RT - Seguridad Radiologica

RADIATION SAFETY
Babulal Premchand Khalidhas

Date : 12th Oct 2017
© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
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the permission of the copyright owner.
©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 1

Open
Presentation Outline
1 Safety Moment
2 Scope
3 Introduction: Radiation
4 Understanding Atomic Structure
5 How Radiation emitted from an Atom
6 Types of Radiation
7 Ionizations
8 How Radiation Can Be Checked
9 Minimizing Radiation Absorbed Dose & Radiation Symptom
10 Q&A Session

Open
SAFETY MOMENT
Radiation

Think Safety
Everything We do
Everything We say
Should help us get home
Everyday
RADIATION SAFETY

SCOPE
• The scope of this presentation is to exchange
ideas that form the Principles of Radiation
Safety.
• This session will help you understand the basics

of Radiation Safety, which is pretty vital during
this critical phase of the Project, where literally
everything is Bombed.

Radiation Safety
• In this session you will get answers for 5 questions,
• What is Radiation?
• Where Radiation comes from? And How?
• What is the property of Radiation?
• How Radiation can be detected? And
• How we can reduce radiation absorbed dose?

Radiation
• Radiation is the energy travelling from one place to another
through space.
• Though there are many kinds of radiation like terrestrial
radiation ( from NORM ), Cosmic Radiation ( from space ),
Radioactive gases that we breathe ( Radon ), this
discussion is confined to only Ionizing radiation that is
being used for Industrial purpose.

Forms of Radioactive elements
• NORM – Naturally occurring Radioactive materials ( eg.

Uranium, Thorium – Primarily decays by Alpha Emission)
• Manmade or Artificial – Bombarded in nuclear reactor using

neutrons to make it unstable.

Source of Radiation in Industrial
RT
• So, where do this Radiation for Industrial RT comes from?

• In this RAPID Project Ir-192 Radioactive Isotope is used as
the Source.
• But how this works?

Understanding of Atomic Structure
• To understand the origination of Radiation, a little basic

understanding of Atomic Structure is required.
• Atoms are primarily composed of three basic particles

called Protons ( Positively Charged ), Electrons ( Negatively
Charged ) and Neutrons( No Charge )

Basic Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure
• The Protons and Neutrons from the Nucleus of the Atom
• Electrons orbit the nucleus.
• Generally Atoms are electrically Stable – Means Number of

Protons is always equal to the Number of Electrons
• Electrons are arranged in the Orbit according to 2n2
• The Orbits are called Shells and it goes like K,L,M,N Shells.
• The inert gases have the orbits perfectly filled.( Eg. Helium
– 2 , Neon – 2+8 )

Electron Orbit

Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Now, Let us know about the Atomic Number and Atomic
Weight.
• Atomic Number – It’s the number of either protons or
electrons in an atom
• Atomic Weight – It’s the sum of number of Protons and
neutrons in the nucleus.
• The number of electrons is insignificant because the mass
of electron is 1/1837 of a Proton.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic Structure of Oxygen
• In the example of the Oxygen Atom,
• Oxygen has 8 Protons, 8 Electrons and 8 Neutrons.
• Therefore the atomic number of Oxygen is 8
• The Atomic Weight ( Mass Number ) is 16.
• Just by analyzing the number of Protons in the atom, the
material type can be identified.


• Since the basic structure of the atom is understood, now we
go into, why and how radiation is emitted from an atom.
• Stable Home Example.

How Radiation emitted from an Atom
Making of Radioactive Material
• Stable Ir-191 ( P or E = 77 and Neutrons = 114) is taken
as the source material.
• Ir-191 is Bombarded in the reactor with excess of neutrons.

Neutron capture happens in the nucleus and it becomes Ir-
192 ( P or E = 77 and Neutrons = 115 ) which is unstable.

Neutron Capture

Isotope
Elements having same Atomic Number (Number of Protons)
but different Mass number(Sum of Protons and Neutrons)
are called Isotopes of the same element.
Isotope of Hydrogen

Decay
• Unstable nuclei emit radiation to become stable.
• This is called Decay.
• Ir-192 decays by Beta and Gamma Emission to become as
stable Pt-192 or Os-192.
• Unstable elements emit radioactive particles / rays to
become Stable.

Types of Radiation
• What is the Property of Radiation?

• To know that,
• We need to understand the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
• Radiation is of two types,
• Ionizing radiation and
• Non-ionizing radiation

Types of Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Non - Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation

Types of Radiation
UV Spectrum
• In this Electromagnetic Spectrum –
• The entities that are left to the UV are called Non-Ionizing

radiation and
• The entities that are right to the UV are called Ionizing

Radiation.

