Introduction to Building Codes Chapter 2 Requirements

S. K.
Ghosh Associates LLC

International Code Council (ICC)
Introduction to Building Codes

BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2020(BNBC2020)Ͳ
Part8BuildingServices:Chapter2AirͲconditioning,
HeatingandVentilation.Part1Presentation
Description
• This presentation is designed to familiarize and assist code
officials in locating, describing, and applying the applicable
code requirements for airͲconditioning, heating and
ventilation systems.
www.skghoshassociates.com
1
S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC
Overview
Internationally, code officials recognize the need for a modern upͲ
toͲdate mechanical code that addresses the design and installation
of mechanical systems through requirements emphasizing
performance. This presentation will cover key topics of the following
areas:
• Scope,Application,andTerminology
• GeneralProvisionsandPlanning
• AirͲconditioningSystemDesign(VentilationSystems)
Seminar Goal
• The goal of this training is for you to learn and apply key
code requirements contained in Chapter 2 “AirͲ
conditioning, Heating and Ventilation” to enhance your
performance while inspecting these systems.
• This training will also provide participants with specific code
requirements with examples related to design, installation,
and inspection of airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation
systems to further enhance your knowledge.
2
Objectives
• Uponcompletion,participantswillbebetterable
to:
• Locate general topics in Chapter 2 regarding “AirͲ
conditioning, Heating and Ventilation”.
• Locate applicable codes and standards for specific
situations.
• Apply code requirements to real world situations.
• Explain the intent behind a given code requirement.
• Use good judgment to identify certain systems and
related components as compliant or noncompliant.
Chapter 2:
Section 2.1 General
The purpose of this Chapter is to provide minimum standards for regulating and
controlling the design, construction, installation, quality of materials, location,
operation, performance, maintenance and use of air conditioning, heating and
ventilation systems to ensure acceptable conditions of air inside the building required
for human health, safety and welfare with energy conservation.
An airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation code cannot be effective without

adequate provisions for its administration and enforcement.
The official has the responsibility for establishing that the homes in which the
citizens of the community reside and the buildings in which they work are
designed and constructed to be reasonably free from hazards associated with
the presence and use of mechanical equipment, appliances and systems.
3
Chapter 2:
Section 2.1 General (continue)
The purpose of this Chapter is to provide minimum standards for regulating and
controlling the design, construction, installation, quality of materials, location,
operation, performance, maintenance and use of air conditioning, heating and
ventilation systems to ensure acceptable conditions of air inside the building required
for human health, safety and welfare with energy conservation.
The official charged with the administration and enforcement of mechanical

regulations has a great responsibility, and with this responsibility drives
authority.
The air conditioning, heating and ventilation code intends to establish a

minimum acceptable level of safety.
Lets take a closer look at specific sections related to Scope, Application, and
Terminology requirements for air conditioning, heating and ventilation systems.
Chapter 2:
Section 2.2 Scope
2.2.1 The provisions of this Code shall apply to erection, installation, alteration, repair,
relocation, replacement, addition to, use and maintenance of any airͲconditioning,
heating and ventilation systems.
This section describes the types of mechanical systems covered by the code.
The code is applicable from the initial design of mechanical systems, through
installation and construction and into the maintenance of operating systems.
The scope of the code is primarily focused on heating, ventilating and airͲ
conditioning (HVAC) systems, those items specifically addressed in the code and
those building “service” items that make a building comfortable, functional and
safe.
4
Chapter 2:
Section 2.2 Scope
2.2.3 Where, in any specific case, different sections of this Code specify different
materials, methods of construction or other requirements, the most restrictive one
shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific
requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable.
The first part of this section describes where there could be dual coverage and
states that the most restrictive prevails. The official must carefully evaluate each
application regarding materials, methods of construction, or other
requirements and make decisions that provide the greatest safety.
The second part of this section describes if conflicting coverage is encountered,

