Chemistry

Nomenclature of
Organic Compounds
Lets Fall In Love with Chemistry
 LECTURE – 1
IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Organic Chemistry - Chemistry of ‘C’ and its compounds

Ground state of ‘C’ 1s 2 | 2 = unpaired es present here

2s 2p

1st excited state of ‘C’ 1s2 |

4 = unpaired es
2s 2p

C Tetravalency of 'C'
Classification of Organic Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Open chain Compounds Closed chain or Cyclic or

or Acyclic Compounds Ring compounds

HOMOCYCLIC HETEROCYCLIC
Saturated Unsaturated Other functional
organic organic group containing In a ring all In a ring other than
compounds compounds organic are carbon ‘C’ atoms like N, O,
compounds atoms S etc. are also
present with ‘C’
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES
ALICYCLIC AROMATIC

ALICYCLIC AROMATIC
Open chain or Acyclic organic compounds
Carbon compounds with straight C-chain or with branches of C-
Saturated organic compounds
Those organic compounds in which always  bonds (covalent bonds) present between
C-atoms .
Example ALKANE or Alk + ane

It represents no. Primary p

NOTE: of C-atoms in a Suffix
For single covalent bond given compound
P Suffix - ane (Also known as word It represents
For double covalent bond root) type of bond
P Suffix - ene between C-atoms
For triple covalent bond
P Suffix - yne
No. of C-atoms & their used alk.

No. of C-atoms Alk No. of C-atoms Alk

1C - Meth 11C - Undec
2C - Eth 12C - Dodec
3C - Prop 13C - Tridec
4C - But 14C - Tetradec
5C - Pent 15C - Pentadec
6C - Hex 16C - Hexadec
7C - Hept 17C - Heptadec
8C - Oct 18C - Octadec
9C - Non 19C - Nonadec
10C - Dec 20C - Eicos
Alkane with 20 C-atoms - C20H42 (Eicosane)
100 C - Hect
Alkane with 100 C-atoms - C100 H202 (Hectane)

Alkane family (Alkane is the IUPAC name of alkane family)

Gen. formula C n H 2n +2
Here n = no. of C-atoms
Simplest alkane
• Methane (n=1) [CH4 ] closed structure
H 4  + O  = sp3
• Open chain structure |
H−C−H
|
H 4 B.P. + O l.p. = 4 = sp3
Next homologous Butane (n=4)
Two consecutive members of same family in  molecular formula  C4 H10
which difference of –CH2- group (methylene or
CH2 = ) is present.
Closed structure → CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3 or
Ethane (n=2)  molecular formula → C2H6
Closed structure → CH3 – CH3 H 3C − (CH 2 ) 2 − CH 3
or
H H H H H H
Open chain structure → H − C − C − H Open chain structure H−C−C−C−C−H
H H H H H H
And similarly,
Propane (n=3)  molecular formula → C3H8
Heptane (n=7)  molecular formula  C7 H16
Closed structure → CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 3 H H H H H H H
H H H H−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−H
Open chain structure →
H−C−C−C−H H H H H H H H
H H H H 3C − (CH 2 )5 − CH 3
Decane (n=10) (Molecular formula  C10 H 22 )
H H H H H H H H H H
H−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−H
H H H H H H H H H H
Alkyl Radicals (or Alkyl Groups)
When we subtract one H-atom from any member of alkane family then one valency of
C-atom is totally free and that group is known as alkyl group (or Alkyl Radical)
Alkane Alkyl Group (R −)
Gen.formula Gen. formula
−H
⎯⎯ →
Cn H 2n +2 Cn H 2n +2−1 or Cn H 2n +1 −
Eg.:
−H
Methane (CH 4 ) ⎯⎯ → Methyl radical (CH 3 −) or Me −
−H
Ethane (CH 3 − CH 3 ) ⎯⎯ → Ethyl radical (CH 3 − CH 2 − or Et −)
 CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 −
−H
Propane (CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 3 ) ⎯⎯ → normal
propyl or n − pr
(prifix)

and

ipr − or Isopropyl CH3 − CH −

CH3

Molecular formula C3 H 7 −
Different naming system:
We have 3 different types of naming systems which we can use for writing
nomenclature of organic compounds.
1. Trivial (or common names) or (C.N.)
2. Derived Names (D.N.)
3. IUPAC Names
1. Trivial (or common names) or (C.N.)
▪ Childhood Names of Organic Compounds
▪ In this system of nomenclature generally assigned naming to organic
compound on the basis of various properties of that compound or sources of
that organic compound.

CH 4

CH 3 − OH

O
||
H−C−O−H
O
||
CH 3 − C − OH
H−C  N H−C  N
 H 2O
H − C − OH
||
O
CH 3 − C  N CH 3 − C  N
 H 2O
O
||
CH 3 − C − O − H
Some common prefix which we can use during common names
1. Normal or n-
This prefix is used when straight C- chain is present without any C-branch
Ex.: CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3 or CH 3 − CH 2
|
C.N.  n − Butane CH 2 CH 3
Ex.: CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 −
C.N.  n − Butyl radical (or group) or R −
2. Iso or iso –
This prefix we can use when one CH3 (methyl group) present as a branch (or side
chain) on second last C- of longest continuous chain.
CH 3 − CH − or Second last C −
| of chain
CH 3 CH 3 − CH −
C.N. → Isopropyl radical or ipr- Last C − CH
3 One methylgroup present
of chain asa branch
Note → Simplest iso group (or radical) is iso propyl radical
3. Neo –
When two methyl groups present as side chain on second last C- of longest
continous C-chain

CH3 One methyl group as

side chain (or branch)

CH3 − C − CH 2 −−
Last C −
CH 3 Other methyl group as
a side chain

C.N. → Neopentyl Radical

Note: Simplest Neo- will be neopentyl radical.