Ionization
• What is Ionizing?
• As informed earlier atoms are electrically stable. ( The
number of Protons is equal to the number of Electrons )
• However by some mean if we are able to dislodge an
electron from an atom, then it makes the protons higher
than electrons in the atom and this becomes positive Ion.
• The separated Electron becomes Negative Ion.
• Now this Atom is electrically non-neutral as there are more
positive charges.
• The action by which Ions are created is called Ionization.

Ionization

Ionization
• These ions are called free radicals and they will strive to
reach stability.
• In this process the adjacent atoms gets disturbed and

creates a chain of reactions, which may ultimately destruct
the structure of some of the atoms.

Ionization
• Therefore gamma being an ionizing radiation, it has the
required energy to dislodge electrons from an orbit and to
ionize it.
• Now you should be knowing what Radiation can do to our

body.
Nothing But Ionization

Ionization
Ionization of DNA
• Cells form the basic building block of humans.
• Cells contain 70% water.
• The cells contain vital constituents like Chromosomes,
which has DNA in it.
• Drawing an object using Computer - Example.

Ionization
Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Ionization
Chromosome Mutation

Ionization
Biological Effects of Radiation

How Radiation Can Be Checked
• PTS 71.00.08.30 and LEM-TEK-33 ( AELB Document )

mandates the following to be with the Radiation Worker
while performing RT works,
• Survey Meter ( Eg. Speedometer )
• Dosimeter ( Eg. Odometer )
• Film Badge
• Radiation Alarm

Survey Meter

Dosimeter

Film Badge

Radiation Alarm

Minimizing Radiation Absorbed Dose
Dose Rate
• All the Equipments work on the principle of Ionization.
• The Maximum Dose rate allowed for Public in Malaysia is
1mSv/Year ( Based on continuous exposure of 2000 hours
here in RAPID it is taken as 0.5 MicroSievert / Hr ) and for
• Radiation Worker it is 20 mSv/Year ( 3 MicroSievert / Hour )

Cosmic Radiation
• The Background radiation level in Malaysia varies from 0.04
MicroSievert to 1.5 Microsievert per Hour ( RT Allowed
Public – 0.5 Microsievert / Hr )
• Source - Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 121, Issue

4, 1 December 2006, Pages 456–460, Oxford University
Press.

Minimizing Radiation Intake
• There are 3 ways by which the amount of radiation received
at any particular time can be lessened.(ALARA)

Limit Your Time
Radiation absorbed Dose is Proportional to Time.

The more you stay, the more you get Exposed.

Manage the Safe Distance
Radiation Intensity is Directly Proportional to the Square of

the Distance.

Protect Yourself
Radiation Intensity depends on the shielding material – the

HVL for Steel is 12.7 mm and for Lead it is 4.8 mm

Radiation Symptoms

Answers
• Energy traveling in Space
• Why materials emit radiation?
• Unstable nuclei emit radiation because of Neutron capture
• Property of Radiation?
• Ionization
• Equipments to detect radioactivity?
• Survey meter, Dosimeter, Film Badge and Alarm
• Minimizing Radiation Absorbed Dose?
• TDS Concept (Time, Distance and Shielding)

Q&A Session

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RADIATION SAFETY

Babulal Premchand Khalidhas

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 1

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 2

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 3

Should help us get home

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 5

• This session will help you understand the basics

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 6

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 7

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 8

• NORM – Naturally occurring Radioactive materials ( eg.

• Manmade or Artificial – Bombarded in nuclear reactor using

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 9

• So, where do this Radiation for Industrial RT comes from?

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 10

• To understand the origination of Radiation, a little basic

• Atoms are primarily composed of three basic particles

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 11

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 12

• Electrons orbit the nucleus.

• Generally Atoms are electrically Stable – Means Number of

• Electrons are arranged in the Orbit according to 2n2

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 13

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 14

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 15

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 16

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 17

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 18

• Stable Home Example.

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 19

• Ir-191 is Bombarded in the reactor with excess of neutrons.

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 20

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 21

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 22

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 23

• What is the Property of Radiation?

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 24

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 25

• The entities that are left to the UV are called Non-Ionizing

• The entities that are right to the UV are called Ionizing

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 26

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 27

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 28

• In this process the adjacent atoms gets disturbed and

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 29

• Now you should be knowing what Radiation can do to our

Nothing But Ionization

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 30

• Drawing an object using Computer - Example.

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 31

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 32

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 33

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 34

• PTS 71.00.08.30 and LEM-TEK-33 ( AELB Document )

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 35

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 36

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 37

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 38

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 39

©Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2017 40

• Source - Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 121, Issue