then the specific requirement is to be applicable. Conflicts within the code do
not occur often, but if they do, this section applies.
General Conflict Specific
Chapter 2:
Section 2.3 Application
It shall be unlawful to install, extend, alter, repair or maintain airͲconditioning, heating
and ventilation systems in or adjacent to buildings except in compliance with this Code.
5
Chapter 2:
2.3.1 Existing Systems
Existing Installations: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems in existence at

the time of adoption of this Code may have their use, maintenance or repair continued
if the use, maintenance or repair is in accordance with original design and location and
no hazard to life, health or property has been created by such system.
An existing mechanical system is generally considered to be allowed to continue

in accordance with original design if the system meets a minimum level of
safety.
AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems must be properly maintained,

repaired, and function as originally designed.
Maintenance is necessary to keep mechanical systems and equipment safe and

in proper operating condition.
Chapter 2:
Additions, Alterations or Repairs: Additions, alterations or repairs may be made to any

airͲconditioning, heating or ventilation system without requiring the existing system to
comply with all the requirements of this Code, provided the addition, alteration or
repair conforms to the requirements of a new system. Additions, alterations or repairs
shall not make an existing system unsafe, create unhealthy or overloaded conditions.
Any alteration or addition to an existing system involves some extent of new

work and that new work is subject to the requirements of the code.
Additions or alterations can place additional loads or different demands on an

existing system and those loads or demands could necessitate changing all or
part of the existing system.
6
Duct Addition Example

Additions, alterations or repairs shall not make an existing system unsafe, create
unhealthy or overloaded conditions. The picture below shows a new air
distribution supply duct added to an existing system. Prior to adding the ductwork,
the existing air distribution system was analyzed to verify the added demand on
the system and was found that there was enough capacity to supply a new branch.
to a new building addition.
Chapter 2:
Changes in Building Occupancy: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems

which are a part of any building or structure undergoing a change in use or occupancy,
as defined in the Building Code, shall comply with all requirements of this Code which
may be applicable to the new use, or occupancy.
When a building or any part of a building undergoes a change of occupancy, the

mechanical system must be evaluated to determine what effect the change of
occupancy has on it. Depending on the nature of the previous occupancy,
changing a building’s occupancy classification could result in a change to the
mechanical system.
A change in occupancy could require changes to an existing mechanical system

to accommodate the needs and requirements for the new occupancy.
7
Chapter 2:
Changes in Building Occupancy: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems

which are a part of any building or structure undergoing a change in use or occupancy,
as defined in the Building Code, shall comply with all requirements of this Code which
may be applicable to the new use, or occupancy.
Consider an office building that will be converted to a restaurant;
The mechanical systems must be altered as necessary to comply with what the
code prescribes for such assembly occupancies. This is clearly a change in
occupancy, or in other words, the existing office building will function much
differently as a restaurant.
Outdoor air may be required for the dining areas, hoods and makeup air will be
required over the cooking equipment and exhaust ducts may require shafts or
enclosures. These are just a few of the mechanical system issues in such a
change in occupancy
Change of Occupancy Example

This change of occupancy from an office building to a restaurant involved a new
commercial kitchen. The new commercial kitchen required new air conditioning,
exhaust, make up air, and ventilation systems to be installed. Additionally, the
seating area of the restaurant required the existing air conditioning system to
provide more ventilation regarding more occupants in that area.
8
Chapter 2:
Maintenance: All airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems, materials and appurtenances,
both existing and new, and all parts thereof shall be maintained in proper operating condition in
accordance with the original design and in a safe and hazard free condition. All devices or
safeguards which are required by this Code shall be maintained in conformance with this Code.
The owner or the owner's designated agent shall be responsible for maintenance of the systems
and equipment.
Maintenance is necessary to keep mechanical systems and equipment safe and in proper
operating condition. All required safety devices and controls must be maintained to
continue providing the protection that they afford.
All safeguards required by previous or present codes must be maintained for the life of
the equipment or system served by those safeguards.
The maintenance of mechanical systems as prescribed in this section is the responsibility

