ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY TOPICS

Education should be free for everyone

Why are the US citizens rapidly becoming more obese?
Internet access must be limited to students
Should parents limit screen time?
Are schools doing enough to stop bullying?
Should kids have homework on weekends?
Does social media do more harm than good?
Does homework help kids learn?
Should high school students work during the school year?
Should Covid vaccination be mandatory?

Is this true for you? If so, why? If not, why not?

Taking ONE clear position on this question, write a well-organized essay that backs up your position
(main claim) with two or three supporting points. The essay should be between 200 and 220 words in
length.

Reading comprehension

1. Read the essay and then answer the questions.

Brendan's best friend is Tip. Tip and Brendan are inseparable. They teach each other things and
they look after each other. Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible, more caring, and a
better friend. Brendan is a nine-year-old boy, and Tip is a ten-year-old dog. Brendan and Tip are
an example of how owning a dog can have a positive effect on a child's development. Having a
dog develops a child's sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches the
nature of friendship.

Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take
care of the animal's daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. A dog is
completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe
environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it
stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the
safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and
responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog's needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that
his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the
phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself,
another person, or one's job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a
dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.

Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the
ability to put oneself in another person's, or in this case another creature's, situation and imagine
that person's or creature's feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its
owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the
dog's behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand
what is going on in the dog's mind. Understanding a situation from the dog's perspective helps
the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result
of learning to read a dog's behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to
empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the
child becoming a more considerate and caring person.

Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most
significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog
gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little
anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a
few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive
qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon
realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always
protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be even half as good a
friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.

These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a
dog will last the child's entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility,
empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him
or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.

1. The dog's name is _________.

2. Which of the following have a positive effect on a child's development?
3. A child learns how to be responsible for a dog by
4. Learning how to care for a dog can help children
5. Children can learn how to _________.
6. The dog's owner must interpret which of the following from their dog's behavior?
7. Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog's
behaviour?
8. What kind of love does a dog provide?
9. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a child owning a dog?
10. In what ways is a dog loyal?

2. Read the essay and then answer the questions.

The Effects of Stress

There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to get off!" This
expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop
whatever they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again. 'Stress' means pressure or
tension. It is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too
 much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems.

There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase
the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can
affect the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too
fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can
cause stomach aches and problems digesting food. These are only a few examples of the
wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress.

Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel
anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are
under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle
parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress
can make people angry, moody, or nervous.

Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme
feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress.
Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs
to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are sometimes caused by stress
and are often made worse by stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental
health is put at risk.

It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions.
Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the
health and well-being of our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop
the world and rest for a while.

1. Which of the following is not a common problem caused by stress?

2. According to the essay, which of the following parts of the body does not have
physical problems caused by stress.
3. Which of the following show how stress can affect the emotions?
4. Which of the following can result from long-term stress?
5. Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism is caused by stress.
6. Which of the following is not caused by long-term stress?
7. Choose all of the answers that can complete this sentence: Stress can affect the
respiratory system by-----
8. Symptoms of emotional stress include __________.

3. Instructions: Read through the text below, answer the questions that follow
Reality Television
Reality television is a genre of television programming which, it is claimed, presents unscripted
dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people rather
than professional actors. It could be described as a form of artificial or "heightened"
documentary. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of
television, the current explosion of popularity dates from around 2000.
Reality television covers a wide range of television programming formats, from game or quiz
shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning programmes produced in Japan in the 1980s
and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to surveillance- or voyeurism- focused
productions such as Big Brother.

Critics say that the term "reality television" is somewhat of a misnomer and that such shows
frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in
exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen
handlers, and with events on screen manipulated through editing and other post-production
techniques.

Part of reality television's appeal is due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary
situations. For example, on the ABC show, The Bachelor, an eligible male dates a dozen women
simultaneously, travelling on extraordinary dates to scenic locales. Reality television also has the
potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, outwardly in talent and performance
programs such as Pop Idol, though frequently Survivor and Big Brother participants also reach
some degree of celebrity.

Some commentators have said that the name "reality television" is an inaccurate description for
several styles of program included in the genre. In competition-based programs such as Big
Brother and Survivor, and other special-living-environment shows like The Real World, the
producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the
environment, creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out.
Producers specifically select the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges,
events, and settings to encourage particular behaviours and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of
Survivor and other reality shows, has agreed with this assessment, and avoids the word "reality"
to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is
unscripted drama."
1.In the first line, the writer says 'it is claimed' because…
2.Reality television has…
3.Japan……..
4.People have criticised reality television because…
5.Reality TV appeals to some because…
6.Pop Idol…
7.The term 'reality television' is inaccurate…
8.Producers choose the participants…
9.Mark Burnett…
10.Shows like Survivor…

4. You are going to read an article about a woman who changes her life by going to live in Italy. For
questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

