Chapter 1 (part 1)

Fundamentals of
Chemistry & Atomic
Concepts
Chemistry DA◌
M
ٍ 13102
In this chapter, you will learn about
• Classification of matter.
• Phases and particles arrangement.
• Atomic mass, molecular mass and Avogadro’s Number.
• Empirical and molecular formula.
• Chemical Equation and stoichiometry.
• Volumetric analysis
Classification of
matter
 • Composed of same
Homogeneous elements /same phase

• Composed of two or more

Heterogeneous/
different elements/
Inhomogeneous different phase
Physical Properties
• A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not
associated with a change in its chemical composition.
• Example of Physical Properties includes density, color,
hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical
conductivity.

• A physical change is a change in the state or properties of

matter without any accompanying change in its chemical
composition
Physical
properties
Example of physical change

Solid Liquid
wax form

Solid Liquid
sugar sugar

Sugar dissolved in water (Solubility) Wax melting-Change of state

(solid liquid)
Chemical property
• The change of one type of matter into another type is a
chemical property.
• Examples of chemical properties include flammability,
toxicity, acidity, reactivity , and heat of combustion.
Example of chemical change

Iron rust as the iron react with water combustion of a match, cellulose in the
and oxygen to form iron oxide match and oxygen from the air undergo
a chemical change to form carbon
dioxide and water vapor.
Atomic Mass
What is atom?
• Atom is building block of matter.
Evolution of Atomic Structure
• Dalton Theory of atom: Matter is composed of exceedingly
small particles called atoms.
• 1800: J.J Thompson found small elements negatively
charged known as ‘electron’.
• 1909; Through Milikans’ experiment, he found the charge of
e- as 1.6 x10-19 C. Then the mass of e- measured to be
9.107 × 10−31 kg.
a) Thompson theory of atom model
b) Nagaoka model of atom
Rutherford and Geiger Experiment

• From the experiment, Rutherford concludes that

1. The volume occupied by an atom must consist of a large amount of empty space.

2. A small, relatively heavy, positively charged body, the nucleus, must be at the center
of each atom.
Atomic Structure
• 1 atomic mass unit (amu) is the average of the proton rest mass and the
neutron rest mass defined as exactly 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12 atom. This
is approximately 1.67377 x 10-27 kilogram (kg), or 1.67377 x 10 -24 gram (g).

• The mass of an atom in amu is roughly equal to the sum of the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• For example, hydrogen has 1 proton and 0 neutron. So hydrogen has 1 amu
approximately.
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its
atomic number (Z).
• Its value determines the identity of the atom.
• For example, any atom that contains six protons is the element
carbon and has the atomic number 6, regardless of how many
neutrons or electrons it may have.

• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is

called its mass number (A).
• atomic number (Z) = number of protons
• mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
• A − Z = number of neutrons

• Atoms are electrically neutral if they contain the same

number of positively charged protons and negatively charged
electrons.
• When the numbers of these subatomic particles are not equal,
the atom is electrically charged and is called an ion.

• Atomic charge = number of protons − number of electrons

symbol
26 Fe 3+ 35 Br -

56 80
Proton 26
Neutron 30
Electron 23
Charge 3+
• chemical symbol is an abbreviation that we use to indicate
an element or an atom of an element.
• For example, the symbol for
• mercury is Hg
• Gold is Au
• Silver is Ag
Isotopes

• Isotopes-Atoms that have the same number of

protons but different numbers of neutrons are
called isotopes.
• Because isotopes of an element have different
numbers of neutrons, they also have different
mass numbers.
Average Atomic mass

• Most elements occur naturally as mixtures of

isotopes.
• The mass numbers on the periodic table are the
weighted average of the most abundant isotopes’
mass numbers.
• The atomic mass of an element is a weighted
average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring
sample of the element.
How to calculate Avg. Atomic Mass

• To calculate the atomic mass of an

element, multiply the mass of each
isotope by its natural abundance,
expressed as a decimal, and then add the
products.
Sample Problem 1

• Rubidium has two common isotopes, 85-

Rb and 87-Rb. If the abundance of 85-
Rb is 72.2% and the abundance of 87Rb
is 27.8%, what is the average atomic
mass of rubidium?
Isotope % abundance Fraction of mass
abundance

85-Rb 72.2% 0.722 85 amu

X = 61.37

87-Rb 27.8% 0.278 87 amu

X
=
24.186

+______________
85.556 amu
Sample problem 2
• Given the average atomic mass of an element on the periodic
table and the percent natural abundance of each isotope,
calculate the identity of the unknown isotope?(Atomic mass of
chromium is 51.996 amu)
• Chromium- ?? 4.345%
• Chromium-52 83.79%
• Chromium-53 9.50%
• Chromium-54 2.365%
Isotope % Fraction of mass
abundance abundance

Chromium 4.345% 0.04345 ? amu 0.04345 x Z

- ??

