EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO

COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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Fluid flow in Pipes Fluid flow in Pipes

The velocity at which the fluid changes from laminar flow to turbulent For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the formula become;
flow that velocity is called as critical velocity.
Reynolds Number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
Fluid flow in pipes The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number used to categorize the
Where:
fluids systems in which the effect of viscosity is important in controlling
V = mean velocity in m/s
the velocities or the flow pattern of a fluid.
D = pipe diameter in meter
Mathematically, the Reynolds number, NRe, is defined as
v = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m2/s
= absolute or dynamics viscosity in Pa-s
Reference:
R=
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania
- Mathalino.com

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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Fluid flow in Pipes Fluid flow in Pipes Fluid flow in Pipes

Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits may Viscosity and density of water at 1 atm;
flow full or partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular)
which flow full.
Conduits flowing partially full are called open channels.
Fluid flow in pipes may be steady or unsteady. In a steady flow the velocity
at a given point on a fluid path does not change in time. An unsteady flow
exists if the flow in pipe changed with time due to a valve opening or
closing, etc.

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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Fluid flow in Pipes Fluid flow in Pipes Fluid flow in Pipes

In a steady flow, Viscosity and density of water at 1 atm;

there are two types The value of
of flow that exist; R determined < 1000
they are called the type of
laminar flow and flow in the
experimental
turbulent flow. tubes:
UD 1000 - 2000
R

> 2000

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 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Velocity Distribution in Pipes Velocity Distribution in Pipes Major Head Loss, hf

Laminar flow Turbulent flow Shear Velocity or Friction velocity, Vs

The velocity distribution for laminar The velocity , u, at any point r in a pipe of radius ro
flow, at a cross section, follows a and center velocity vc is:
parabolic law of variation with zero Combining equation of u and vc
velocity at the walls. and solving v gives the following:
In circular pipes, the velocity varies
as the ordinates of a paraboloid of
revolution with its average velocity
equal to one-half of its maximum
velocity.
The centerline or maximum velocity
is given by: Where:
o = maximum shearing stress in pipe
f = friction factor
v = mean velocity

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Velocity Distribution in Pipes Major Head Loss, hf Problem #1

Laminar flow Shearing stress in Pipes Water having kinematic viscosity v = 1.3 x 10-6 m2/s flows in a 100-mm diameter pipe at a
Considering a mass fluid of Length L velocity 0f 4.5 m/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
The equation of the velocity profile for laminar flow is
and radius r to move to the right as Solution:
given by:
shown in the figure. Due to head
lost hL, the pressure p2 becomes less o
Fs
than p1.
F1 F2
The shearing stress, s, at the s

The velocity at any distance r from the center of the pipe may also be computed using the surface of the fluid can be found as
squared property of parabola follows:
Where: [ Fh = 0]
hf = head lost in pipe u = velocity at distance r from
F 1 F2 Fs = 0
L = pipe Length the pipe center
Fs = F1 F2
ro = pipe radius V = average velocity
sAs = 1A1 2A2
vc = centerline or maximum velocity
sx2 x L = ( 1) ( x2) ( 2)( x2)
= absolute viscosity of the liquid
= unit weight of the fluid
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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Velocity Distribution in Pipes Major Head Loss, hf Problem #2

Turbulent flow Shearing stress in Pipes Oil of specific gravity 0.80 flows in a 200mm diameter pipe. Find the critical velocity.
The velocity distribution for Multiply and divide this equation by unit weight : Use = 814 x 10-2 Pa-s
turbulent flow varies with Solution:
reynolds number with zero
velocity at the wall and But (P1 P2)/ = hL (head loss), then At critical velocity in pipes, Re = 2000
increase more rapidly for a
short distance from the
walls as compared to
laminar flow.
Maximum shearing stress, o, is at x = r.

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Problem #3
For laminar flow condiitons, what size of pipe will deliver 6 liters per second of oil having
kinematic viscosity of 6.1 x 10-6 m2/s?
Solution:

For laminar flow conditions, Re 2000

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