A Change of Scenery
Sally Thwaite left behind her routine life and headed for the Italian hills.
 If you walk into any bookstore there is an entire shelf dedicated to books about people who decide to
change their lives by relocating to another country. This usually involves selling their house and car in
the UK, buying a run-down old house abroad and renovating it, experiencing amusing cultural
misunderstandings and meeting charming locals along the way. I used to sneer at those kinds of books
and wonder why anyone would put themselves through the discomfort of going to live in a foreign
country - all in pursuit of a simple life!
One day, instead of walking straight past this section, I found myself stopping to browse, and ended up
selecting a book to read on the train. The cover showed a cluster of villages clinging to a steep cliff,
surrounded by blue-green water. It was about an accountant who realised one day how boring her life
was, so she bought a ticket to Italy. After reading the book, I started watching a reality TV show called A
New Home in Tuscany, about a couple who leave London and move to the Italian hills. I became so
hooked that if friends called on Tuesday nights I would make some excuse not to go out. Soon the idea
of moving abroad had lodged itself in my mind and was turning into a magnificent possibility.
I resigned from the hospital where I worked, sold my apartment and moved to the region of Umbria in
Italy. Once there, I rented an apartment and hired a little motorbike. I loved sampling the local cuisine
and I even signed up for a short cooking course. A very charming local called Francesco ran the course.
When he told me that I cooked like a local myself, I didn't care whether this was a little white lie or
genuine praise. By the end of each lesson, not only had we learnt how to prepare an authentic Umbrian
dish, we were also rolling around the floor in fits of laughter, since Francesco was a natural storyteller
and we enjoyed his talent for imitating people.
I also took a three-month Italian language course. It is fair to say that my attempts at cooking were
more successful than my attempts, at this later stage in my life, to acquire a new language. I persevered,
however, and after a few weeks of lessons I actually had a short conversation with a local - OK, I only
asked for directions to the train station. In my mind, though, this was a triumph of communication and I
was satisfied with my modest progress.
It was at one of these language classes that I heard a fellow student, John, mention that his neighbour,
Sandro, was moving to Rome and selling his farmhouse for a song. John said he wished he had the line 5:
money to purchase it himself, as the property was sure to be snapped up soon. I couldn't believe that it
cost less than half the amount that I had sold my tiny apartment for. Would I dare to copy the writers of
all those books, and the couple on the TV reality show?
I had to go and have a look, of course. The farmhouse was located on the top of a lush hill, and although
it was very run-down, it possessed charm. There were extensive orchards with well-kept trees, so I
would have nature's bounty literally on my doorstep. I bought it straight away.
The project wasn't without its difficulties, though. The farmhouse was constructed entirely of stone and
wood in 1857, and was collapsing in several places. My first priority, therefore, was to hire some local
craftsmen to add supports to the building. I also strengthened the foundations, installed a new kitchen
and renovated the rest of the property. In the end, all the cost and effort were worthwhile, because I
felt I belonged here as much as I did anywhere in the world, and I was determined to make it my home. I
must say I sometimes look at my collection of books on Italy and think I'd like to have a go at writing one
myself! I'd like to share my experience and let other dreamers out there know that the difficulty is worth
it. I didn't quite find the simple life, but I did find what the Italians call the sweet life -la dolce vita.

1 What did the writer originally think of books about going to live in a foreign country?
2 The author didn't want to go out on Tuesday nights because
3 The impression that the writer gives of Francesco is that
4 What did the writer realise about learning the Italian language?
5 The writer uses the phrase 'for a song' (line 52) to suggest the farmhouse was being sold
6 When she first went to see the farmhouse, the writer
7 What did the writer conclude about her decision to move to Italy?
8 How did the writer's attitude change, during the time she writes about, towards books about moving
to Italy?
5.You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.
At eleven o'clock, his pregnant wife rose and went to bed. David stayed downstairs, reading the latest
issue of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. He was known to be a very good doctor, with a talent for
diagnosis and a reputation for skilful work. He had graduated first in his class. Still, it was early in his
career and - though he hid it very carefully - he was unsure enough about his skills that he studied in
every spare moment, collecting each success he accomplished as one more piece of evidence in his own
favour.
When he was younger, he felt himself to be the odd one out at home, born with a love for learning
(line 8) in a family absorbed in desperately trying to just get by, struggling day to day to make ends meet
and avoid the debt collector. They had seen education as an unnecessary luxury, and no guarantee of
making a good living. They were so poor, that when they went to the doctor at all it was to the clinic in
Morgantown, fifty miles away. His memories of those rare trips were vivid, bouncing in the back of the
borrowed pickup truck, dust flying in their wake. The dancing road, his sister had called it, from her
place in the front with their parents. In Morgantown the rooms were dim, poorly lit, and the walls were
painted a depressing green that reminded David of dirty pond water. The doctors had always been
hurried, abrupt with them, distracted.
All these years later, David still had moments when he imagined those doctors from his childhood
gazing at him, and he felt himself to be an impostor, about to be unmasked and revealed by a single
(line 18) mistake. He knew his choice of specialisation reflected this. The random excitement of general
medicine was not for him. Neither was the delicate risky plumbing of the heart. He dealt mostly with
broken bones, sculpting casts and viewing X-rays, watching breaks slowly yet miraculously knit
themselves back together. He liked that bones were solid things, surviving even the extreme heat of
cremation. Bones would last; it was easy for him to put his faith in something so solid and predictable.

He read well past midnight, until the words swam senselessly on the bright white pages, and then he
threw the journal on the coffee table and put out the fire in the fireplace. The stairs creaked with his
weight as he climbed to the second floor of their new house. He paused by the nursery door, studying
the shadowy shapes of the baby crib and the changing table, the stuffed animals and toys arranged on
shelves. The walls were painted a pale sea green. His wife had made the quilt that hung on the far wall,
sewing night after night making tiny stitches, stubbornly tearing out entire panels if she noted even the
slightest imperfection. A border of bears was carefully and perfectly stencilled just below the ceiling; she
had done that too.
On an impulse he went into the room and stood before the window, pushing aside the curtain to watch
the snow, now nearly eight inches high on the lampposts and the fences and the roofs. It was the sort of
storm that rarely happened in Lexington, and the steady white flakes and silence filled him with a sense
of excitement and peace. It was a moment when all the unconnected parts of his life seemed to join
themselves together, every past sadness and disappointment, every anxious secret and uncertainty
hidden now beneath the soft white layers. Tomorrow would be quiet, the world gentle and fragile, until
the neighbourhood children came out to break the stillness with their foot prints and shouts of joy. He
remembered such days from his own childhood in the mountains, rare moments of escape when he
went into the woods, his breathing louder yet his voice somehow hushed by the heavy snow that bent
branches low and drifted over paths. The world, for a few short hours, transformed.