of the property owner. The owner may authorize another party to be responsible for the
property, in which case that party is responsible for the maintenance of the mechanical
systems involved.
Chapter 2:
2.3.2 Alternative Materials and Methods of Construction
The provisions of this Code are not intended to prevent the use of any material or
method of construction not specifically prescribed by this Code, provided any such
alternative material and/or method of construction has been approved and the use
authorized by the Authority.
The fact that a material, product or method of construction is not addressed in

the code is not an indication that such material, product or method is intended
to be prohibited. The Authority is responsible for determining if a requested
alternative provides the equivalent level of protection to public property,
health, safety and welfare as required by the code.
9
Chapter 2:
2.3.2 Alternative Materials and Methods of Construction
The Authority shall require that sufficient evidence or proof be submitted to

substantiate any claims made regarding the use of alternatives.
An alternative material or method of construction may be approved where the

Authority finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the
intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material, method or work
offered is, for the purpose intended, not less than the equivalent of that
prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance,
durability and safety.
ICC ES Report Example

Testing methods specified in this code or by other recognized test standards, along
with testing performed by approved agencies, can be submitted to the Authority.
Additionally, research reports from approved sources may be submitted when an
alternative material or method is proposed for construction. The ICC Evaluation
Service (ICCͲES) is one example of an agency that provides research reports for
alternative materials and methods.
10
Chapter 2:
2.3.3 Modifications
Whenever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out any of the provisions
of this Code, the Authority, within the limitations set forth in Part 2 may allow
modifications for individual cases. The modifications shall be in conformity with the
intent and purpose of this Code and that such modification shall not lessen health, life
and fire safety requirements.
The code official may amend or make exceptions to the code, as needed, where
strict compliance is impractical.
This section is not intended to permit setting aside or ignoring a code provision;
rather, it is intended to provide acceptance of equivalent protection.
Chapter 2:
Section 2.4 Terminology
ThisSectionprovidesanalphabeticallistofthetermsusedinandapplicableinthis
ChapteroftheCode.Incaseofanyconflictorcontradictionbetweenadefinition
giveninthisSectionandthatinPart1,themeaningprovidedinthisSectionshall
governforinterpretationoftheprovisionsofthisChapter.
A code provision could be misinterpreted if the definition of a term, as used in the
context of the code, is not understood. The following slides will provide key
definitions that will assist the code user to properly understand certain
terminology related to this chapter.
Codes,bytheirverynature,aretechnicaldocuments.Assuch,literallyeveryword,
termandpunctuationmarkcanaddtoorchangethemeaningoftheintended
result.Thischaptercontainsseveraltermsthatareimportanttounderstandingthe
provisionsofthiscode.Definitionsarefoundbothinthischapterandthroughout
thecode.
Let’slookatsomekeyterminologyrelatingtheAirͲ
conditioning,heating,andventilationsystems
11
Section2.4Terminology
AIR CHANGE. Introducing new, cleansed, or recirculated air to conditioned space,
measured by the number of complete changes per unit time.
The following example provides an illustration and calculation of an air flow rate
entering and leaving a space. The calculation provides a number of air changes per
hour given the airflow rate and volume of space.
10m
100l/s 100l/s
10m
10m
ACH=(60xl/s)/spacevolume
ACH=(60x100l/s)/1000m3
ACH=6.0
AIR, OUTSIDE. External air; atmosphere exterior to refrigerated or conditioned
space; ambient (surrounding) air.
AIR, RECIRCULATED. The part of return air passed through the airͲconditioner
before being resupplied to the conditioned space. Also known as AIR, RETURN.
AIRͲCONDITIONING. The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its

temperature, humidity, purity, distribution, pressure and air movement to meet
the thermal requirements of the space.
12
AIRͲHANDLING UNIT. Equipment comprised of cooling and/or heating coil and a
blower or fan with electric motor used for the purpose of cooling/heating and
distributing supply air to a room, space or area.
AirͲconditioning handler with heating and cooling

coils that provide heat transfer functions.
VENTILATION. The process of supplying and/or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been
conditioned.
POSITIVE VENTILATION. The supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device,

