DESIGN III GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & SAFETY PLAN

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

Calculation of the Machinery of Anchor,

Windlass, Rudder, Loading-unloading
and Weight of the Construction and
Machineries
Doc. No. 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM

Prepared by Approved by
Rev. Date Remark
Dewa Gede Sidan M.D. Dr. Emmy Pratiwi, S.T.

0 27/05
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 2 of 18

I. INTRODUCTION
The ship must have some supporting equipment to ensure that it remains in
its current position when it stops. The equipment is an anchor. An anchor is a device
on a ship that is used to keep the ship in a desired position when it is at sea and when
it is docked. When mooring, there are several kinds of forces acting on the anchor,
which are caused by the flow of sea water at the bottom of the ship, which is the force
of the wind acting on the ship structure above the contour, and the combination of
inertia. Force due to pitch and roll. Therefore, where it is desired that the anchor
effectively attenuate all forces, keep the ship in place.
The anchor has other supporting parts that form the anchor chain (anchor
chain), holes in the wall for anchoring and anchoring of the ship (with pipe holes), and
a mechanism for stopping the anchor chain (anchor chain device). The anchor chain
itself is stored in the anchor (chain lock) in the storage room directly below the anchor
machine (windlass).

II. OBJECTIVES
The things that we must understand about this document are:
1. Calculate anchoring equipments
2. Calculate the weight of construction
3. Calculate the weight of machineries

III. REFERENCES
1. MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1 Regulation ds.
2. Practical Ship Design, 1969
3. Llyod’s Register Rule
4. BKI

IV. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Table 3.1 List of Abbreviations
No. Abbreviations Explanation
1 U Equipment number
2 E The Lloyd’s equipment numeral
3 TCL Cable lifter tensile force
4 MCL Cable lifter torque
5 MM Motor torque
6 NE Windlass motor power
7 TW Capstan tensile force
8 nW Capstan roller rotation
9 MW Capstan roller torque
10 NC Capstan motor power
11 A Size of rudder area
12 CR Rudder force without cutouts
13 QR Rudder torque without cutouts
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 3 of 18

14 NRS Axis rudder power

15 NST Steering gear power
16 S Upper rudder stock
17 Sl Lower rudder stock
18 Wst Weight of Ship Steel Weight
19 Woa Weight of Outfit and Accommodation
20 Wme Weight of Machinery Installation
21 Wre Weight of the remainder
22 Wres Reserve weight
23 LWT Light weight tonnage

V. CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
The auxiliary machinery in this chapter is about machining on the deck. All deck
machinery has propulsion equipment located outside the engine compartment, and
has nothing to do with the main propulsion equipment. The auxiliary machinery to be
considered in this chapter is windlass, steering gear, winch and crane. When
calculating, the formula will be used according to the rules of Llyod’s Register.

VI. DESIGN REQUREMENT

No Key Equipment Reference Parameter Design
Lloyd’s Register Equipment Number is to be
Classification (Part used for determining Anchor,
1 Equipment Number
3, Chapter 1, Chain Cable, Mooring, and
Section 7) Towing Equipment
Lloyd’s Register
The mass of anchor should be
Classification (Part
2 Anchor enough to hold the ship in
3, Chapter 13,
desired position
Section 7)
Lloyd’s Register The number and arrangement
Classification (Part of mooring lines should be
3 Mooring Lines
3, Chapter 13, capable to hold the ship while
Section 7) docking or berthing
Lloyd’s Register
Classification (Part Windlass pull capability should
4 Windlass
3, Chapter 13, be able to pull the anchor
Section 8)
Lloyd’s Register
Rudder area and its maximum
Classification (Part
5 Rudder torque should be able to steer
3, Chapter 13,
the ship
Section 2)

VII. SUMMARY CALCULATION

Table 3.3 Summary Calculation
No. Key of Calculation Value Unit
Weight of Anchor 5610 kg
Length of Anchor Chain Cable 577.5 m
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 4 of 18

TCL (Cable Lifter Tensile Force) 50.85447 kN

MCL (Cable Lifter Torque) 29422.95 Kgf.m
MM (Motor Torque) 136.2173 Kgf.m
Ne (Windlass Motor Power) 139.8881 kW
TW (Capstan Tensile Force) 63 kN
nW (Capstan Roller Rotation) 12.05808 rpm
MW (Capstan Roller Torque) 18.04449 kgm
Nc (Capstan Motor Power) 18.53075 kW
Rudder Area 22.58118 m2
CR (Rudder Force ) 801.7249 kN
QR (Rudder Torque) 369.1525 kNm
Nst (Steering Gear Power) 200.0856 kW
Wst (Weight of Ship Steel Weight) 4212.658 ton
Woa (Weight of Outfitting) 1444.910 ton
Wmt (Weight of engine installation) 586.9480 ton
Wres (Reserve Weight) 187.3355 ton
LWT (Light Weight Tonnage) 6431.851 ton

VIII. DETAIL CALCULATION

1. Anchor and Chain

Based on Llyod’s register part 3 chapter 13 section 7, equipment number
regulate the numbers, mass and sizes of anchor and chain. It can be obtained from
the following formula.