1 David studied in his spare time

2 The writer uses the phrase 'make ends meet' (line 8) to mean
3 David's family thought that education
4 What impression does the writer give of the clinic in Morgantown?
5 What does 'this' in line 18 refer to?
6 What did David like about his specialisation?
7 What impression does the writer give of David's wife?
8 How did David feel about the snowstorm?

1. Seven complete sentences have been extracted from the text below. Decide which sentence,
(A-I), best fits in each of the gaps (1-7)

You are going to read an article about the making of an unusual television commercial. Seven sentences
have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap. There
is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
A Then the falling dominoes head out of the room into the streets, causing progressively larger objects to
tumble.
B These were all chosen to suit the town and fit in with the people’s way of life.
C Getting there involved driving along 48 kilometres of dirt roads and crossing twelve rivers.
D Iruya is situated 3000 metres above sea level and the film crew was not used to working in such
conditions.
E The prop department did construct a small version on site, but most of the work was done in a studio in
London.
F Added to this was the total of one hundred and thirty 'actors' who were recruited from a five
neighbouring towns.
G Setting up the dominoes on the table took a team of experts three days, but took just 14 seconds to
topple.
H Not so with the famous Irish drink company Guinness.

The Making of 'Tipping Point'

Many of the most expensive commercials ever made are those in which an A-list celebrity flashes a
beautiful smile at the cameras._______________ Their recent television advertisement, the most
expensive in British history, cost ten million pounds, and it features, not the rich and famous, but villagers
from the mountains of Argentina.

The advertisement features a game of dominoes. It begins in a darkened room where several thousand
ordinary dominoes are set up on a specially-designed table.____________ Dominoes knock over
books, which in turn knock bigger household objects such as suitcases, tyres, pots of paint, oil drums and
even cars. The final piece in the chain reaction is a huge tower of books. These flutter open to reveal a
structure in the shape of a pint of Guinness.

The location chosen for the commercial was Iruya, a village high up in the mountains of north-west
Argentina.__________________ The journey there could take up to ten hours. Asked why this remote
destination was chosen for the shoot, the director said that even though it was the most difficult location
they could have picked, it was perfect.

For one month, the village, population thousand, increased in size by almost thirty percent. One hundred
and forty crew members descended on the village. These included the world record holders in domino
toppling, Weijers Domino productions from the Netherlands._________________

Creating this film was no easy task. Preparations for filming took well over a month. Twenty six truckloads
of objects were brought in.______________ They included 10,000 books, 400 tyres, 75 mirrors, 50
fridges, 45 wardrobes and 6 cars. Setting the objects up took skill and patience. They needed to be
arranged so they would fall over easily, and this involved balancing them on stones. Some of the
sequences had to be reshot 15 times and 24 hours of footage was captured. However, the sequence in
which six cars fell over was successfully shot in just one take.

Filming in this location was not without its difficulties. Firstly, being so isolated, it was hard to obtain
resources at short notice. The second problem was the high altitude.____________ It was also hard
working with the villagers who had no experience of film-making. Finally, setting and resetting the props
caused a good deal of frustration.

These days when CGI is all the rage, it was surprising that so little of the work was done using computer
effects. The only sequence that used computer graphics was the one in which the tower of books fluttered
open to reveal a pint of Guinness.______________ Even so, this was no simple matter. They had to
ensure that all the books in the tower had a different appearance.

Director Nicolai Fuglsig said about the project : ‘Despite all the challenges, the cast was fantastic and it
was a really amazing experience.’ Whether or not the effort put into the advert pays off is another matter
entirely

2. In the following text, six sentences or parts of sentences have been removed. Below the extract
you will find the six removed sentences PLUS one sentence which doesn't fit. Choose from the
sentences (A-G) the one which fits each gap (1-6). Remember, there is one extra sentence you do
not need to use. This text: Drifting The Slow Lane On A Welsh Canal.

Drifting The Slow Lane On A Welsh Canal

Two hundred years ago, Britain's canals were the arteries of the Industrial Revolution but now
they are used almost exclusively for pleasure. They're a great way to meet the British - and other
nationalities: even actors Harrison Ford and Calista Flockhart have enjoyed a Welsh narrowboat
holiday. Bob Barton reports on a trip afloat in Mid Wales.
Less is more on the canals. (1) ____________________ Yet we felt we had seen and
experienced so much and let into the secret that is one of the most beautiful parts of Britain's
unique waterway world.
We became very fond of Bronwen, our three year-old cruiser, which was our movable home for a
few serene days as we sailed along the Monmouth and Brecon canal in Mid Wales. With home
comforts including a fully fitted kitchen complete with gas cooker and fridge, crockery and
cookware; comfortable beds; a shower and toilet; central heating and cosy lounge area with TV
and DVD player, it is easy to see how some boaters become so enthusiastic they decide to live on
them for months at a time.
Any fears we had about taking charge of a 50ft-long behemoth on a narrow canal with its
numerous toytown-like stone bridges were quickly dispelled by John of Cambrian Cruisers. (2)
____________________ How to take on water, work the locks and lifting bridges we would
encounter, and even came along with us for the first ten minutes to check we had got the hang of
things.
We need not have worried: by the end of our first afternoon of cruising we had negotiated four
lifting bridges, one tunnel and five locks, all enough to give my 'crew' a hearty appetite to be
sated in one of the many canal-side pubs. One of the lifting bridges was electrically powered and
my daughters, aged 11 and 15, loved closing the gate across the road to stop traffic and pushing
the buttons to make lights flash and the bridge slowly rise.
The 35-mile Monmouth and Brecon Canal is a small, isolated part of Britain's 2,000-mile (3,220
km) network of navigable waterways, but it is a real gem. Built to carry coal and iron down to
the sea, it is an 18th-century time-capsule, now used entirely for pleasure, which winds its way
south from the market town of Brecon through the rocky uplands - the highest in Southern
Britain - of the Brecon Beacons National Park. (3) ____________________
Its banks canopied with a wide variety of trees, the canal is constantly twisting, first one way and
then another. For much of its length it is on a ridge, high above the foaming waters of the River
Usk, whose route is even more convoluted than the canal; while in the distance are sheep-dotted
meadows and craggy peaks with romantic names such as Sugar Loaf and Table Mountain. (4)
____________________ There's always something to see, someone to wave at or talk to, or
another brew of tea or coffee to attend to: it is thirsty work!
This being springtime, wild flowers were everywhere - bluebells, daffodils, forsythia and
primroses, growing in huge bunches along the banks. Other seasons offer their own delights, I'm
sure. Birds spotted ranged from skylarks and chaffinch to pheasants and the ubiquitous ducks
with their ducklings in tow and, at one stage, a bat even circled our boat. Farther on, white tree
blossom floated down on us like snowflakes - an idyllic scene. (5) ____________________
We prepared breakfast and lunch on board using the ample facilities, but when we wanted a
more substantial meal there was a good choice of pubs, often with a blazing log fire, in canalside
villages such as Talybont-on-Usk. At the Coach and Horses in Langynidr there was a
particularly tasty, wide-ranging menu: the Portuguese owner, Abilio, explained that he arrived
here as chef but liked it so much he decided to buy the whole pub and settle down.
One of the liberating aspects of canal boating is that you can moor up for the night almost
wherever the fancy takes you. We just hammered in the mooring spikes, tied-up, placed a plank
across to the bank and our mobile home was all set for the night. (6) ____________________
Brecon is best-known for its annual Jazz Festival when the whole town comes to life with the
sound of music and of people having a good time. Sadly, we weren't able to sample the event this
time - but we did manage to visit nearby Hay-on-Wye, the fascinating "town of second-hand
books" established by Richard Booth in 1961, on our way back to the airport.