Chromium 83.79% 0.8379 52 amu 0.8379 x 52

-52

Chromium 9.50% 0.095 53 amu 0.095 x 53

-53

Chromium 2.365% 0.02365 54 amu 0.02365 x 54

-54

Total 51.996 amu

• Z= unknown chromium

[(Z)(0.04345)] + [(52)(0.8379)] +
[(53)(0.0950)] + [(54)(0.02365)] =
51.996
amu
Answer:

• Z= 49.35
Sample problem 3
• Chlorine has two naturally occurring isotopes. The
mass of chlorine-35 is 34.696 amu and the mass of
chlorine-37 is 36.966 amu. Using the average mass
from the periodic table (average atomic mass of
chlorine is 35.453), find the abundance of each
isotope. (Remember that the sum of the two
abundances must be 100)
Isotope Fraction mass
of
abundance

chlorine-35 p 34.696 34.696 x p

amu

chlorine-37 (1-p) 36.966 36.966 x (1-p)

amu

Total 35.453 amu

• p= fraction of abundance for chlorine-35
• 1 – p= fraction of abundance for chlorine-37

[(34.696)(p)] + [(36.966)(1– p)] = 35.453 amu

Answer
• p = 0.667
• Then, chlorine-35 ; 66.7%
• chlorine-37: 33.3%
Molecule
• Atom can combined to form molecule
• Eg. 6 oxygen atom can bound to become O2 or O3 molecule
Chemical Formula

• A methane molecule can be represented as

(a) a molecular formula,

(b) a structural formula,

(c) a ball and-stick model, and

(d) a space-filling model.

• Carbon and hydrogen atoms are represented by black and white spheres
Formula mass
• formula mass of a substance by summing the average atomic
masses of all the atoms represented in the substance’s
formula.
• It can also be referred as molecular mass.
Formula Mass of NaCl

• NaCl, contains an array of sodium and chloride ions

combined in a 1:1 ratio
• Its formula mass is 58.44 amu.
Mole Concept
• The mole is an amount unit. It provides a specific measure of
the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of
matter.
• A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the
same number of discrete entities (such as atoms, molecules,
and ions) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C
weighing exactly 12 g.
• A mole of substance contains a 6.02214179 × 1023 atoms
–this is referred as Avogadro’s number (NA).
• 1 mole of any element contains the same number of atoms
as 1 mole of any other element.
Molar Mass
• molar mass of an element (or compound) is the mass in grams
of 1 mole of that substance, a property expressed in units of
grams per mole (g/mol).
• For example, one H2O molecule weighs approximately 18 amu
and 1 mole of H2O molecules weighs approximately 18 g).
• Example: Molecular mass of glycine, C2H5O2N,
• Same formula applied to find the number of atom/mass in
compound
Example
1. Find the mass of 0.1 mole of Na
2. Calculate Molar Mass of H2O
Ans
1. Na has molar mass 22.99 or approximately 23.0 g/mol.
For 0.1 mol, it contain mass of 0.1 mol x 23.0g mol-1 =
2.30 g.
2. H2O contain 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen. Hydrogen has 1
g/mol molar mass and oxygen has 16 g/mol molar mass.
Sum of all elements in H2O will give 18.0 g/mol molar mass
of H2O.
Keywords
 Keywords

