GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad.
Affiliated

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUT OF TECHNOLOGY,

VASAD

A Report On
Hall Effect sensor based portable tachometer for RPM measurement

Under subject of
LY PROJECT
B. E.III, Semester – VII
(Electrical Engineering Branch)

Submitted by:
1) Vyas Atharva 160410109135
2) Parikh Prima 160410109061
3) Dave Margi 160410109023
4) Pandya Priyal 170413109015

Prof. Nirav A. Chauhan Dr. C.D.Kotwal

(Faculty guide) (Head of the department)

Academic year
(2019-2020)

1
 Gujarat Technological University
Chandkheda

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2019-2020

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “hall effect sensor based portable
tachometer for RPM measurement” has been carried out by Atharva
Vyas(160410109135), Prima Parikh(160410109061), Margi Dave (16010109023)
&
Priyal Pandya(170413109015)under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Enginnering of(7 th Semester) of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad during Academic year 2019-2020.

Prof. Nirav A. Chauhan Dr. C.D.Kotwal

(Faculty guide) (Head of the department)
 INDEX
Title: Introduction
Ch.-1 1.1 Problem summary and introduction…………………….. 2
1.2 Aim and objective of the project………………………... 2
1.3 Brief literature…………………………………………... 5
6
1.4 Plan of their work……………………………………….. 7
1.5 Materials/tools required ………………………………....
Design: Analysis, Design methodology and Implementation
Ch.-2 strategy explained through the canvases
I. AEIOU canvas……………………………………………
II. Empathy canvas………………………………………….. 12
14
III. Ideation canvas….………………………………………..
15
IV. Product development canvas…………………………….. 16
Ch.-3 Defining of problems and Formulation………………………… 19

Ch.-4 Software/Hardware Implementation…………………………….. 20

Ch.-5 Programming ………………………………………………… 22

Ch.-6 Result Analysis…………………………………………………. 25

Ch.-7 Estimation and Coasting of Design…………………………….. 26

Ch.-8 Conclusion…………………………………………………….... 27

Ch.-9 Future Scope……………………………………………………. 28

References………………………………………………………. 29

Appendix………………………………………………………...
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere thanks
to all of them.
We are highly indebted to SVIT, VASAD and PROF. NIRAV CHAUHAN for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for
their support in completing the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards members of SVIT, VASAD for their kind co-
operation and Encouragement.
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to head of our department Dr. C.D.
Kotwal for giving us such attention and time.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who
have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
 Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

The chances of human mistakes in the convenient tachometer which we use is bound to happen as at
the time of measuring RPM the tip of tachometer must be aligned to the shaft of motor to get perfect
result but in practice it is not possible to keep the tip of tachometer exactly parallel to the shaft, also
due to constant contact with the shaft friction losses takes place which decline the quality of
tachometer which intern degrades the results. Thus, to overcome this drawbacks of convenient
tachometer we switch over to Hall Effect sensor based noncontact type of tachometer using 8051
microcontroller.

Hall Effect sensors has a wide variety of applications in position sensing, angular measurement,
speed measurement etc. Basically Hall Effect sensor is a magnetic field detector which detects the
changes in field strength and the rotational speed of motor can be measured by counting the number
of pulses generated by the sensor through microcontroller. Hall Sensor is positioned stationary in
such a way that it will closely face the rotating magnets which are mounted on motor shaft to sense
the magnetic field. Since the output is in the form of pulses so with the help of microcontroller 8051
speed can be calculated and displayed in digital form.

ABSTRACT

Hall Effect sensor based tachometer is an apparatus which estimates the speed of rotating object like
motors or crank shaft of vehicle. It computes the speed with help of Hall Effect sensor which is a
transducer that varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field with the help of
magnets mounted on tachometer shaft. This output is in the form of pulses which are sent to the
microcontroller for RPM measurement. Here we are using 8051 microcontroller to sense the signal.
The final values which are measured can be displayed on screen which interfaced to microcontroller.
 Brief Literature review:-

To get the basic idea of our domain we had gone through some of the published research paper
,Article and gathered information on how to proceed for our project
Below given is the summary which we gathered by studying the papers
Research paper 1

[1] Title:-Design and Development of linear velocity measurement system using Texas
instrument Hall Effect sensor DRV5023-Q1 and microcontroller MSP430G2553 /October,
2016.

