation application, concept and calculation.
 Rectilinear Kinematics
Section 12.2

◼ Rectilinear : Straight line motion

◼ Kinematics : Study the geometry of the motion dealing with s, v, a.
◼ Rectilinear Kinematics : To identify at any given instant, the particle’s position, velocity,
and acceleration.

(All objects such as rockets, projectiles, or vehicles will be considered as particles “has
negligible size and shape”

particles : has mass but negligible size and shape

 Position

◼ Position : Location of a particle at any

given instant with respect to the origin

r : Displacement ( Vector )
s : Distance ( Scalar )
 Distance & Displacement

◼ Displacement : defined as the N River

change in position.
◼ r : Displacement ( 3 km ) My Place
◼ s : Distance ( 8 km ) 3km
X

Total length City

QUT
8 km
◼ For straight-line
Distance = Displacement
s = r
Ds = Dr

Vector is direction oriented

Dr positive (left )
Dr negative (right)
 Velocity & Speed

◼ Velocity : Displacement per unit time

◼ Average velocity :
◼ V = Dr / Dt

◼ Speed : Distance per unit time

◼ Average speed :
◼ usp = sT / Dt (Always positive scalar )

◼ Speed refers to the magnitude of velocity

◼ Average velocity :
uavg = Dr / Dt
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion
ds v =slope of s – t graph
v=
dt

Graph S-t

45
40
35
30
25
s(m)

20
15
10
5
0
0 5 15 22 27

t(s)

◼ Figure show Graph s - t for a body moving in a straight line. Assuming

that the sudden change in velocity at time t = 5, 15, 22 s can be carried
out. Draw the graph of v-t ?.
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

◼ Answer
◼
ds
v=
dt
20 − 0
t = 0 − 5s _ v = = 4ms −1
5
36 − 20
t = 5 − 15s _ v = = 1.6ms −1
15 − 5
40 − 36
t = 15 − 22 s _ v = = 0.6ms −1
22 − 15
0 − 40
t = 22 − 27 s _ v = = −8ms −1
27 − 22
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion
dv
a= a =slope of v – t graph
dt

Graph v-t

15
10
5
v(m /s)

0
-5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

-10
-15
t(s)

◼ Figure show Graph v - t for a body moving in a straight line. Assuming

that the sudden change in velocity at time t = 2, 6, 10 s can be carried
out. Draw the graph of a - t ?.
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

◼ Answer
◼
dv
a=
dt
10 − 0
t = 0 − 2s _ a = = 5ms − 2
2−0
t = 2 − 6 s _ a = 0ms − 2
(10) − ( −10)
t = 6 − 10 s _ a = = −5ms − 2
10 − 6
0 − (−10)
t = 10 − 16 s _ a = = 1.7 ms − 2
16 − 10
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

D v =  adt
Change in = Area Under
Velocity A – t Graph

Dv =  adt
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

D s =  vdt
Change in = Area Under
Displacement v – t Graph

Ds =  vdt
 Velocity as a Function of Time

dv
ac =
dt

dv = ac dt
v t

 dv =  a c dt
vo 0

v = v0 + a ct
 Position as a Function of Time

ds
v= = v0 + act
dt
s t

 ds =  ( v 0 + a c t ) dt
so 0

1
s = s0 + v0t + act 2

2
 velocity as a Function of Position

v dv = ac ds
v s

 v dv =  a c ds
v0 s0

1 2 1 2
v − v0 = ac ( s − s0 )
2 2

v = v0 + 2 ac ( s − s0 )
2 2
 Free Fall

◼ Ali and Omar are standing at the top of a cliff of height H. Both
throw a ball with initial speed v0, Ali straight down and Omar
straight up. The speed of the balls when they hit the ground are vA
and vO respectively. Which of the following is true:

(a) vA < vO (b) vA = vO (c) vA > vO

Ali v0 Omar
v0
H
vA vO
 Free fall…

◼ Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition should tell you
that v = v0
◼ We can prove that your intuition is correct:

Equation: v 2 − v 02 = 2 ( − g )(H − H ) = 0

This looks just like Omar threw

Omar the ball down with speed v0, so
v0 v = v0 the speed at the bottom should
be the same as Ali’s ball.
H
y=0
 Free fall…

◼ We can also just use the equation directly:

: v − v 0 = 2 ( − g )(0 − H )
2 2
Ali
same !!
Omar: v 2
− v 02 = 2 ( − g )(0 − H )

Ali v0 Omar
y=H
v0

y=0
 Summary

Time dependent acceleration

◼
◼ Constant acceleration

s (t )
v = v0 + a ct
ds
v=
dt 1
2 s = s0 + v0t + act 2
dv d s 2
a= = 2
dt dt v = v + 2 ac (s − s0 )
2 2
0
a ds = v dv This applies to a freely falling object:

a = g = 9 . 81 m / s 2
 Question 1
◼ Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a
speed of 35 m/s. If the brakes are applied and the speed
of the car is reduced to 10 m/s in 15 s, determine the
constant deceleration of the car.

v = v0 + a ct v = u + at
 Quiz 1
◼ Initially, the car travels along a straight road with
a speed of 60 m/s. If the brakes are applied and
the speed of the car is reduced to 25 m/s in 20 s,
determine the constant deceleration of the car.
 Question 2
◼ A truck traveling along a straight road at speed v1
(20km/h), increases its speed to v2 (120km/h) in 15 s. If
its acceleration is constant, determine the distance
traveled.
 Question 2
◼ A truck traveling along a straight road at speed v1
(20km/h), increases its speed to v2 (120km/h) in 15 s. If
its acceleration is constant, determine the distance
traveled.
km km
u = 20 v = 120 t = 15s
hr hr
solution
v2 − v1
a= = 1.852m / s 2
t
1 2
s = ut + at s = 291.67 m
2
 Quiz 1
◼ A truck traveling along a straight road at speed
v1 (40km/h), increases its speed to v2 (100km/h)
in 3000m. If its acceleration is constant,
determine the time traveled.
 Contoh 2
◼ Dua zarah P dan Q bergerak pada masa yang sama dari
satu tempat di A mengikut garisan lurus menuju ke satu
tempat di B seperti dalam Rajah 2. Zarah P bergerak
dengan halaju seragam 8 m/s manakala zarah Q
bergerak dengan halaju mula 1 m/s dan pecutan
seragam 2 m/s2. Jika kedua-dua zarah bertemu di B,
tentukan:
a) Masa yang diambil oleh kedua-dua zarah untuk
bergerak dari A ke B
b) Jarak AB
c) Halaju zarah Q ketika sampai di B
Rajah 2
 Example
◼ A car is moving with a speed of 72km/h. The driver
saw the traffic lights turn red when the distance
between cars and the traffic light is 300m as shown in
Figure. The green light will on after 20s. If the driver
wants to drive straight past the green lights without
stopping his car, determine:
a) Deceleration required by the car
b) Speed of the car when passing the traffic light.