EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO

LLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Classification of Weirs Definition of Terms

According to shape, weirs may be Nappe the overflowing stream in a weir.

rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal,
Weirs
Crest of Weir the edge or top surface of a
circular, parabolic, or of any other regular weir with which the flowing liquid comes in
form. contact.
The most commonly used shapes are the
Contracted Weir weirs having sides sharp-edged, so
rectangular, triangular and the trapezoidal
that the nappe is contracted in width or having end
shapes.
contractions, either one end or two ends.
Suppressed weir or full-width weir weirs having its
length L being equal to the widh of the channel so that
Reference: nappe suffers no end contractions.
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania
Drop-down curve the downward curvature of the liquid surface before the weir.
- Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Crow, Elger, Williams & Roberson Head, H the distance between the liquid surface and the crest of the weir, measured
before the drop-down curve.

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Contents Classification of Weirs Rectangular Weir

According to form of the crest, weirs may be sharp-crested or broad-crested. A weir is an instrument for determining flow rate in liquids by measuring the height of
Introduction water relative to an obstruction in an open channel.
Rectangular Weir
Triangular Weir
Trapezoidal Sharp Crested Weir
Cipolletti Weir
Suttro Weir
Submerged Sharp Weir
Sharp-crested Weir broad-crested Weir
Unsteady Flow Weir

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Weir Classification of Weirs Rectangular Weir

Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose The flow over a weir may either be free or submerged. If the water surface A weir is an instrument for determining flow rate in liquids by measuring the height of
of measuring or controlling the flow of liquids. downstream from the weir is lower than the crest, the flow is free, but if the water relative to an obstruction in an open channel.
Weirs have been commonly used to measure the flow of water, but it is now being downstream surface is higher than the crest, the flow is submerged.
adopted to measure the flow of other liquids.

Free flow Submerged flow

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Rectangular Weir
Consider a differential area of length L and height dh to be located h meters below the
liquid surface. By orifice theory, the theoretical velocity through this area is:
Where the total head producing flow
approach and is equal to va2/2g.
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Rectangular Weir
The discharge through the
elementary strip is then,
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Rectangular Weir
In situations where the discharge is required considering the velocity of approach, using
the previous equations would lead to successive trials to solve for Q (since the velocity of
approach hv is a function of Q). The following simplified equation may be used:
Where: d = depth of water upstream
d=H+P
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Rectangular Weir Rectangular Weir
Standard Weir Contracted Rectangular Weirs
The following specifications must be applied to a standard rectangular weirs without end The effective length of L of a contracted weir is given by:
contractions:
1. The upstream face of the weir plate should be vertical and smooth. 0.1NH
2. The crest edge shall be level, shall have a square upstream corner and shall be
narrow that the water will not touch it again after passing the upstream corner.
Where: = measure length of crest
3. The sides of the flume shall be vertical and smooth and shall extend a short
N = number of end contraction (1 or 2)
distance downstream past the weir crest.
H = Measure Head
4. The pressure under the nappe shall be atmospheric.
5. The approach channel shall be of uniform cross section for a sufficient distance
above the weir, or shall be provided with baffles that a normal distribution of
velocities exists in the flow approaching the weir, and the water surface is free of
= h + hv, where hv is the velocity head of waves or surges.
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Rectangular Weir Triangular Weir (V-notch)
It is a common practice to combine 2/3 Standard Weir Factor (Cw) Formulas At very low heads, the nappe of a rectangular weir has a tendency to adhere to the
sqrt(2g) C into a single coefficient Cw called the Numerous equations have been developed for finding the discharge coefficient Cw to be downstream face.
weir factor. The general formula for a discharge used in Eq. 6-31 and Eq. 6-32. Some of these are given below. A weir operating under such condition would give a very inaccurate result.
through a rectangular weir considering velocity For very low heads, a V-notch weir should be used is accuracy of measurement is required.
Francis Formula The vertex angle of a V-notch weir is usually between 10 to 90 but rarely larger.
of approach then becomes
Based upon experiments on rectangular weirs from 1.07m(3.5 ft.) to 5.18m(17ft.) long
under heads from 180mm to 490mm.
(6-31)
If the ratio H/P is sufficiently small, the velocity
of approach becomes very small and the term For H/P < 0.4, the following value of Cw may be used.
hv3/2 may be neglected. The discharge formula
becomes: S.I. Unit,
(6-30) English,
(6-32)
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Rectangular Weir Triangular Weir (V-notch)
Rehbock and Chow Formula
English,
For triangular V-notch weir,
S.I. Unit,
(6-33) (6-34)
Bazin Formula
For rectangular weirs of length from 0.5m to 2.0m under heads from 50mm to 600mm.
For standard 90 weir,
S.I. Unit,
English,
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Trapezoidal Sharp Crested Weir Submerged Sharp Weir Problem #2

The discharge from a trapezoidal weir is assumed the same as that from a The discharge over a submerged sharp-crested weir is affected not only by the head A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with end contractions is
rectangular weir and a triangular weir in combination. on the upstream side H1 but by the head downstream H2. 1.4m long. How high should it be placed in a channel to
The discharge for a submerged weir is related to the free or unsubmerged maintain an upstream depth of 2.35m for a flow of 400
discharge. liters/second?
Villemonte expressed this relationship by the equation.
Solution:
Where: Using Francis Formula:
Z = b/H 0.1NH; N = 2 for rectangular weir

Where n is the exponent of H in the

equation for free discharge for the
shape of weir used. For rectangular
weir, n = 3/2 and n = 5/2 for
triangular weir.

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Cipollettti Weir Unsteady flow weir (Variable Head) Problem #3

Cipolletti Weir are trapezoidal weirs with side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical. During a test on a 2.4-m suppressed weir 900mm high,
The additional area at the sides adds approximately enough effective width of the the head was maintained constant H = 300mm. In 38
stream to offset the side contractions. seconds, 28,800 liters of water were collected. What is
the weir factor Cw?
If the flow is through a suppressed rectangular
Solution:
weir:

Where: Cw = weir factor

L = crest Length
As = constant water surface area of reservoir or tank
S.I. Unit,
H1 = initial Head
English, H2 = final head

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Suttro Weir or Proportional Flow Weir Problem #1 Problem #4

It may be noted that, in a rectangular weir, discharge varies with 3/2 power of H
and, in a triangular weir, with 5/2 power of H.
There exist a shape for which the discharge varies linearly with the head, the
proportional flow or Rettger weir, also know as Suttro Weir.
A rectangular, sharp-crested weir 15m long with end contractions suppressed is 1.5m high. A spillway controls a reservoir 4.6 hectares in area. The permanent crest is at elevation 75m.
Determine the discharge when the head is 300 mm. If water can be drawn from elevation 76.5m to elevation 75.5m in 42 minutes, find the length
of the spillway in meters. Use Francis formula neglecting velocity of approach.
Solution:
Since the height of weir is large compared to the head H, the velocity head of Solution:
approach can be neglected.

Francis Formula: As = 4.6 hectares = 46,000 m2

t = 42 minutes = 2520 seconds
Using Francis Formula: H1 = 1.5m
H2 = 0.50m
Cw = 1.84 (Francis Formula)

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Problem #5

A trapezoidal weir having slope of 1H

to 2V discharges 50 m3/s under a
cosntant head of 2m. Find the length
of the weir assuming C = 0.60.
Solution:

Using combined rectangular and

triangular weir formulas:

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