such as a fan.
Mechanicalventilationsystem
13
Chapter 2:
Section 2.5 General Provisions
ThisSectionprovidesreferencesforairconditioning,heatingandventilationsystems
aswellasassociatedelectrical,plumbing,fuelgas,andfiresafetyrequirements.
Section 2.5.1 references the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and AirͲconditioning Engineers) Handbooks, HI (Hydraulic Institute
of USA) manuals and relevant chapters of this Code for air conditioning, heating
and ventilation systems regarding:
Design
Construction
Installation
Operation and maintenance
Chapter 2:
Electrical connections to air conditioning, heating and ventilation systems must

comply with Section 2.5.2. This Section references the electrical provisions of
latest Bangladesh Electricity Act and the provisions of any of its regulations and
byeͲlaws, and must also comply with the requirements of Chapter 1.
14
Chapter 2:
2.5.3 All plumbing work in connection with airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation
system shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions and guidelines of
ASHRAE handbooks and HI manuals.
2.5.4 All gas and fuel piping in connection with airͲconditioning, heating and
ventilation system shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 8.
2.5.5 Fire Safety: Installations of equipment of airͲ

conditioning, heating and ventilation system shall
conform to the requirements of Part 4 of this Code.
Chapter 2:
Section 2.6 Planning
AllrelevantaspectsofairͲconditioning,heatingandventilationsysteminstallations
shallbeanalyzedandevaluatedproperlyduringtheplanningstageofthebuildingin
ordertodeterminethenecessaryprovisionstobekeptinthebuildingforproperand
safeinstallationofthesystemmachinery,equipmentandotherfacilities.
2.6.1.3 Where necessary, all plans, calculations, specifications and data for airͲ
conditioning, heating and ventilation system serving all buildings and all
occupancies within the scope of the Code shall be supplied to the Authority, for
review purposes.
2.6.2.11 Design drawings. For the purpose of effective installation of airͲ

conditioning, heating and ventilation system, working drawings showing layout
of machinery, equipment, ducts, pipes etc., details of builders' works, holes
and/or punches in roof, floors, walls, supports for machinery/equipment etc.
shall be prepared prior to finalization of building design drawings. Such
drawings/documents shall be properly stored for future reference.
15
Chapter 2: Section 2.7

Air-conditioning System Design
Ventilation Air
2.7.2.3Ventilationair
(a) EveryspaceservedbytheairͲconditioningsystemshallbeprovidedwithoutsidefreshair
notlessthantheminimumamountmentionedinTable8.2.3.Ifadequatetemperature
regulationalongwithefficientfiltrationofairandabsorptionofodourandgasareprovided,
theamountoffreshairrequirementmaybereduced.However,innocasetheoutdoorair
quantityshallbelowerthan2.5l/sperperson.
(b) Inhospitaloperationtheaters,alargequantityofoutdoorairsupplyisrecommendedto
overcomeexplosionhazardofanestheticsandtomaintainsterileconditions.However,if
adequatefiltrationwithefficientabsorptionofanestheticsandlaminarflowofsupplyairis
provided,outsideairrequirementmaybesubstantiallyreduced.Recirculationofairshall
complywiththerequirementsofSec2.11.3.6.
Section 2.7.2.3(a) provides a requirement for outside of fresh air in reference to
Table 8.2.3 including a reduction of outdoor here when proper filtration and
absorption of odour and gas are provided. Additionally, the outdoor air quantity
must never be lower than 2.5 l/s.
Section 2.7.2.3(b) provides information regarding large quantities of outdoor air
for hospital operation theaters. Referencing Table 8.2.3 titled Minimum
Ventilation Rates for Air Conditioned Spaces, we will look into the minimum
airflow rates according to these areas.
Chapter 2:
Minimum Ventilation Rates
for Air Conditioned Spaces
Focusing on protecting the health of the building occupants, the provisions of
this chapter provide requirements that are intended to control contaminants
within buildings, such as carbon dioxide, and contaminants from entering
buildings, such as pollutants and vehicle exhaust from a nearby street.
Ventilationinsimpletermscanbeunderstoodasintroducingfreshairintoa
singleͲstoryofficebuildingbyopeningseveralexteriorwallwindowsinorderto
diluteandpossiblyremovecertaincontaminants.However,thenaturalairflow
throughopenablewindowsisnotpreciselycontrollableduetovariablessuchas
windspeed,winddirectionandindoorandoutdoorpressuredifferences,
tonameafew.
16
Chapter 2:
Minimum Ventilation Rates
for Air Conditioned Spaces
Consider an office building without openable windows on the exterior
walls. Providing ventilation air to occupied spaces within these types
of buildings can be achieved by mechanically controlling air flowing from
outdoor air louvers into the HVAC air distribution system that mixes
with heated or cooled air and is distributed through ducts and diffusers
and delivered to all occupied spaces within the building.
Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Rates for Air Conditioned Spaces
Table 8.2.3 is based on ASHRAE 62.1
“Ventilation Rate Procedure” and prescribes both
the use of 100-percent outdoor air as ventilation
air and an occupant load calculation method for
ventilation purposes
only.
The occupant load utilized for the design of the