Author name: G.Sreenivasulu and K. Raghvendra Rao. /Indian journal of science and technology

Summary:

In the present paper, an inexpensive and portable system for the measurement of rotations per
minute (RPM), linear and angular velocities is developed using Texas Instruments Hall effect
sensor: DRV5023-Q1 and microcontroller MSP430G2553. A unipolar Hall sensor switch produces
pulses when a tiny magnet is brought in its vicinity. These pulses are counted by using the
microcontroller in a fixed time interval and number of pulses per second gives frequency or
revolution per second (RPS). From frequency, RPM, angular and linear velocities are computed.
The measured parameters are displayed on LCD. The experimental frequencies are compared with
the frequencies measured using commercial frequency meter the linearity in velocity measurement
(RPM) is represented in the form of a graph. The present work an inexpensive and robust system is
designed and developed for the linear velocity measurement. Such systems can be used in complex
environment also.

[2] Title:-Design and Development of a Smart Digital Tachometer Using At89c52

Microcontroller/2017.

Author name: M. Ehikhamenle, B.O. Omijeh / American Journal of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering.

Summary

A microcontroller based tachometer is a device that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk in
motor or other machines. This device is an embedded system; it is built using a microcontroller, an
alpha-numeric LCD module and an infrared system to detect the rotation of the fan whose speed is
being measured. The infrared system generates the pulses from the fan which will be sent to the
micro controller and the pulses will be counted; the reading is displayed on the liquid crystal display
(LCD module) in revolution per minute (RPM). It is A low cost digital tachometer that can display
exact speed reading based on how fast an object is rotating. It adopts the use infrared transmitter and
receiver as the technology behind the speed detection. It can be used in various applications. It can
measure the speed of rotating objects (examples of rotating objects include: a bike tyre, a car tyre, a
ceiling fan, or any other motor) in the most accurate form possible.

Research paper 3
Title:- Hall Effect Sensor Based Portable Tachometer for RPM Measurement/ February,2014.
Author name: Kathirvelan J, Babu Varghese, Ubaid A Ponnary, Fajas Kamar, Renju Thomas Jacob/
International Journal of Computer Science and engineering communications.
Summary
This paper tries to explain a tachometer based on Hall Effect sensor which is accurate, portable and
contactless. By using latched Hall Effect sensor, rotational speed can be measured by counting the
number of pulses per revolution. The tachometer shaft is made in contact with the motor shaft whose
speed is to be measured and a number of magnets are mounted on tachometer shaft. Hall sensor is
positioned stationary in such a way that it will closely face the rotating magnets. Since the output is
in the form of pulses it becomes easy to manipulate the data. We could develop a model which
counts the rotation and which handle high speeds up to 5000-6000 rpm. With the help of a micro
controller speed can be calculated and displayed. From the conventional analog tachometer the Hall
Effect based tachometer is expected to give wide ranges of operating speed and increased accuracy.

Article
Title :-Contactless digital tachometer using 8051
Summary
The basic principle behind the Contactless Digital Tachometer involves a simple embedded system
with a sensor, a controller and an actuator. The sensor used here is Infrared (IR) transmitter –
receiver pair, the controller used is the 8051 Microcontroller loaded with a compiled code and the
actuator is a display device, for displaying the speed of the motor.

The sensor senses the speed of the motor without actually being in contact with it by the principle of
light transmission and reflection and generates a signal. This signal is converted into an electric
signal and fed to the microcontroller, which is programmed to calculate the speed in terms of
number of motor revolutions in one minute. This speed is displayed on the 7-segment display.

Plan of their work :

From the previous referred the research papers we can conclude that their plan is to eliminate the
mechanical shaft and instead of the shaft they use the sensor. Which gives the more accurate and the
reliable result. They use the micro-controller to interpret the sensor and convert that into the digital
form with the help of the LCD. We also can use the 7-segment display instead of the LCD. They
main focused on the programming of the micro-controller. They also guve the more basic
information about the components.