Choose from the following sentences to fill the spaces in the text. There is one extra.
A. Though our pace was slow in terms of distance covered, it was never boring.
B. We even remembered a torch to light the walk back from the pub!
C. That is why we were given a thorough explanation of all the safety regulations in force along
the canal.
D. He patiently talked us through the boat's simple controls.
E. It passes through no big towns but has everything else that makes this type of holiday such
fun: lovely scenery, friendly people, and a few locks, lift-bridges and a tunnel thrown in for good
measure.
F. At a speed of four miles-per-hour, we travelled less than 20 miles in three days.
G. Sometimes there was so much to take in we almost forgot to bow our heads for the distinctive
stone hump-back bridges: so narrow and low they seem to grow out of the banks.

3. In the following text, seven sentences or parts of sentences have been removed. Below the
extract you will find the seven removed sentences PLUS one sentence which doesn't fit. Choose
from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). Remember, there is one extra
sentence you do not need to use.

History of the Toaster

Before the development of the electric toaster, sliced bread was toasted by placing it in a metal
frame or a long-handled fork and holding it near a fire or kitchen grill. Simple utensils for
toasting bread over open flames appeared in the early 19th century. Earlier, people simply
speared bread with a stick, sword or knife and held it over a fire.
In 1905, Irishman Conor Neeson of Detroit, Michigan, and his employer, American chemist,
electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur William Hoskins of Chicago, Illinois, invented
chromel, an alloy from which could be made the first high-resistance wire of the sort used in all
early electric heating appliances (1)________________________________.
The first electric bread toaster was created by Alan MacMasters in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1893,
Crompton, Stephen J. Cook & Company of the UK marketed an electric, iron-wired toasting
appliance called the Eclipse. Early attempts at producing electrical appliances using iron wiring
were unsuccessful, because the wiring was easily melted and a serious fire hazard.
(2)________________________________, and when it was, mostly only at night. The first US
patent application for an electric toaster was filed by George Schneider of the American
Electrical Heater Company of Detroit. AEH's proximity to Hoskins Manufacturing and the fact
that the patent was filed only two months after the Marsh patents suggests collaboration and that
the device was to use chromel wiring. One of the first applications the Hoskins company had
considered for chromel was toasters, but eventually abandoned such efforts to focus on making
just the wire itself.
At least two other brands of toasters had been introduced commercially around the time General
Electric submitted their first patent application in 1909 for one, the GE model D-12, designed by
technician Frank Shailor, "the first commercially successful electric toaster".
In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for various toaster
patents and in that same year the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced the toaster with
automatic bread turner. (3)________________________________ Before this, electric toasters
cooked bread on one side and then it was flipped by hand to toast the other side. Copeman's
toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it.
(4)________________________________, which turned off the heating element automatically
after the bread toasted, using either a clockwork mechanism or a bimetallic strip. However, the
toast was still manually lowered and raised from the toaster via a lever mechanism.
The automatic pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was first patented by
Charles Strite in 1919. In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter
Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Toastmaster, the first automatic pop-up, household toaster
that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, (5)________________________________
and eject the toast when finished.
By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U.S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering
and raising, with no levers to operate - (6)________________________________. A notable
example was the Sunbeam T-20, T-35 and T-50 models (identical except for details such as
control positioning) made from the late 1940s through the 1960s, which used the mechanically
multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the
bread; the inserted slice of bread tripped a lever to switch on the power which immediately
caused the heating element to begin expanding thus lowering the bread. When the toast was
done, as determined by a small bimetallic sensor actuated by the heat passing through the toast,
the heaters were shut off and the pull-down mechanism returned to its room-temperature
position, (7)________________________________. This sensing of the heat passing through the
toast, meant that regardless of the color of the bread (white or wholemeal) and the initial
temperature of the bread (even frozen), the bread would always be toasted to the same degree. If
a piece of toast was re-inserted into the toaster, it would only be reheated.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from
the Original Wikipedia article.