ventilation system must not be less than the
number determined from the estimated
maximum occupant load rate indicated in Table
8.2.3.
Ventilation rates for occupancies not represented

in Table 8.2.3 shall be those for a listed
occupancy classification that is most similar in
terms of occupant density, activities and building
construction; or shall be determined by an
approved engineering analysis.
17

SystematicallydescribingTable8.2.3isas
follows:
•Thefirstcolumn istheOccupancy
Classificationthatresemblesthefunctionofthe
occupiedspace(s).
•Thesecondcolumn providesanoutdoor
airflowrateinliterspersecondperperson
(Rp)thatwillbeusedtocalculatethetotal
outdoorairflowratetobeprovidedinthe
breathingzonebaseduponthetotalnumberof
peopleintheoccupiedspace.
•Thethirdcolumn providesanoutdoorairflow
rateinliterspersecondpersquaremeter(Ra)
thatwillbeusedtocalculatethetotaloutdoor
airflowratetobeprovidedinthebreathing
zonebaseduponthetotalareaoftheoccupied
space.
Table 8.2.3: (Continued)

•Thefourthcolumn providesOccupant
Densityforthenumberofpeopleper100
m2ofareathatwillallowthetotal
numberofpeopletobecalculatedfor
ventilationbasedupontheoccupancy
classificationofthespace.
•Thefifthcolumn providesanexhaust
airflowrateinliterspersecondper
squaremeterofoccupiedspacethatmust
beprovidedforcertainoccupancy
classifications.Therequiredexhaust
rateairflowmustbeprovidedinaddition
toanyotherventilationratesprescribed
bythetable.
18

(continued)
Asanexample,foodand
beverageservicecategorydining
roomsmustprovideaperson
airflowrateof3.75l/safter
calculatingthedefaultoccupant
density.Theareaairflowrateof
0.9l/sperm2 mustbemultiplied
bytheareaofthezone.

Partial (continued)
19

Partial(continued)

Partial(continued)
20

Table 8.2.3 Notes
Thenotestotable8.2.3areafunctionofthetable.
Chapter 2:
Section 2.11
Ventilation Systems
2.11.1.1Scope
TheprovisionsofthisSectionshallgoverntheventilationofspaceswithinabuilding
intendedforhumanoccupancy.
2.11.1.2Whererequired
Everyspaceintendedforhumanoccupancyshallbeprovidedwithventilationby
naturalor mechanicalmeansduringtheperiodswhentheroomorspaceisoccupied.
Section 2.11.2.1 provides specific requirements regarding sources natural

ventilation.
Natural ventilation of an occupied space shall be through windows, doors,
louvers, skylights or other openings to the outdoor. Such ventilating
openings shall open to the sky or a public street, space, alley, park,
highway, yard, court, plaza or other approved space which comply with the
requirements of the building code.
The minimum ventilating opening to the outdoors shall be four percent of