TOOLS REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT :

 8051 Micro controller 8051
 8051 Development Board
 8051 Micro controller Programmer
 Hall sensor
 Amplifier
 Dc motor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Buzzer switch
 Battery

1. Hall Effect Sensor

 Hall Effect sensor works on the principle of Hall Effect discovered by Edwin Hall. According to Hall
Effect when a current carrying conductor or semiconductor is placed in an opposite magnetic Field ,
voltage is developed across the ends of the conductor which is at 90 degree to both magnetic field
and current directions path.
 There are main three types of Hall Effect sensors available on the market. The Hall Effect switch, the
Hall Effect latch and the ratio metric output Hall sensor.
 A Hall Effect switch will operate in the presence of South Pole of a magnet on its face or North Pole
of a magnet on the opposite side. It will be at non-operating condition when the magnet is removed.
A Hall Effect latch will stay on even when the magnet is removed. It will turn off if the North Pole is
near to the face or the power is turned off. A ratio metric Hall Effect sensor output is an Analog
voltage proportional to the magnetic field intensity. When no magnetic field is applied, the output is
one-half the supply voltage. The sensor’s output voltage starts to increases as the South Pole of the
magnet approaches sensor’s face and starts to decrease with the approach of North Pole of the
magnet.
 The features of the sensor are:
1. Operates from 2.7V to 40V supply voltage with reverse voltage protection
2. Operates with magnetic fields of bandwidth up to 29.99khz
3. On-chip Hall Sensor
4. On with magnetic South pole and Off (output is released) without magnetic field.

Block diagram of hall effect sensor:

 2. 3.6

3. About 8051 microcontroller:

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means we cannot exceed our operation beyond the
8. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard
chips are often available in DIP form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a different form
factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are called 8051 because they can all be
programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all share certain features. They are use for the
programming purpose.

The features of 8051 are:

 4 KB on chip program memory.

 128 bytes on chip RAM
o 32 bytes allocated to register banks
o 16 bytes of bit-addressable memory
o 80 bytes of general-purpose memory
 4 register banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

8051 pin diagram:

 3. Lcd module:
LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap
price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these displays in
our day to day life, calculators. The LCD’s are easy to program.

Features of 16×2 LCD module

 Operating Voltage is 4.8V to 5.5V

 Current consumption is 0.99mA without backlight
 Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
 Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
 Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box
 4. Amplifier:

An amplifier is an electronic device that can amplify the power of a signal. It is mainly a two-port
electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply input to increase the magnitude of a
signal applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its
output. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain: the ratio of
output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is a circuit that has a power gain greater than
1.

Amplifier symbol:

Amplifier diagram:
 5. Electric Motor:

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts one energy into other energy.that means it
converts the electrical energy into the mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between electric current in a winding and the magnetic field produced by it. It generates
force in the form of rotation of a shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC)
sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources,
such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators.
 CHAPTER -2- DE CANVAS

Design: Analysis, Design methodology and Implementation strategy

Work including Observation matrix, Ideation canvas and Product development canvas in the context

I. AEIOU CANVAS :
AEIOU is a canvas to help to learn about observations gathered by the people in industry. Its two primary
functions are to code data, and to develop building blocks of models that will ultimately address the
objectives and issues of a client.

Our project topic is based on the speed measurement and for this we used the hall sensor . so in this
canvas there 5 types Which can use for the development of the project.

1) ENVIRONMENT:
It definition the environmental problems in device surroundings. Which can affect the device
working.
 Humidity
 Dirt and dust
 Temperature

2) INTERACTIONS :
it is different interaction between user and user, user and device and device to device.
  Worker to equipment
 Sensor to motor’s wheel
 Worker to worker
 Lab technician to machine

3) Activities :
 Manufacturing
 Designing
 Measurement reading

4) Users:
The people which are using equipments.
 Student
 Driver
 Lab technician
 Faculties
 Industrial engineer

5) Objects:
 Magnets
 Sensor
 Battery
 Motor
 LCD
 II. EMPATHY SUMMARY:
In this canvas we have included the input through AEIOU framework , scouted challenges, and
define problem associated with this project.

