Name : GOLANI, JINALI Date : 25th MAR 2021

Student No. : 19-2-02491 Course: BS BIOLOGY 3-1

BIOMOLECULARS
Assignment No. 3
ENZYMES

1. Read some article about H. Pylori and Stomach ulcers. Make a reaction paper about
this topic that contains 200 words.
 Peptic ulcers are acid-induced lesions found in the stomach and duodenum
characterized by denuded mucosa with the defect extending into the submucosa
or muscularis propria. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common condition that
both primary care providers and gastroenterologists encounter. Symptoms of
peptic ulcer disease are variable and may include abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, weight loss and bleeding or perforation with complicated disease. PUD
is a disease with decreasing clinical burden due to the decline in H.
pylori infections, as well as increased accessibility to anti-secretory therapy and
more judicious use of NSAIDs. However, due to its continued high lifetime
prevalence and varied clinical presentation, recognition and appropriate
management of PUD are key to avoid and minimize significant complications.
Testing and treating H. pylori as well as limiting mucosal injury caused by NSAIDs
via concurrent PPI prophylaxis or choosing COX-2 selective NSAIDs if available,
are the strategies to consider when evaluating PUD. Resuscitation, anti-secretory
therapy, endoscopy and management of antithrombotic agents are the key steps
in treatment of PUD bleeding, which is the most common complication.

2. Read article about ENZYMATIC BROWNING: DISCOLORATION OF FRUITS AND

VEGETABLES. Make a reaction paper about this topic contains 300 words.
 Enzymic browning is an oxidation reaction that takes place in some foods, mostly
fruit and vegetables, causing the food to turn brown. Enzymatic browning in
 fruits and vegetables occurs by exposure to the air after cutting and slicing and in
pulped states, mechanical damage during transportation, and thawing of frozen
or cold stored foods. Oxygen in the air can cause sliced fruit to brown, a process
called enzymic browning. Phenols and the enzyme phenolase are found in the
cells of the apple, and when these are exposed to oxygen in the air, for example
through slicing, the oxygen causes a reaction.  The phenolase changes the
phenols into melanin, which has a brown colour. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and
peroxidase (POD) are the main enzymes responsible for browning. PPO is
classified as an oxidoreductase enzyme with four atoms of copper as a prosthetic
group. It catalyzes the oxidation of functional OH group attached to the carbon
atom of the benzene ring of monohydroxy phenols (phenol, tyrosine, p-cresol) to
o-dihydroxy phenols (catechol, dopamine, adrenalin) and dehydrogenation of o-
dihydroxy phenols to o-quinones. The oxidation of phenolic compounds to
quinones and production of melanin give rise to a dark color in the foods. The
POD is thermostable enzyme that belongs to a group of oxidases that use H2O2
as a catalyst for oxidation of phenolic compounds. The POD is related to
undesirable changes in flavor, texture, color, and the nutritional quality of foods.
The level of PPO and POD varies in fruits and vegetables and their content
changes with maturity and senescence depending upon the ratio of bounded
and soluble enzymes. Change in color of fruits and vegetables by enzymatic
reactions are a major problem during harvesting, transportation, storage, and
processing. Color deterioration, off-flavor, and loss of nutritive value in foods are
unacceptable to the consumers.
3. What are the medical uses of enzymes?
 Medical uses of enzymes:-
 Enzymes can be used for Aiding Digestion. Example: Amylases, Proteases
and Lipase.
 They can also be used as Deworming agents. Example: Papain.
 Enzymes act as anti-clotting agents like Fibrinolytic and Thrombolytic.
Examples: Urokinase and Streptokinase.
 Enzyme can be used to dissolve the hardening of walls of blood vessels.
Example: serratiopeptidase.
 Enzymes can be used to dissolve the wound swelling to promote healing.
Enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, serratiopeptidase are used to
dissolve the swelling.
 Enzymes can be used as surface disinfectants. Example: Trypsin.
 They can also be used in the diagnosis purpose. Example: Glucose oxidase
along with peroxidase to detect the level of glucose (colorimetric
estimation).
o Liver disease: SGPT, SGOT
o Heart attacks (MI): SGOT
o Myocardial Infarction: Creatine phosphokinase.

__________THANK YOU__________