• Mole: amount of substance containing the same number of

atoms, molecules, ions, or other entities as the number of
atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C.
• Molarity: unit of concentration, defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
• Avogadro’s Number (NA): experimentally determined value of
the number of entities comprising 1 mole of substance, equal
to 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
Empirical and
Molecular Formulas
•Empirical formulas
•Molecular formulas
Empirical Formulas
• The empirical formula for a compound is the formula with
the smallest whole-number mole ratio of the elements.
• The empirical formula might or might not be the same as the actual
molecular formula!
• The empirical formula = molecular formula for IONIC COMPOUNDS -
ALWAYS!
Molecular Formulas
• If the empirical formula is different from the molecular
formula, the molecular formula will always be a simple
multiple of the empirical formula.
• EX: The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO; the molecular
formula is H2O2.
• In both formulas, the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1:1
Calculating Empirical Formulas
• Use the following poem to remember the steps:
Percent to mass
Mass to moles
Divide by small
Multiply ‘til whole
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• Determine the empirical formula for methyl acetate, which
has the following chemical analysis: 48.64% carbon, 8.16%
hydrogen, and 43.20% oxygen.
Step One: Percent to Mass
• Let’s assume we have a 100. g sample of methyl acetate.
This means that each element’s percent is also the number of
grams of that element.
• 48.64% C = 48.64 g C
• 8.16% H = 8.16 g H
• 43.20% O = 43.20 g O
Step Two: Mass to Moles
• Convert each mass into moles using the molar mass of each
element.
• 48.64 g C x 1 mol C = 4.053 mol C
12.0 g C
• 8.16 g H x 1 mol H = 8.08 mol H
1.01 g H
• 43.20 g O x 1 mol O = 2.700 mol O
16.0 g O
Step Three: Divide by Small
• Oxygen accounts for the smallest number of moles in the
formula, so divide each element by oxygen’s number of
moles: 2.700 mol
• Carbon: 4.053 mol / 2.700 mol = 1.501 = 1.5
• Hydrogen: 8.08 mol / 2.700 mol = 2.99 = 3
• Oxygen: 2.700 mol / 2.700 mol = 1.000 = 1

• Remember, we will want whole-number ratios

Step Four: Multiply ‘Til Whole
• In the previous slide, the ratio of C:H:O is 1.5:3:1
• We need a whole-number ratio, so we can multiply
everything by 2 to get rid of the 1.5

• C 3, H 6, O 2
So, the final empirical formula is C3H6O2
Calculating Molecular Formulas
• Sorry, no silly poem this time!
• Step 1 – Calculate the empirical formula (if needed)
• Step 2 – GIVEN molecular mass (experimental)/empirical
formula molar mass = multiplier
• Step 3 – Multiply the empirical formula subscripts by the
multiplier found in Step 2
 C H O
Mass 48.64 8.16 g 43.20 g
Mol 48.64/12 8.16/1.01 43.20/16
= 4.053 = 8.08 = 2.7
Simplest ratio 4.053/2.7 8.08 mol/2.7 2.7/2.7
= 1.5 = 3 =1
Ratio Whole no 1.5 x 2 3 x2 1 x 2
= 3 = 6 =2

Empirical formula: C3H6O2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
• Chemical analysis indicates it is composed of 40.68% carbon,
5.08% hydrogen, and 52.24% oxygen and has a molar mass
of 118.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular
formulas for this compound.
Step One: Find Empirical Formula
• 40.68 % C = 40.68 g C x 1mol C = 3.390 mol C
12.0 g C
• 5.08 % H = 5.08 g H x 1 mol H = 5.03 mol H
1.01 g H
• 54.24% O = 54.24 g O x 1 mol O = 3.390 mol O
16.0 g O
C: H:O
3.390 mol = 1 5.03 mol= 1.48 OR 1.5 3.390 mol = 1
3.390 mol 3.390 mol 3.390 mol
multiply by 2 2( C1H1.5O1 ) C2H3O2
 Step Two: Divide Molar Masses
• Molar mass empirical formula C2H3O2

C 2(12.01)= 24.02
H 3(1.008)= 3.024
O 2(16.00)= 32.00
59.044 g/mol
• Given molar mass = 118.1 g/mol
• Multiplier = 118.1 g/mol = 2
59.0 g/mol
Step Three: Use Multiplier
• Empirical Formula = C2H3O2

• x 2 from step two 2(C2H3O2 )

• Molecular formula = C4H6O4

QUESTIONS
1) A compound containing barium, carbon, and oxygen has the
following percent composition: 69.58% Ba, 6.09% C, 24.32% O.
What is the empirical formula for this compound?
2) What is the empirical and molecular formula of Vitamin D3
if it contains 84.31% C, 11.53% H, and 4.16% O, with a
molar mass of 384 g/mol?
End of Slide
Thank you for your attention