Equipment Number = Δ2/3 + 2BH + A/10

= (25952.71)2/3 + 2(22.93)(17.3941) + (641.154)/10
= 1738.417

Which is component defined as :

Δ = molded displacement, in tonnes, to the summer load waterline
B = greatest molded breadth, in metres
H = Freeboard amidships, in metres, from the summer load waterline to the
upper deck, plus the sum of the heights at the centreline, in metres, of each
tier of houses having a breadth greaterr than B/4
A = Area, in m2, in profile view of the hull, within the rule length of the vessel,
and of superstructures and houses above the summer load waterline, which
are within the rule length of the vessel and also having a breadth greater
than B/4

So, we can input in table of equipment numeral (taken U32 with equipment
number 1790)
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 5 of 18

Identification of stockless bower anchors

Number =3
Mass per anchor = 5610 kg

From the data, will be used Sotra Anchor and Chain type SPEK with specification
table on attachment X specification of equipments

Figure 3.1 Sotra Anchor Hall Type

Table 3.4 Equipment Number for Anchor and Chain

Identification of Chain Cable Stud Link Bower Chain

Length = 577.5 m
Diameter mild steel grafe 1 (U1) = 81 mm

From the data, will be used Sotra Anchor and Chain with specification table on
attachment X specification of equipments
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 6 of 18

Figure 3.2 Common Link

Proofload = 1690 kN
Breakload = 2410 kN

Table 3.5 Equipment Number for Towline and Hawsers

Identification of Towline Wire or Rope

Length = 220 m
Breaking strength = 1109 kN
From the data, will be used Survitec Nuflex 8 Strand with specification table on
attachment X specification of equipments

Identification of Hawsers
Number =5
Length of each = 190 m
Breaking strength = 378 kN
From the data, will be used Survitec Nuflex 8 Strand with specification table on
attachment X specification of equipments

Chain Locker
S = 1.1 x d2 x (L/105) m3
Where,
d = Diameter of chain
= 81 mm,
L = Length of chain
= 577.5 m
So, volume of chain locker is :
S needed = 1.1 x 812 x (577.5/105)
= 41.6787525 m3
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 7 of 18

Mud Box
Amin = 33d2
Where,
d = Diameter of chain
= 81 mm
= 0.081 m

So, area of mud box is :

Amin needed = 33d2
= 33(0.081)2
= 7.144929 m2

2. Windlass
Windlass is an anchoring machinery used to pull or drag out the anchor
chain. In planning the machining anchor should be calculate :
a. Calculation of Cable Lifter Tensile Force (Tcl)

𝜌𝑊
𝑇𝐶𝐿 = 2𝑓ℎ × [𝐺𝐴 + (𝑃𝐴 × 𝐿𝐴 ) × [1 − ( )
𝜌𝑎

Ga = Anchor Weight
= 5610 kg
Pa = Anchor Chain Wight
= 0,0218 x D²
= 139.52 kg/m
La = Length of Hanging Chain
= 100 m
ρw = Sea Water Density
= 1025 kg/m³
ρa = Material Density of Steel
= 7750 kg/m³
fh = Friction factor of hawse pipe & stoper with value 1,28 ~ 1,35
= 1.3
So, that
Tcl = (2x1.3) x (5610+( 139.52x100)) x (1-(1025/7750)
= 50854.4732 N
= 50.8544732 kN

From the data, will be used LMS Product WDEG Windlass with specification
table on attachment X specification of equipments

b. Calculation of Cable Lifter Torque (Mcl)

𝑇𝐶𝐿 × 𝐷𝐶𝐿
𝑀𝐶𝐿 =
2𝜂𝐶𝐿
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 8 of 18

Dcl = effective diameter of cable lifter

= 0.013*d
= 1.053 m
ηcl = cable lifter efficiency with value between 0,9 ~ 0,92
= 0.91
Mcl = (50854.4732 x 1.053)/(2 x 0.91)
= 29422.94521 kgf.m

c. Calculation of Motor Torque (Mm)

𝑀𝐶𝐿
𝑀𝑀 =
𝑖𝐴 × 𝜂𝐴
ia = ratio between windlass motor rotation & cable lifter rotation
= nm/ncl
= 136.2173389
nm = motor rotation speed
= 1000 rpm
= 16.667 rps
ncl = cable lifter rotation
= 3.703703704 rpm
ηa = equipment efficiency for worm gearing (0,7~0,8)
= 0,8
So, that
Mm = (29422.94521)/(136.2173389 x 0.8)
= 136.2173389 kgf.m

d. Calculation of Windlass Motor Power (Nm)

