6 Steps eme eme

Step 1: Formulate Hypothesis

Ho (Null hypothesis) - no significant difference

Ha (Alternative Hypothesis) - has significant difference

Step 2: Identify level of significance. Given siya pero pag hindi, 0.05 agad

Step 3: Identify variables and Test distributions (Dependent and independent)

*Note: Kapag chi-square, categorical variables ang tawag, walang dependent
independent

Test distributions:
 Dependent sample t-test : sample of 2 related dependent groups (for instance,
kino-compare yung 2 data ng isang sample lang - see problem solving 3 assignment)
 Independent sample t-test: sample of 2 independent groups (like, wala silang konek
sa isa’t isa - see problem solving 2 assignment)
 One-way ANOVA : 2 or more samples (see problem solving 1 assignment)
 Pearson r : testing significant relationship between 2 variables (basta pag may
nakalagay na “wants to test if 2 variables have significant relationship chuchuness” -
see problem solving 4)
 Chi-square Distribution : testing relationship between 2 categorical variables (basta
may 2 categories, then want nila malaman if dependent or independent ba sila sa
isa’t isa - see problem solving 5)

Difference ng Pearson r sa Chi-square :

Pearson r - significance
Chi-square - dependence

Step 4: Calculate p value

A) I-input lahat ng statistical data sa excel
B) Click Data Analysis
C) Click t-test: paired two samples for means
D) Ilagay ang variable range , kasama title sizt
Note: ANOVA: If more than 2 yung mga columns, gawan isa-isa by pair, example:
V1 V2 V3
a d g
b e h
c f i

Variable 1 range = V1
Variable 2 range = V2

Variable 1 range = V2
Variable 2 range = V3

Variable 1 range = V1
Variable 2 range = V3

Like dat tapos input mo rin yung level of significance then check mo labels in first row.

Pag bet mo sa bagong sheet yung results, click new worksheet piy
Pag bet mo sa same sheet, click output range tas click mo kung san mo bet ilagay

Note: Pearson r
No need na gawin yan, just use the following formulas, input sa excel
Pearson r: =PEARSON(Variable1range,Variable2range)
t-value: =r*SQRT(df/1-r^2)
Where:
r = yung sagot sa Pearson r
df = total number ng sagot - 2 (ex. 20 columns - 2 = 18 (df))

For the following tests, yung titingnang results dyan ay yung

 Dependent sample t-test : P(F<=f) one-tail
 Independent sample t-test: P(F<=f) one-tail
 One-way ANOVA : P(F<=f) one-tail
 Pearson r : Pearson r and p-value
 Chi-square Distribution : p-value

TAWAG DYAN AY P VALUE APPROACH

NOTE: Chi-square
Di ko kasi magets yung pivot table kaya mano, mano ko ginawa HAHAHAHAHA pero
ikaw baka ma-gets mo look mo na lang sa page 97 ng IM.
Di mo na rin need gawin sa Chi-square yung nasa taas. Do the ff steps instead
A) Ayusin yung nakalagay na data sa problem
B) Gumawa ng bagong table like dis,

DATA NA INAYOS:
No. Of Years of Smoking Status
Row Total
Education Current Former Never
less than 12 178 88 208 D = 474
12 137 69 143 E = 349
13-15 44 25 44 F = 113
16 or more 34 33 51 G = 118
Column Total A = 393 B = 215 C = 446 1054

Blue ay yung super total HAHAHAHA

Legend sa bagong table:

CT = column total
RT = row total
ST = super total

BAGONG TABLE (with formulas)

EXPECTED (row x column / grand) Current Former Never

less than 12 =RTD*CTA/ST =RTD*CTB/ST =RTD*CTC/ST
12 =RTE*CTA/ST =RTE*CTB/ST =RTE*CTC/ST
13-15 =RTF*CTA/ST =RTF*CTB/ST =RTF*CTC/ST
16 or more =RTG*CTA/ST =RTG*CTB/ST =RTG*CTC/ST

p-value formula for Chi-square:

=CHISQ.TEST(LahatNgDataSaFirstTable,LahatNgDataSaBagongTable)

*Data lang siz, no need sa labels (wow naol)

Step 5: Make statistical decisions

P-value approach results:

IF p-value ≤ level of significance or a , reject Ho

IF p-value > level of significance, failed to reject Ho
Reject the null hypothesis if the computed p-value is less than or equal to the set
significance level , otherwise do not reject the null hypothesis

Pag mas mababa yung p-value, reject Ho

Pag mas mataas p-value, do not reject Ho

tinranslate ko lang hehe (^w^)v

Tapos if
Ho: Equal Variances Assumed
Ha: Equal Variances Not Assumed

FOR ANOVA:
A) Click data analysis
B) Select ANOVA Single Factor
C) Input range, lahat na kasama title tsaka alpha (lvl of significance) tas click mo labels in
first row
D) Pag bet mo sa bagong sheet yung results, click new worksheet piy
Pag bet mo sa same sheet, click output range tas click mo kung san mo bet ilagay
E) Lookie mo yung p-value sa ANOVA table, yun yung p-value mo

FOR PEARSON R:
Refer ka sa result ng Pearson r then use this guide para malaman yung correlation
 Step 6: Conclusion

Pag reject Ho = significant remark

Pag failed to reject Ho = not significant remark

FOR DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST

Indicator Independent Variable Mean t-value p-value Decision Remarks
Category 1 reject Ho Significant
Dependent Variable or failed or Not
Category 2 to reject Significant

Not sure kung category ba or variable tawag u get the point AHAHAHHA

FOR ANOVA
Same lang din pero tatlo yung categories sa independent variables ^

FOR PEARSON R
Independent Variable
Pearson r Description p-value Decision Remarks
Dependent Variable
Correlation

FOR CHI-SQUARE TEST (refer ka na lang sa exaple ko kanina or problem 5 sa

assignment)

Smoking Status
No. Of Years of Education Total
Current Former Never
less than 12 178 88 208 474
12 137 69 143 349
13-15 44 25 44 113
16 or more 34 33 51 118
Total 393 215 446 1054
p-value: 0.25
Decision: Failed to reject Ho
Remarks Not significant