EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO

COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
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Classification of Open-Channel Flows Classification of Open-Channel Flows

Open-channel flows are characterized by the presence of a liquid-gas interface called the
free surface.

Open Channel

Reference:
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania
- Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Crow, Elger, Williams & Roberson

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Open Channel Classification of Open-Channel Flows Open Channel

An open channel is a waterway, canal or conduit in which a liquid flows with a free Open-channel flows are characterized by the presence of a liquid-gas interface called the In an open channel flow, the hydraulic grade line is coincident with the stream surface
surface. free surface. since the pressure at the surface is atmospheric.
The flow in channels may either be uniform or non-uniform.

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Open Channel Classification of Open-Channel Flows Open Channel

Two types of conduit are used to convey water, the open channel and the pressure In an open channel flow, the hydraulic grade line is coincident with the stream surface
conduit (pipe). since the pressure at the surface is atmospheric.
An open channel is one in which the stream is not completely enclosed by solid The flow in channels may either be uniform or non-uniform.
boundaries and therefore has a free surface subjected only to atmospheric pressure. The
flow in such a channel is caused not by some external head, but rather by the gravity
component along the slope of the channel.

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Open Channel Open Channel Open Channel

Chezy Formula
From Darcy-Weisbach relation: Typical Bazin coefficient, m
Nature of Surface m
Smooth cement 0.06
Planed wood 0.06
Brickwork 0.16
Rough planks 0.16
Rubble masonry 0.46
Smooth earth 0.85
Ordinary earth 1.30
Rough channels 1.75

These equations are called the Chezy formulas, first developed by the french engineer
Antoine Chezy in 1768. The quantity C is called the Chezy Coefficient, varies from about 30
m1/2/s for small rough channels to 90 m1/2/s for large smooth channels.
Values of n to be used with Manning formula, n
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Specific Energy Open Channel Open Channel

The specific energy (H) is defined as the energy per unit weight relative to the bottom of A great deal of hydraulic researchers correlated C with roughness, shape, and slope of Uniform flow (S = So)
the channel. It is given by: various channels. Among them were Ganguillet and Kutter in 1869, Manning in 1889, The simplest of all open channel problem is he uniform flow condition.
Bazin in 1897, and Powell in 1950. For the flow to be uniform, the velocity, the depth of flow and cross sectional area of flow
Kutter and Ganguillet Formula at any point of the stream must be constant (i.e. v1 = v2, d1 = d2, A1 = A2)

(S.I. units)

(English units)

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Open Channel Open Channel Open Channel

Chezy Formula Manning Formula Bazin Formula Boundary Shear stress ( o)
The head lost between any two points in the channel is: The average boundary shear stress, o, acting over the wtted surface of the channel is
(S.I. units) (S.I. units) given by:

(English units) o
(English units)

(S.I. units) Where is the unit weight of the liquid, R is the hydraulic radius and S is the slope of the
Where S is the slope of the energy grade line and L is the length or run. The head loss Powell Equation EGL, and for uniform flow or for S < 1/10 ( < 5.7o), S = So.
balances the loss in height of the channel. (S.I. units)
(S.I. units) Normal Depth
Where: The normal depth dn, is the depth at which uniform flow will occur in an open channel.
Normal depth may be determined from Chezy formula with S = So.
n = roughness coefficient Re = Reynolds number
M = Bazin coefficient S = slope of energy grade line
R = hydraulic radius = cross sectional area/wetted Perimeter
= roughness in meters
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Open Channel Open Channel Problem #3

Most efficient Section (MES) Proportions for most efficient sections A trapezoidal channel has a bottom with of 6m and
side slopes of 2m horizontal to 1 vertical. If the depth
Also known as the most economical sections, these are sections which, for a given slope S, Circular Section of flow is 1.2 m and the flow is 20.40 m3/s,
channel cross-sectional area A, and roughness n, the rate of discharge is a maximum. a.) Compute the specific energy
A circular channel will have its maximum discharge when the depth of flow d is 93.8% of b.) Compute the slope of the channel if n =
From Manning formula, the diameter D, and the velocity is a maximum when the depth is 82% of the diameter. 0.014.
c.) Compute the average shearing stress at
the boundary.

It can be see that with A, n, and S constant, Q is maximum when the hydraulic radius R is Solution:
maximum, and since R = A/P, then R is maximum if P is minimum. Therefore the most
efficient section is the one that have the least wetted perimeter and therefore requires
the least cost of grading and lining, which makes it most economical.

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Open Channel Problem #1 Problem #3

Proportions for most efficient sections Water flows uniformly in a rectangular, concrete, open channel that is 10 m wide at a depth of 3m. The A trapezoidal channel has a bottom with of 6m and
channel slope is 0.0025. Using n = 0.013, find the velocity, flow rate and the boundary shear stress. side slopes of 2m horizontal to 1 vertical. If the depth
To derive the proportions for most efficient sections, minimize the perimeter with the of flow is 1.2 m and the flow is 20.40 m3/s,
cross-sectional area constant. Solution:
a.) Compute the specific energy
b.) Compute the slope of the channel if n =
Rectangular Section 0.014.
c.) Compute the average shearing stress at
the boundary.

Solution:

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Open Channel Problem #2 Problem #4

Proportions for most efficient sections Determine the uniform flow through a trapezoidal concrete lined canal having side slope of 3H to 4V and A 600 mm radius sewer pipe is laid on a slope of 0.001 and has a
bottom width of 2m if the depth of flow is 2m. The channel is laid on a slope of 3m per 2 kilometer. Use n = roughness coefficient n = 0.012, was found to be 7/8 full. Determine
Trapezoidal Section Triangular Section 0.013. the discharge through the pipe.
Solution: Solution:

Then:

R = d/2 A = d2

X = 2y = 90o
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Problem #5

A rectangular, concrete channel 15m wide is to carry water at the rate 22 m3/s. If the channel slope is 0.00025,
determine the normal depth of flow. Use roughness coefficient n = 0.013.

Solution:

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