Choose from the following sentences to fill the spaces in the text. There is one extra.

A. The next development was the semi-automatic toaster

B. simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure

C. set the heating element on a timer,

D. (and many modern ones)

 E. The company also produced the "toaster that turns toast."

F. slowly raising the finished toast

G. which wasn't considered safe in the kitchen

H. Meanwhile electricity was not readily available

4, You are going to read an article about a top female stunt performer. Seven sentences
have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits
each gap (9-15). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

Lights, Camera, ACTION!

Annie Fielding talks about her journey to becoming a successful female stunt performer.

Falling face first through a plate of glass, being thrown from a moving car, diving off a tall
building and being beaten up - this could all be the material from people's nightmares, but for me
it's all in a day's work.

Having trained as a professional dancer, I started out by choreographing dance routines in music
videos and films. I was working on the set of a musical, overseeing a particularly complex dance
sequence, when I was introduced to Dan Pullman, who was the senior stunt coordinator on the
movie. We hit it off straight away. 1_____________ We enjoyed each other's company and
gradually grew very close. Then we decided to get married.

At first I had absolutely no interest in stunt work, but just for fun Dan started showing me a few
basic stunts, such as falling and landing safely. 2__________ Apparently, I was a natural. I didn't
find these stunts too difficult, because my dance background had equipped me with a certain
amount of physical strength and flexibility. Compared to dancing around a studio, I found it
exhilarating because there were more risks involved. It prompted me to rethink my own career.

So then Dan started training me seriously. I learnt the martial art of judo and how to fight, and to
ride horses and motorbikes. I remember the pain that I suffered in this short space of time.
3___________ By the time I was hired for my first stunt job, I felt ready. I know that within the
stunt community there was some talk that my connection with Dan had helped me to land jobs.
Well, that may have been the case at first, but since then I believe I have proved myself on my
own merit. I keep getting hired to do further jobs so I must be quite good at what I do.

I only entered the stunt industry four years ago and now I have built up a fairly impressive list of
stunt work experience. I have worked in music videos, television and major motion pictures.
4__________ It isn't easy to get regular work in this field, especially if you are a woman. There
are many unemployed stunt performers out there. The longest I have gone without a project is a
month, so I consider myself really lucky.

It's great work if you can get it. You might get asked to do a stair fall or a car knock-down.
5______________ Last week I was strapped to a moving truck as it caught fire. The days tend to
be long and, depending on what is being made, a job can last from a few hours to several months.
Sometimes you get to travel. My last job - doubling for an actress in a horror film - involved
spending three whole weeks in Mexico.

If I'm not working, I'm training. I take karate lessons and always find time to ride, as horse stunts
are my speciality. I also make sure I rehearse driving stunts in deserted areas. Doing long falls is
a common thing asked of stunt people but it is not something you can practice regularly.
6___________That way I am prepared for anything that is asked of me.

On the surface, my profession seems glamorous and daring, but I take every opportunity to tell
young people that they must be prepared to work incredibly hard. 7______________ Yes, you do
get to live out your action fantasies and have the chance to work with top celebrities, but there is
always the possibility that you may get injured in spite of all the safety precautions taken. It is, in
my opinion, important to have a realistic idea about the profession.

A I also point out how physically demanding and dangerous it is.

B I like it when we work on a film together, because can see each other every day.

C I think even he was surprised by what I could do.

D I didn't know then that he would inspire me to follow a different path in life.

E You never know what to expect, and no two stunt jobs will ever be exactly the same.

F People in the industry say that such success so early in your career is very unusual.

G I just need to keep my body lean and in peak physical condition.

H I would go to bed every night covered in bruises, but I remained extremely focused.

5. You are going to read an article about a female explorer. Seven sentences have been

removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (9-

15). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

One Step at a Time "I was a dreamer as a child and I've always been drawn to stories of

adventurers. I was the girl who fell out of trees and got muddy. I was never much of a team
player, which probably accounts for the fact that I'm now a solo explorer." So says Hannah

McKeand, the current world record holder for a solo, unsupported trek to the South Pole. It was

no easy feat for the 33-year-old Briton, who completed the expedition in 39 days and 9 hours

while suffering bitterly cold conditions in an effort that put her in the history books.

Hannah's urge to explore began in 2001, when she joined an expedition into the Western Desert.

1_____________The trip was supposed to be a once-in-alifetime experience, but no sooner had

she returned to the UK than she found herself yearning for more.

Still wanting to travel, Hannah quit her job as a marketing director and committed herself to full-

time exploration. In the first twelve months, she headed back to the Western Desert and then on

to the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. 2_______ She accomplished this trip with the support of

a five-member team in 56 days. Next on her list was a world yacht race that took her sailing

halfway around the globe.

Hannah returned to the South Pole in one of her most ambitious projects ever. 3_________ She

received no outside assistance or re-supply throughout her time on the ice, meaning that she had

to carry all of her food, fuel and equipment by herself for the entire time she was there.

Hannah ended up pulling a sledge weighing up to 100kg for close to twelve hours a day.

4________ She survived on a of diet of chocolate, fudge, halva, dried fruit and nuts, energy bars

and dried meats and still managed to lose nineteen kilos. "I didn't miss normal food, because I

had lost my appetite," joked Hannah, when asked about the physical stress.

She had also decided to complete the journey solo, meaning that in times of hardship, she had no

teammates to provide either emotional or physical support. 5___________ Hannah reflects, "I

thought it was going to be really hard, because I'm naturally a social person, but it turned out the
loneliness wasn't an issue. I was so busy taking care of my energy levels and body temperature

that the days just flew by."

To prevent loneliness and to keep in contact with the outside world, Hannah carried a variety of

technological devices. 6_______ These allowed her to speak to family, friends and the media

whilst on the ice. She was also able to connect them to her computer, allowing her to send and

receive regular emails and update her website.