1) Input through framework :

 Dusting
 Industry engineer
 Manufacturing
 Designing
2) Scouted challenges:
 Wear and tear losses
 Human mistakes
 Difficult to manage angles
 Friction losses
3)Exact problem:
 Difficult to manage angle for rpm measurement
 III. IDEATION CANVAS:

Within the ideation phase, we select a test case where we have more emotional attachment and

solutions for the problem faced by people in the selected case.

People:
  Students
 Industrial engineer
 Lab technician
Activities:
 Designing
 Speed calculation
 Manufacturing
Situation/location/context:
 Industry
 Laboratory
 Affected by external magnetic field
 Device can’t operate at a large distance

Props and possible solutions:

 Remote control device
 proper magnets
 outer coating
 simple design

IV. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS :

Product development canvas is a single page strategic product planning tool.

Which enables you to quickly map ,design , describe , assess and pivot the product
stratergy.

Purpose:
 Speed management
  To get accurate result
 To reduce the cost
 To make user friendly device
Product experience :
 More efficient
 Digitalization
 Cheap
 Reliable
Customer revalidation:
 Safety
 Very helpful
 Law maintenance
People:
 Engineers
 Lab technician
 Student
Product features:
 Less human effort
 Easy install
 Faster response
Reject /redesign/retain:
 User interactive
 More quick response
Components:
 Sensor
 ADC convertor
 Battery
CHAPTER 3- DEFINING OF PROBLEMS AND FORMULATION

PROBLEMS
 The chances of human error in the convenient tachometer which we use is bound to happen
as at the time of measuring RPM the nozzle of tachometer must be aligned to the shaft of
motor to get accurate result but in practice it is not possible to keep the tip of tachometer
exactly parallel to the shaft, also due to constant contact with the shaft friction losses takes
place which deteriorate the quality of tachometer which intern degrades the results.

 Wear and tear of device

 Humidity and temperature effect
 Friction losses at edge of tachometer
 Difficult to maintain alignment with rotating shaft

FORMULATION
 Sensor based tachometer
 Contactless tachometer
 Micro-controller based digital tachometer
 Portable
 CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION:-

 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

 This is the basic block diagram of our circuit, in which hall sensor senses the field which is
produced by the magnets and gives the signal to the sensor.

 Further the signal is given to amplifier which is represented as signal conditioning in block
diagram to amplify the signal.

 Amplified signals are applied to the microcontroller which is represented as data

manipulation block diagram.

 Finally the calculated RPM by microcontroller is displayed by LCD screen.

 SIMULATION:
WORKING:-

 We started to perform our simulation in proteous where we used a buzzer instead of motor to
give signal to hall sensor, so each time when buzzer is switched on hall sensor will send
signal to OpAmp through transistor where the signal is being amplified.

 This signal is then send to the microcontroller where number of pulses generated are
converted into digital signal and number of signals generated are calculated by
microcontroller.

 This is then displayed in the LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Hence we can get how
many times the buzzer is switched on.
CHAPTER-5
 PROGRAM:-
Programming for interfacing of LCD to Microcontroller
#include <reg51.h>
Sfr rs=p2^0;
Sbit rw=p2^1;
Sbit en=p2^2;
Void main()
{
Lcdcmd
(0x38);
MSDelay(250);
Lcdcmd(0x0E);
MSDelay(250);
Lcdcmd(0x01);
MSDelay(250);
Lcdcmd(0x06);
MSDelay(250);
Lcdcmd(0x86);
MSDelay(250);
lcddata (‘1’);
MSDelay(250);
lcddata(‘2’);
MSDelay(250);
Lcddata(‘3’);
}
Void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
1data = value;
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
MSDelay (1);
en = 0;
return;
}
Void lcddata (unsigned char value)
{
1data = value;
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
MSDelay (1);
en = 0;
return;
}
Void MSDelay (unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i , j;
for (i=0;i<itime;i++);
for (j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
  BASIC INFORMATION ON SOFTWARE USED IN SIMULATION

 KEIL MICRO VERSION4

The software combines of project management source code editing, program debugging and
complete simulation in one domain
The Keil Development Tools are designed for the professional software developer, however
programmers of all levels can use them to get the most out of the embedded microcontroller
architectures that are supported.
Tools developed by Keil endorse the most popular microcontrollers and are distributed in several
packages and configurations, dependent on the architecture.