𝑀𝑚 × 𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑒 =
716.2
Ne = (Mm x nm) / 716,2
= 190.1945531 HP
= 139.8880938 kW

3. Capstan
a. Calculation of Capstan Tensile Strength (Tw)
𝑅𝐵𝑅
𝑇𝑊 =
6
Rbr = Break Load
= 378 kN
= 38545.3 kgf
Tw = 63 kN
= 6424.217 kgf
b. Calculation of Capstan Roller Rotation (Nw)
19,1𝑣𝑊
𝑛𝑊 =
𝐷𝑊𝐸 + 𝑑𝑤
vw = capstan rope speed (0.25 m/s - 0.5 m/s taken )
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 9 of 18

= 0.25 m/s
dw = mooring ropes diameter
= 0.044 m
Dwe = rope roller diameter, values between 5 ~ 8 dw
= 8 x dw
= 0.352 m
nw = (19.1 x 0.25) / (0.0352 + 0.044)
nw = 12.05808081 rpm

c. Calculation of Capstan Roller Torque (Mw)

𝑇𝑊 (𝐷𝑊𝐸 + 𝑑𝑊 )
𝑀𝑊 =
2 × 𝑖𝑊 × 𝜂𝑊
ηw = capstan roller efficiency, values between 0,7 ~ 0,85
= 0.85
iw = nm/nw
= 82.93193717
nm = capstan motor rotation, with values 800 ~ 1450 rpm
= 1000 rpm
Tw = 6424.216667 kgf
So, that
Mw = 6424.216667 x (0.352+0.044)/(2 x 82.93193717 x 0.85)
= 18.04449093 kgm

d. Calculation of Capstan Motor Power (Nc)

𝑀𝑊 × 𝑁𝑀
𝑁𝐶 =
716,2
Nc = (18.04449093 x 1000) / 716.2
= 25.19476533 HP
= 18.53074990 kW

4. Rudder

a. Steering Gear & Rudder Calculation

In this design, container ship is using rudder blade with cut outs. The
calculation is as follows:

1. Size Rudder Area

Based on American Bureau of Shipping Part 3, Rudder Blade area
is recommend not to be less than:
𝑇 × 𝐿 𝐵2
𝐴= × {1 + (25 × [ ] )}
100 𝐿
So, calculation for rudder area is :
A = (9.7719 x 142.21/100) x (1 + (25 x (22.93/142.21)2)))
= 22.93 m²
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 10 of 18

2. Main dimensions of rudder

Based on Van Lamerens “Resistance, propulsion, and steering of
ship”, main dimensions determined by maker in after perpendicular
availability. The dimensions are identified in this figure.

Figure 3.3 Dimension of Rudder

The dimensions can be calculated by these formula :

Area of rudder in front of rudder stock (A’) :

A’ = (A1f +A2f) = A’= 20%A
A’ = 4.58594 m²

Height and width of rudder area :

𝑏
= 1.8
𝑐
A=bxc
A = 1.8c x c
A = 1.8 c²
𝐴
𝑐=√
1.8
c = 3.56913
b = 6.42444
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 11 of 18

So that the total area rudder (A) and shaded rudder area (Af) is
A1f = 35%A’ A2f = 65% x A’
= 1.6050775 m2 = 2.980858215 m2

A1 = 50%A-A1f A2 = 50%-A2f
= 9.859761787 m2 = 8.483981072 m2

c1 = A1/(50%b) c2 = A2/(50%b)
= 3.069454374 m = 2.641158414 m

b1 = 1.8*c1 b2 = 1.8*c2
= 5.525017872 m = 4.754085146 m

b. Rudder Force Calculation

Rudder force is to be obtained from the following equation:

Cr = 132 . A . v2 . k1 . k2 . K3 . Kt

To determine the force on the steering leaf it is necessary also to know first
few coefficients that will be used in the calculation of the force on the steering
leaf. Coefficients were used :

K1 = (A+2)/3
= 1.16667
K2 = Profile NACA
= 1.1
K3 = 1.15
Kt =1

So that the net force on rudder leaf is;

Cr = 132. A . v2 . k1 . k2 . K3 . Kt
= 814.098117 kN

Cr1 = Cr*A1/A
= 350.0621903 kN

Cr2 = Cr*A2/A
= 301.2163033 kN
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 12 of 18

c. Rudder Stock Torque Calculation

In the calculation of the torque on rudder stick (rudder stock) for a type
of semi-spade rudder :