As with many an adventurer, Hannah always has one eye on the future. With the South Pole

successfully behind her, Hannah's next big adventure will be to conquer the North Pole.

7__________She confides, "The biggest lesson I have learnt so far is that with a little patience,

you can get anywhere. If you just keep putting one foot in front of the other then vast distances

can be covered in time. But most importantly, I have learnt that in the wilderness we are

completely insignificant, and that only with utter respect and the best preparation can we spend

time there safely."

A She completed a 1,110-kilometre marathon across the Antarctic ice, beating the previous

world record by nearly two days.

B It is a long enough period that sometimes you can't see the end but you just have to be resilient

and keep pushing on.

C As well as a beacon, which constantly transmitted her location via satellite, she also carried

two satellite telephones.

D They explored the valleys and sandy landscape of this vast part of Egypt, looking for "rock

art."

E The potential psychological impact of such isolation is difficult to imagine.

F After fully exploring these two incredible places, Hannah ended the year with her first

expedition to the South Pole.

G In preparing for this latest endeavour, Hannah is quick to draw on her past experience.

H Dragging this load over endless miles of snow and ice caused her to bum between 6,000 and

8,000 calories a day.

LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including
the word given.

1. The problem we were faced with was a serious one. came

The problem we ……...........................…………...........................…… was a serious one.

2. It was a mistake not to apply for the job. wish

I ……...........................…………...........................…… for the job.

3. Being rich has no connection with being happy. nothing

Being rich ……...........................…………...........................…… being happy.

4. I can’t wait to see the sights in London. forward

I am ……...........................…………...........................…… the sights in London.

5. The tourist trade is much better now than it was last month. picked

The tourist trade ……...........................…………...........................…… noticeably since last

month.

6. Governments should preserve all the world’s languages. ought

All the world’s languages ……...........................…………...........................…… governments.

7. The tennis players’ match is still going on. finished

The tennis players ……...........................…………...........................…… yet.

8. What time does your plane land tomorrow? when

Can you tell ……...........................…………...........................…… tomorrow?

9. The family always spent their holidays climbing in the mountains. used

The family’s holidays ……...........................…………...........................……climbing in the

mountains.

10. Physical exercise won’t hurt you if you are careful.do

Physical exercise won’t ……...........................…………...........................…… if you are careful.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence , using the
word given. Do not change the word given . You must use between two to five words, including
the word given.

1. Three hundred students entered the swimming competition last year. part

Three hundred students ……...........................…………...........................…… the swimming

competition last year.

2. The students will finish their English course at the end of June. have

The English course ……...........................…………...........................…… the beginning of July.

3. My sister doesn’t like computer games very much. keen

My sister ……...........................…………...........................…… computer games.

4. ‘Did you eat the chocolates?’ Maria said to Peter. asked

Maria ……...........................…………...........................…… eaten the chocolates.

5. We went for a walk although it was raining yesterday. spite

We went for a walk ……...........................…………...........................…… yesterday.

6. I can’t wait to see the sights in London. forward

I am ……...........................…………...........................…… the sights in London.

7. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. could

I suppose John ……...........................…………...........................…… about tonight’s party.

8. I have been to this restaurant three times now. time

This ……...........................…………...........................…… I have been to this restaurant now.

9. ‘Are you waiting to be served?’ said the waitress to me. asked

The waitress ……...........................…………...........................…… waiting to be served.

10. Looking back, I think I was right to study mathematics at university. regret

Looking back, I ……...........................…………...........................…… mathematics at university.

11. Being rich has no connection with being happy. nothing

Being rich ……...........................…………...........................…… being happy.

12. This new dining table is bigger than the one we had before. not

The dining table we had before ……...........................………….......................…… this new one.

13. The film is not as interesting as the novel was. much

The novel ……...........................…………...........................…… the film.

14. Will your neighbours look after your dog when you go away? take

Do you know if your neighbours ……...........................…………...........................…… your dog

when you go away?

15. Tom, wouldn’t it be a good idea to take the students swimming tomorrow? how

Tom, ……...........................…………...........................…… the students swimming tomorrow?

16. Whatever you do, don’t lift that heavy suitcase. up

I’d advise you not ……...........................…………...........................…… that heavy suitcase.

17. I am so exhausted that I won’t be able to go out tonight. too

I ……...........................…………...........................…… go out tonight.

18. I’d like you to connect me to the managing director’s extension number. through
Could you ……...........................…………...........................…… the managing director’s
extension number?

19. Was it Paul’s idea to go to the cinema? came

Was it Paul ……...........................…………..........................…… the idea of going to the

cinema?

20. I am starting to find watching television boring. fed

I am beginning to get ……...........................…………...........................…… television.

21. Bob is not as intelligent as his brother. less

Bob………………………………………………………………………………………………his
brother.

22. The mechanic will have repaired my car by Tuesday. been

My car……………………………………………………………………………………………by
Tuesday.

23. As long as you do your best, you may succeed in your exams. provided

You may succeed in your exams……………………………………………………………..your

best.

24. As children get older ,they become more independent. the

The………………………………………………………………………………………………..in
dependent they become.

25. Olivia did not concentrate so she made a lot of mistakes. would

If Olivia ……...........................…………...........................… made fewer mistakes.

26. Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? could

I wonder ……...........................…………...........................…… me the time of the next train to

London. 27.The children are always fascinated by nature programmes on TV. find

The children ……...........................…………...........................…… when they watch them on

TV.

28. ‘What about going for a swim?’ said John to me. should
John ……...........................…………...........................…… for a swim.

29. Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays. matter

Honestly, ……...........................………...........................……… me where we go for our summer

holidays.

30. Could you speak English when you were younger? able

When you were younger, ……..……...........................…….........................…… speak English?

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use
between two to five words.

31. How long have Helen and Robert been married?

When………………………………………………………………………………………………
…… married ?

32. Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since.

Jack has
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. a
month.

33. Why did you apply for this job?' asked the sales manager.

The sales manager asked

me…………………………………………………………………………………that job.

34. 'Have you ever been to Japan, Paul?'

Sue asked Paul…………………………………………………………………………to Japan.

35. A painter painted our house last month.

We had………………………………………………………………………………….last month.

36. People say that Bali is a beautiful island.

It………………………………………………………………………..a beautiful island.

37. Someone has scratched my car on the door.

My car …………………………………………………………………………..on the door.

38. Many people say that olive oil is good for the hearth.

Olive oil…………………………………………………………………good for the hearth.

39. I don’t like your criticizing me all the time.

I wish………………………………………………………………….all the time.

40.I’d love to be with you in Switzerland right now.

I wish…………………………………………………………..……………….in Switzerland
now.

II. For each space, choose ONE word which you think best completes the sentence. Look
carefully at the words both before and after each space.

1. It was the sale__________ my first car that gave me enough money to go travelling for the
first time.

2. I can't ask for help from anyone in my family. You know what they're ___________ .

3. Available flavours include ___________only the usual strawberry and chocolate, but also
peach.

4. A collision ________________two satellites has filled the sky with debris.

5. Jane has so many cats, ____________only those she has rescued, but ones that friends have
given her.

6. The reason they are called daily requirements is that we need to consume a number of
them___________ day.

7. "Tess Of The D'Urbervilles" is probably the novel for__________ Thomas Hardy is best
known.

8. A hippopotamus can be just____________ dangerous as a lion.

9. She continued dancing on the table, seemingly unaware or uncaring about what she
______________looked .

10. Many animals, foxes and wolves ________them, hunt at night and therefore have good
vision.

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each

gap.
CULTURE SHOCK

Many people dream (1) ………………………………living in a foreign country. It can be an

amazing experience for those who (2)………………………….the courage to leave their family
and friends and settle (3)…………………………..in a new place. However, there’s one
potential problem you should be aware of: culture shock. Culture shock is the feeling we get
from living in a place that is so different to where we (4)………………………………………up
that we are not sure how to deal with it. Societies are organized in many different ways , and we
can often be (5) …………………………aback by some of the things we find in foreign
countries. Customs and traditions can be very different and that can sometimes make it difficult
to (6)…………………………………on with local people and to (7)
…………………………friends. They might not approve (8)……………………………. things
you do or might object (9)…………………..things you say. You might even be
banned………………………….doing things in another country that are perfectly legal in your
own. (11)……………………………you were to move to a country such as Singapore , say, you
might find some of the laws very strict. There, people can be forced
(12)…………………………..pay a large fine just for dropping litter. Eventually, though, most
people who live abroad (13)…………………………in love with their adopted country and learn
to accept its differences. It does (14) real courage to make such a big change to your life , but
many people agree (15) ………………………………it is worth it in the end.

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each

gap.

SAN FRANCISCO

Tourists to San Francisco are rarely disappointed (1)…………………….the famous range of

cultural and artistic attractions the city has to offer. But San Francisco is more famous
(2)………………….being on the San Andreas fault, a notorious source of earthquakes. Over
seven hundred people died in San Francisco in the great earthquake of 1906, and more than 70
perished in another large quake in 1989. It’s hard (3)……………………imagine why anyone
would want to live in such a dangerous area, but millions of people choose to do so. They are all
familiar (4) …………………………….the faultline , and are aware
(5)……………………………..the potential danger if there’s another powerful quake. Yet
nothing, it seems , will prevent people ………………………building in San Francisco . A quick
glance (7)…………………. a photo of the city shows a large number of modern skyscrapers,
many of them completely covered (8)………………………………..glass.

Seismologists are constantly warning residents (9)……………………………..the possibility of

“the next big quake “. They expect it (10) …………………………..happen sooner rather than
later. But San Franciscans are not short (11) ………………………….courage. Except
(12)…………………………..making doubly sure that their buildings are built to the highest
safety standards , they carry on with their daily lives as if nothing could ever disrupt them.

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each

gap.

STONE CIRCLES

Ancient stone circles are most often found in Ireland and the United Kingdom. The number of
stones in (1)…………………………..circle can vary from four to sixty and despite the name,
the stones are not always arranged (2)………………………….a circle. Archaelogists have
pointed

(3)……………………………………that these stones circles have no equivalent anywhere

(4)…………………….. in Europe.

(5) ……………………………the stone circles were often placed according to the position of the
sun or moon at certain times of the year, it is apparent that the cycle of seasons was very
important to the people who built (6)……………………………… However, the size and shape
of the stones indicate that they (7)…………………….not have been used as astronomical
calculators, (8)………………………their positioning was probably more symbolic than
functional . Although most surviving stone circles are found in upland areas, the most famous
stone circles of (9)………………………………-at Stonehenge and Avebury- are located in
lowlands.

The purpose of stone circles is thought to (10)………………………..connected to people’s

beliefs.Nevertheless, exactly what they were used (11) ……………………………. remains a
mystery.It has been suggested that people may have come to the stones to take part in
celebrations. Others have associated stone circles with the Druids, but there is no evidence that
they (12) ………………………..used by them.

Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each

gap.

THE GREAT BRITISH SEASIDE

What (1)………………………..the phrase “the great British seaside” bring to mind? Most
people , if asked to respond (2)……………………..the top of their heads, associate
(3)………………………on holiday to places such as Blackpool or Torquay with poor weather ,
old, faded attractions and a low standard of accommodation. These days, when people are more
likely to go abroad to (4)………………………. the sights,traditional British seaside towns
(5)………………….suffering from an image problem. Now, finally, some of the resorts (6)
……………………………decided to bring their images up to date in the hope that a
(7)………………………….of direction will bring back the tourists. Many will need a lot of
convincing , but those that (8) ………………………………..come will find that today’s
Blackpool differs quite a bit (9)………………………….the picture postcard past.