the floor area being ventilated.
21
Chapter 2:
Section 2.11
Ventilation Systems
2.11.2.3Contaminantsexhausted
Naturallyventilatedspaceshavingcontaminantspresentshallcomplywiththe
requirementsofSec2.8.3.
Kitchens, toilets and/or bathrooms must provided with independent mechanical

exhaust systems according to Section 2.11.2.3.
Independentbathroomexhaustsystem
Natural Ventilation
In order to provide natural ventilation, openings must communicate with the
outdoor air. Openings to the outdoor air, such as doors, windows or louvers,
provide natural ventilation. The operating mechanism for such openings shall
be provided with ready access so that the openings are readily controllable by
the building occupants.
In order to qualify for natural ventilation, the minimum openable area to

the outdoors must have four percent of the floor area being ventilated. Note
that Section 2.11.2.2 (a) and (b) provide additional requirements where
rooms and spaces without openings to the outdoors are ventilated through
an adjoining room and openings below grade.
Based upon the minimum required area calculated for openings, the
locations of windows should be placed to allow air to flow through spaces.
Windows only installed on one side of a building may not produce the
function of natural ventilation.
22
Natural Ventilation Example

Consider a new one-story office building with floor dimensions indicated in
the plan below. The proposed building is to be naturally ventilated. What is
the required minimum openable area to the outdoors to be installed?
New Office Building
Natural Ventilation Example

New Office Building
Calculate building floor area to be ventilated: Area = 15 m × 20 m = 300 m2

Calculate minimum openable area required by Section 2.11.2.2 (4 percent):
300 m2 × 0.04 = 12 m2
Therefore, a minimum of 12 m2 of openable area must be provided for natural ventilation.
23
Chapter 2:
Section 2.11.3.4
Minimum outdoor air
TheminimumamountoftheoutdoorairshallbeinaccordancewithTable8.2.3.
Mandatoryrequirement:Innocasemusttheventilationairquantitybelowerthan2.5
l/sperperson.
Section 2.11.3.4 indicates the minimum amount of outdoor must be according

to Table 8.2.3. Additionally, there is a minimum ventilation and air flow
quantity of 2.5 l/s per person that must be maintained.
Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation systems shall be designed to have the capacity to supply the
minimum outdoor airflow rate, determined in accordance with this section. In
each occupiable space, the ventilation system shall be designed to deliver the
required rate of outdoor airflow to the breathing zone.
ASHRAE 62.1 defines ventilation air as: that portion of supply air that is outdoor
air plus any reͲcirculated air that has been treated for the purpose of
maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. The breathing zone, on the other
hand, is the region within the occupied space between 75 mm and 1800 mm
above the floor.
24
The breathing zone by definition has defined boundaries based upon where
people occupy spaces. The figure below provides a general graphic
representation indicating these boundaries of where spaces will be occupied.
Notice the distance away from walls and air conditioning equipment; this is due
to people are not generally located near walls, grilles and diffusers.
TheventilationoutdoorairflowratecalculatedbaseduponTable8.2.3willbe
designedtominimizestagnantpocketsandstratifiedlayersofairandeffectively
installedintothebreathingzoneofoccupiedspaces.
BreathingZone
Mechanical Ventilation Example