QR = Cr x r

Where :
CR = rudder force as calculated
r = c (α − k) but not less than 0.1c for ahead condition
c = mean breadth of rudder area
a = coefficient (0.33)
k = Af / A
Af = area of rudder blade situated forward of the rudder stock centerline
A = whole rudder area

r = c(α-k) k = Af/A
= 3.56913 x (0.33 – 0.2) = 0.2
= 0.463987289 m

So that Qr is:
Qr = 814.098117 x 0.463987289
Qr = 369.152112 kN-m

r1 = c(α-k) k1 = Af/A
= 0.513241324 = 0.162790698

So that Qr1 is:

Qr1 = 179.6663821 kNm

r2 = c(α-k) k2 = Af/A
= 0.528231683 = 0.13

So that Qr2 is:

Qr1 = 39.15811943 kNm

d. Steering Gear Power Calculation

Based on the formula in the book "Marine auxiliary Machinary and
System" by M. Khetagurov the power required to rotate the rudder is as follows:

Ns = QR x wrs / 75
wrs = (2α/t) (phi/180)

where, α = 35 degree
t = 28 second
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
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So, that
Nrs = 219.644 HP

Nst = Nrs / ηsg

where, ηsg = steering gear efficiency

= 0.7 ~ 0.9 = 0.8
Nst = 219.644/0.8
= 274.555 HP
= 204.735 kW

e. Rudder Stock Diameter

Rudder stock can be calculated with Llyod’s register as guidance :

The upper stock is that part of the rudder stock above the neck bearing or
above the top pintle, as applicable. At the upper bearing or tiller, the upper
stock diameter is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
3
𝑆 = 4.2 × √𝑀𝑇 × 𝐾𝑜

MT= total rudder torque, as defined in kN-m

Ko = material factor for upper rudder stock
= (235/Y)0.75
= 0.614315554
where Y = 450

So, that
S = 188.198 mm

5. Calculating of Ship's LWT

a. Steel Weight (Wst)

Weight calculation of steel is based on formula by Practical Ship Design, DGM
Watson :

Wst = K x E1.36
Wst = 4212.658 Ton

Note : K = 0.079±0.035 for tankers

Taken K = 0.055

E = Lpp(B+T)+ 0.85 Lpp(H-T)+0.85{(L1*h1)+0.75(L2*h2)}

E = 5016.1
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
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Note : L1 = Forecastle Deck Length

Note : L2 = Poop Deck Length
Note : H1 = Forecastle Deck Height from main deck
Note : H2 = Superstructure height

b. Outfit Weight Calculation (Wo)

The calculation of ship outfitting is based on The traditional method of
estimating the outfit weight for a new merchant ship was by proportioning the
outfit weight of a similar ship on the basis of the relative “square numbers”,
i.e., L x B, and then making corrections for any known differences in the
specifications of the “basis” and “new” ships.

Figure 5.1 Outfit weight diagram

From diagram above, based on LPP we can conclude that for tanker ship, the
Wo / Lx B is around 0.4. (Practical Ship Design Page. 100, DGM Watson)

LPP = Length Between Perpendicular

= 142.21 m
B = Breadth of Ship
= 22.931 m

WO = 0.4 x Lpp x B
= 1304.407004 ton

c. Machinery Installation Weight

For calculation of machinery installation weight, Two Group Method from
"Practical Ship Design" by DGM Watson.T the machinery weight divided into
two components: propulsion machinery and remainder. The propulsion
machinery is the weight of main engine taken from catalogue or project guide.
 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 15 of 18

MCR = Main engine maximum continous power rate

= 6100 kW
K = Coefficient
= 0.72

Wmt = Weight of Machinery Installation

= K x MCR0.78
= 645.4903704 ton

d. Weight Reserves (WRes)

To avoid mistakes in planning due to unsuitable estimates in terms of

calcualtions and previous things that have not been included in the
consideration, it is necessary to add factor of 2-3% LWT taken rate of addition
of 0.03.

WRes = 3% (Wst+Wo+Wmt)
= 236.3162813 ton

LWT = Wst+Wo+Wmt+Wres
= 8113.5 ton
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Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
Rev No. 0
the Construction and Machineries Page 16 of 18

IX. SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENTS

Table 3.6 Specification of Anchor Type SPEK

Table 3.6 Specification of Chain

 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
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Table 3.7 Specification of Towline Rope

Table 3.8 Specification of Hawser

 Calculation of the Machinery of Doc. No 04 - 42 18 100 011 - AM
Anchor, Windlass, Rudder,
Loading-unloading and Weight of
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Table 3.9 Specification of Windlass

X. DRAWING OF ARRANGEMENTS
See attachment of Dwg, No. 01 - 42 18 100 011 - GA