After years of neglect, Blackpool has to work hard to catch

(10)……………………………….with foreign destinations but that’s precisely what it
(11)……………………………doing. It’s the first time so much (12)
……………………………happened to improve the place in such a short time. A massive
building project , including a new casino and indoor entertainment centre,
(13)……………………….that rainy days are no longer a problem. And it appears (14)
……………………………be working . As the tourists start to make
(15)…………………………the bright lights of Blackpool once again, it seems that the great
British seaside has a bright future ahead.

III. Change the word so that it fits the context

1. In the future the public will have a wider __________________ of television programs.
(CHOOSE)

2. Looking after the health of 700 children is heavy ______________________ .

(RESPONSIBLE)

3. The town spent more money on __________________ and health than ever before (HOUSE)

4. Do you have any particular __________________ where we sit? (PREFER)

5. There’s a __________________ contrast between what he does and what he says. (STRIKE)

6. The party turned out to be a huge ______________________ (DISAPPOINT)

7. He was fined and __________________ for reckless driving (QUALIFY).

8. Is it possible to remove the smell from the books that have been in _______________ for such
a long time? (STORE)

9. Many people are interested in job __________________ more than in earning large amount of
money (SATISFY).

10. I hadn’t made a __________________ , so I just got on the first flight available. (RESERVE)

For questions given, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals to form words that fit
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Becoming a Top Athlete To be (0) successful in a sport requires a number of things including
ambition and (25) ................ Without these qualities, it is very difficult to compete at a high
level. Most of the famous sportspeople we know today began training during their (26) ...............
in order to reach their peak while still comparatively young. Athletes should pay careful (27)
............... to their diet, because (28) ............... food is essential for maintaining a strong body
which is less liable to suffer injury. Diet is also important because it must be adequate to support
such (29) ............... activity. It is also necessary to have the (30) ............... to succeed. Athletes
will often encounter temporary (31) ............... on their road to eventual success, and they must
mentally prepare themselves so that this type of (32) ............... doesn't have too strong a negative
effect on their future (33) ................ Even if a sufficiently talented athlete puts in the time and
effort required, they will also need (34) ............... , and perhaps a little luck, in order to succeed.
SUCCESS DEDICATE CHILD ATTEND NOURISH ENERGY DETERMINE FAIL
COURAGE PERFORM PATIENT

For questions given, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals to form words that fit
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Facial Expressions Body language is a very (0) effective form of communication. Some (25)
............................. expressions, in particular, can be understood all around the world. If we find
something (26) ............................. , for example, we wrinkle up our noses. Anyone watching
immediately knows how we feel. All people smile, and a smile is likely to get a positive (27)
.............................. It can, however, be obvious when you don't mean it. When you (28)
....................... . smile, muscles around your eyes automatically contract, but these muscles are
difficult to control consciously. An authentic smile fades quickly, too, while an artificial smile
will (29) ........................... last longer. The expressions we make when we are angry, sad and
scared are also common to most cultures. Despite all the (30) .............................. languages
spoken in the world, we can still communicate using this (31) .............................. language of
facial expressions. However, you sometimes need to be (32) ............................... Certain gestures
can vary, even within a single country. For example, (33) ............................. . Italians gesturing
'yes' tilt their heads forwards, never back, whereas people in the north nod by tilting the head
backwards and forwards. This can be very (34) .............................. !
EFFECT FACE DISGUST REACT GENUINE USUAL DIFFER UNIVERSE CARE SOUTH
CONFUSE

For questions given, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals to form words that fit
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).

To be (0) successful in the business market, it is vital for a company to keep up with all the
latest technological (25) ................. . Nowadays it is (26) ................... accepted that running a
company without computers, in particular, is virtually (27) .................... This is why businesses
are so keen to hire the best people available for their technology departments. Apart from the
needs of the technology department, it is important that almost all employees have some degree
of (28) ................... with personal or desktop computers, even if this involves no more than the
(29) ................... of a basic computer course. Like all new things, however, most people will only
become (30) ................... with using computers after practical experience. Thanks to computers,
today's businesses are run and managed with far less (31) ................... than companies could
hope to achieve in the past. For example, computers enable the (32) .... : .............. of huge
amounts of information and greatly speed up the (33) ................... of documents and reports. In
short, although the average businessperson has no need to be a technology expert, they are
unlikely to get very far without at least a basic (34) ................... of computers.
SUCCESS DEVELOP WIDE POSSIBLE FAMILIAR COMPLETE COMFORT DIFFICULT
ORGANISE PREPARE KNOW

For questions given, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals to form words that fit
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).
English Students and Culture Shock Culture shock is a feeling of (0) confusion experienced by
someone visiting a new country and being confronted with an (25) ................. .. culture. It is
experienced by many of the thousands of students who leave home to study English in an
English-speaking country. These students have to cope with changes in weather, food, language
and behaviour. (26) ................... have found that there are several stages of culture shock and that
adjusting to life in a new country is an ongoing and gradual process. Initially, students may feel
(27) ................... and delight at the new culture. They take to their language studies with
enthusiasm and make significant progress. Once the (28) ................... of being in a foreign place
wears off, feelings of (29) ................ ... , depression and homesickness may arise, and homesick
students may call home repeatedly. (30) ................... problems, due to locals speaking too
quickly and using strange idioms and slang, are also very common. (31) ................... , stress may
be caused by racial discrimination, (32) ................... problems or safety concerns. During the
next stage, the student is more (33) ................... and begins to accept the positive and negative
aspects of both cultures. They begin to feel at home and realise that problems are also (34)
................... opportunities.
CONFUSE FAMILIAR RESEARCH EXCITE NOVEL ANXIOUS COMMUNICATE
ADDITION FINANCE REAL LEARN