WewilllookatanexampleapplyingTable8.2.3basedonthe“VentilationRate
Procedure”accordingASHRAE62.1.
AtfirstglanceTable8.2.3mayappeartobeunclear.However,wewillreference
ASHRAESection6.2.2inordertocalculatetheminimumoutdoorairflowrate
requiredtosupplyasinglezonebasedupontheoccupancyclassification,functionof
thespace,andtheairdistributioneffectiveness.
WewillworkthroughanexampleofasinglezonesysteminastepͲbyͲ stepmethod
todeterminetheoutdoorairflowraterequiredinthebreathingzone(Vbz),while
applyingzoneairdistributioneffectiveness(Ez)values,aswellascalculatingthezone
outdoorairflowrate(Voz)forthegivenapplication.
25
Example
Example:SingleZoneRecirculatingSystem
Aproposed375m2 restaurantdiningroomisservedbyarooftopairhandlingunitby
meansofductedceilingsupplyregistersandceilingreturngrilles(Figure1.1and
Figure1.2).Determinethesystem’soutdoorairintakeflowrate(Vot)forthedining
room.
Figure1.1 Figure1.2
Example
In order to determine the system outdoor air intake flow rate, the breathing zone
outdoor airflow rate (Vbz) of the occupied space must first be determined using
ASHRAE 62.1 Equation 6.2.2.1. Then, the zone airflow effectiveness (Ez) must be
determined in accordance with Table 6.2.2.2 and calculated with Equation 6.2.2.3.
Next, the zone outdoor airflow rate (Voz) must be determined using Equation 6.2.3.
Vbz =RpPz +RaAz (Equation6.2.2.1)

where:
Az=Zonefloorarea:thenetoccupiablefloorareaofthespaceorspacesinthezone.
Pz =Zonepopulation:thenumberofoccupantsinthespaceorspacesinthezone.
Rp=Peopleoutdoorairrate:theoutdoorairflowraterequiredperpersonfromTable8.2.3.
Ra=Areaoutdoorairrate:theoutdoorairflowraterequiredperunitareafromTable8.2.3.
Voz=Vbz/Ez(Equation6.2.2.3)
Vot =Voz(Equation6.2.3)
26
Example
Step 1: Determine occupant density (Pz) for the room. Utilizing Table 8.2.3 for dining rooms, the
default occupant density is used: (70 occupants/100 m2):
Pz = 375 m2 × 70/100,
Pz = 263 occupants
Example
Step 2: Determine the breathing zone outdoor airflow rate (Vbz) for the room.
The outdoor air rates for people (Rp) and area (Ra) must be first obtained for the dining room
from Table 8.2.3:
Rp = 3.75 liters per second/person and Ra = 0.90 liters per second/m2
27
Example
Step 2 (continued): Equation 6.2.2.1can now be solved.
Vbz = Rp Pz + Ra Az
Vbz = [3.75 liters per second/person × 263 people] + [0.90 liters per second/m2 x 375 m2]
Vbz = 1337 liters per second
Example
Step 3: According to Table 6.2.2.2 and applying Equation 6.2.2.3, determine the zone outdoor
airflow rate.
The zone outdoor airflow rate (Voz), shall be determined in accordance with Equation 6.2.2.3
indicated below. Table6.2.2.2
Voz = Vbz/Ez
28
Example
Step 3 (continued): It is given that the room is served by a rooftop air handling unit by means of
ducted ceiling supply registers and ceiling return grilles, thus the zone air distribution
effectiveness (Ez) can be obtained from Table 6.2.2.2 in cooling mode, Ez = 1.0, and in heating
mode, Ez = 0.8. Table6.2.2.2
Voz = Vbz/Ez
Cooling Mode = 1337 l/s /(1.0) = 1337 l/s
Heating Mode = 1337 l/s /(0.8) = 1672l/s
Therefore, the highest airflow result governs.
Example
Step 4: Section 6.2.3 states that where one air handler supplies a mixture of outdoor air and
recirculated return air to only one zone, the system outdoor air intake flow rate (Vot) shall be
determined in accordance with Equation 6.2.3 indicated below.
Vot = Voz
Therefore, the total system outdoor air intake flow rate for the proposed restaurant dining room
must be a minimum of:
Vot = Voz = 1672 l/s
Voz=1672l/s
29
Example
Outdoor air intake openings must be located to prevent contaminants from directly being drawn
into the ventilation air inlet openings of a building. The code user is directed to Section 2.11.4.5
for location of exhaust outlets and also recommends ASHRAE 62.1 (2013) Table 5.5.1 “Air Intake
Minimum Separation Distance”.
Figure1.3showsoutdoorairbeingductedfromtheexteriorwalllouverthroughamotorized
damperintothereturnairdistributionduct.Figure1.4indicatestheoutdoorairintakelocation
separationfromtheedgeofthestreetregardingtheclosestplacethatvehicleexhaustislikely
tobelocated.
Figure1.3 Figure1.4
ENDOFPRESENTATION
Thankyouforparticipating!
30

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S. K.