 PROTEUS

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design
automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to
create schematics and electronic circuit design for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCB).
The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a .hex file or a debug file to the
microcontroller part on the schematic.The microcontroller program code is saved in the keil
software which is written in the c++ programming .It is then co-simulated along with any analog
and digital electronics connected to it. This gives access to use in a broad spectrum of project
prototyping in such area as motor control, temperature control and user interface design.since no
hardware is required, is convenient to use as a trainning or teaching tool. Support is available for co-
simulation.
 Chapter 6: Result analysis

Here by referring the references, we came to close conclusion that we required two different programs
that are
1. Interfacing of hall sensor with the 8051 micro controller :In which it includes that the signals
which are generated from the hall sensor is transmitted to the 8051 , which are now referred as input
to the micro controller.
2. Interfacing of micro controller with the 16 x 2 LCD module: The function of micro controller is
to calculate the RPM of device whose speed is to be calculated, so the micro controller will generate
the RPM in form of pulses and as the 8051 is interfacing with LCD screen so the results will display
on to that screen in digital form.
Here in the programming part of simulation we studied about the program of interfacing of
micro controller with the 16 x 2 LCD from the reference book which is specified above.

Methodology:
•The C programming of interfacing -micro controller with LCD is loaded in keil software.
•Then the loaded file is converted into the hex file.
•This hex file is loaded into the Proteous software.
•And with the help of this program 8051 will calculate the RPM of motor.
And Currently we’re working for the coding of programming of interfacing micro controller 8051
with hall sensor.
 Chapter-7: Cost estimation

Cost Estimation:

Total Cost
Sr. no Components Unit
(Approx)
1 Hall sensor 1 300/-

2 Microcontroller PCB 489/-

3 Microcontroller 1 1500/-
(8051)
Op-Amp
4 1 200/-

5 LCD display 1 115/-

module
Resistors
6 --- 140/-
Capacitors
7 --- 100/-

Connecting
8 --- 150/-
Wires
Battery
9 3 100/-

Potentiometer
10 2 118/-
(10k)

TOTAL COST 3,212/-

 Chapter -8

CONCLUSION

First brief information on the drawback of conventional device was look out and on
the basis of which formulations were made. Further we studied various literatures for basic
understanding of our domain ,after which the simulation process was implemented in which
circuit is build and coding of one program is done .Currently the study for other two
programming and how to load that program in simulation software is going on.

28
 Chapter-9

FUTURE SCOPE
Future scope for this sensor based tachometer are:-
 As distance increases magnetic field sensing capacity of sensor reduces thus we
can replace this sensor with another efficient sensor such as IR sensor.
 Also we can take digital hall sensor in place of analog in order to remove the stage
of ADC conversion.
 Microcontroller can be replaced by aurdino, ATmega16, PIC microcontroller.
 REFRENCES

[1] Kathirvelan J, Babu Varghese, Ubaid A Ponnary, Fajas Kamar, Renju Thomas Jacob,
“Hall Effect Sensor Based Portable Tachometer for RPM Measurement”, International
journal of computer science and Engineering Communications, February 2014.
[2] M. Ehikhamenle, B.O. Omijeh, “Design and Development of a Smart Digital Tachometer
Using At89c52 Microcontroller”, American Journal of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, 2017.
[3]G. Sreenivasulu and K.Raghavendra Rao, “Design and Development of Linear Velocity
Measurement System Using Texas Instruments Hall Effect Sensor DRV5023-Q1 and
Microcontroller MSP430G2553”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, October 2016.
[4] David L Kordecki, “Rotary magnetic encoder using hall Effect for detecting revolution of
a shaft”, United States Patent, Nov. 13, 1998.
[5] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin McKinlay, “The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (2nd Edition)”, Pearson publications, Oct 6, 2005.

[6] Mezzatesta Jr Frank, “Tachometer for determining the speed of a motor”, United States
Patent, Nov 29, 1998.

[7] Steven James CollierHallman, “Tachometer apparatus and method for motor velocity
measurement”, United States Patent, March 27, 2003.

[8] Richard G Antonie, “Noncontact tachometer and sensor”, United States Patent, March 26,
2013.