Ghosh Associates LLC

Introduction to Building Codes

 An airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation code cannot be effective without

 The official charged with the administration and enforcement of mechanical

 The air conditioning, heating and ventilation code intends to establish a

 The second part of this section describes if conflicting coverage is encountered,

General Conflict Specific

Existing Installations: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems in existence at

 An existing mechanical system is generally considered to be allowed to continue

 AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems must be properly maintained,

 Maintenance is necessary to keep mechanical systems and equipment safe and

Additions, Alterations or Repairs: Additions, alterations or repairs may be made to any

 Any alteration or addition to an existing system involves some extent of new

 Additions or alterations can place additional loads or different demands on an

Duct Addition Example

Changes in Building Occupancy: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems

 When a building or any part of a building undergoes a change of occupancy, the

 A change in occupancy could require changes to an existing mechanical system

Changes in Building Occupancy: AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems

Change of Occupancy Example

 The maintenance of mechanical systems as prescribed in this section is the responsibility

 The fact that a material, product or method of construction is not addressed in

The Authority shall require that sufficient evidence or proof be submitted to

 An alternative material or method of construction may be approved where the

ICC ES Report Example

AIRͲCONDITIONING. The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its

AirͲconditioning handler with heating and cooling

POSITIVE VENTILATION. The supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device,

 Section 2.5.1 references the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,

 Electrical connections to air conditioning, heating and ventilation systems must

 2.5.5 Fire Safety: Installations of equipment of airͲ

 2.6.2.11 Design drawings. For the purpose of effective installation of airͲ

Chapter 2: Section 2.7

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

The occupant load utilized for the design of the

Ventilation rates for occupancies not represented

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Table 8.2.3: (Continued)

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

Table 8.2.3: Minimum Ventilation

 Section 2.11.2.1 provides specific requirements regarding sources natural

 The minimum ventilating opening to the outdoors shall be four percent of

 Kitchens, toilets and/or bathrooms must provided with independent mechanical

In order to qualify for natural ventilation, the minimum openable area to

Natural Ventilation Example

New Office Building

Natural Ventilation Example

Calculate building floor area to be ventilated: Area = 15 m × 20 m = 300 m2

 Section 2.11.3.4 indicates the minimum amount of outdoor must be according

Mechanical Ventilation Example

Vbz =RpPz +RaAz (Equation6.2.2.1)

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An airͲconditioning, heating and ventilation code cannot be effective without

The official charged with the administration and enforcement of mechanical

The air conditioning, heating and ventilation code intends to establish a

The second part of this section describes if conflicting coverage is encountered,

An existing mechanical system is generally considered to be allowed to continue

AirͲconditioning, heating and ventilation systems must be properly maintained,

Maintenance is necessary to keep mechanical systems and equipment safe and

Any alteration or addition to an existing system involves some extent of new

Additions or alterations can place additional loads or different demands on an

When a building or any part of a building undergoes a change of occupancy, the

A change in occupancy could require changes to an existing mechanical system

The maintenance of mechanical systems as prescribed in this section is the responsibility

The fact that a material, product or method of construction is not addressed in

An alternative material or method of construction may be approved where the

Section 2.5.1 references the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,

Electrical connections to air conditioning, heating and ventilation systems must

2.5.5 Fire Safety: Installations of equipment of airͲ

2.6.2.11 Design drawings. For the purpose of effective installation of airͲ

Section 2.11.2.1 provides specific requirements regarding sources natural

The minimum ventilating opening to the outdoors shall be four percent of

Kitchens, toilets and/or bathrooms must provided with independent mechanical

Section 2.11.3.4 indicates the minimum amount of outdoor must be according