Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Progress of environment friendly cutting fluids/solid lubricants in

turning-A review
Rupinder Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gahruan, Mohali, Punjab, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In order to enhance the turning efficiency various types of cutting fluids have been used in machining
Received 5 July 2020 processes. The synthetic nature of these fluids restricts its uses in turning. These are dangerous to the
Accepted 24 September 2020 worker’s health as well as to the environment because of disposal issues. Therefore, the focus on cutting
Available online xxxx
oils has switched from synthetic/semi-synthetic lubricants to biodegradable and nano solid lubricants.
Recently, to enhance the cutting performance solid lubricants (MoS2, Caf2, HBN, WS2) blended in veg-
Keywords: etable oils have been used in turning. In this study the critical review of different vegetable oils, bio-
Vegetable oils
oils, solid-lubricants and carbon based nano-solid lubricants while turning of hard-to-cut materials has
Turning
Bio-oil
been conducted.
Solid-lubricants Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Graphene Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science.

1. Introduction therefore to overcome this and enhance the lubrication efficiency

Turning of hard-to-cut materials produced large amount of heat
resulted in rise of cutting temperature at the cutting zone. The gen-
eration of high temperature lower down the turning performance
in terms of high tool wear, poor surface finish, and large cutting
forces[1]. Because of high tool wear rate the consumption rate of
energy also high in comparison to lower tool wears. So to enhance
the turning efficiency various types of cutting fluids have been
used in machining processes for the last 200 years [2]. But, due
to the synthetic nature of fluids, these are dangerous to the work-
er’s health as well as to the environment because of disposal issues
[3]. Nowadays, the focus on cutting oils has switched from
synthetic/semi-synthetic lubricants to biodegradable lubricants.
To enhance the sustainability, a variety of vegetable oils, bio-
based lubricants, and nano-particles as solid-lubricants have been
utilized under different eco-friendly lubrication techniques [4].
Due to the high biodegradability and excellent oxidative stability
vegetable/bio-oils have been used on extensive scale for cooling/
lubrication purposes. Recently, to further enhance the cutting
performance solid lubricants (MoS2, Caf2, HBN, WS2) blended in
vegetable oils have been used in turning by various machinist. At
higher temperature vegetable oils lose their oxidative stability,
E-mail address: rupindermtp021@outlook.com
of oils solid lubricants are mixed. Very recently carbon based 2D
solid lubricants like graphene has been used by researchers in their
works due to its excellent mechanical as well as high thermal con-
ductivity (5000 W/mK). Because of very high thermal conductiv-
ity graphene lowers down the cutting temperature instantly from
the cutting zone [5] . Therefore, on the basis of above discussion,
in this study the critical review of different vegetable oils, bio-
oils, solid-lubricants and carbon based nano-solid lubricants while
turning of hard-to-cut materials has been conducted.
2. Vegetable oils/Bio oils
Vegetable oils can be classified as edible and non-edible (bio-
oils) oils. These fluids are biodegradable, renewable, safe, excellent
lubricating nature, offer soaring strength lubricating film and high
flash point[6,7]. To boost the sustainability, different types of edi-
ble vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, olive, coconut)
are used in turning processes (Oliveira et al., 2019; [8]. Further,
due to the immense gap in demand and supply of edible vegetable
oils, non-edible bio-oils or lubricants like karanja (Pongamia pin-
nata), linseed, cottonseed(Gossypium hirsutum L) and Jatropha
(Jatropha curcas L) are finding significance because of their ample
quantity and also, this would save large quantities of edible oils
which are in great demand (Jeevan and Jayaram ,2018). Vegetable

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.585
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering:
Materials Science.

Please cite this article as: R. Singh, Progress of environment friendly cutting fluids/solid lubricants in turning-A review, Materials Today: Proceedings,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.585
R. Singh
oils are made up of triglycerides along with long fatty acid chains.
These long chains of polar charge fatty acids offer high strength
lubrication layer which act together robustly with metallic contact
surfaces and lessen both friction as well as tool wear [9]. Further,
viscosity of fluid due to inside friction between liquid molecules
describes its capacity to form lubricating oil film [10,11]. Therefore,
Canola oil due to high viscosity in contrast to other oils creates effi-
cient lubrication layer on the rake surface of the insert and the
occurrence of long carbon chains be able to endure elevated cut-
ting temperature [12].The various properties of some important
vegetable oils, commonly used as cutting fluids in machining are
illustrated in Table 1.
2.1. Vegetable oil based turning
Ávila and Abrão [13] compared turning performance during
machining of AISI 4340 hard-to-cut steel under different MQL flu-
ids such as vegetable cutting oil, synthetic oil, and petroleum based
oil. They found that life of cutting tool as well as lower surface
roughness achieved with the application of vegetable based oil
[5].Khan and Dhar [14]conducted MQL turning of AISI 1060 steel
using vegetable oil and observed reduction in cutting temperature
by 5%-12%, and cutting forces lowered by 5%-15%.
Sharif et al. [15] compared the performance of MQL using palm
oil with wet and dry machining. The outcomes revealed that tool
life under MQL was 160 min, whereas for wet and dry turning it
was 35 min & 39 min. Kuram et al. [16] conducted machining on
AISI 304 steel and found sunflower oil was the best for excellent
surface finish in comparison to mineral oil under MQL environ-
ment. Contrary to this,Ozcelik et al. [17] reported that canola oil
enhanced the machining performance (low cutting forces, high
surface finish, improved tool life) better than sunflower and min-
eral oil under MQL system. This was mainly due to the presence
of three more carbons in canola oil, high viscosity index of canola
oil which resulted in lower friction and better lubrication at the
contact interfaces[18]. Kumar et al. [19] observed that coconut
oil lower down the cutting forces by (20–31%), 7% reduction in cut-
ting temperature, and flank wear lessened by 34%. Ojolo et al. [20]
compared the performance of various vegetable oils such as
palm-kernal, coconut, groundnut, shear butter oil, while turning
of aluminium and mild steel. Results showed that groundnut oil
performed better than all other tested fluids.
2.2. Bio-oil based turning
Non-edible bio-based lubricants have been explored by
researchers to overcome the troubles coupled with synthetic flu-
ids[21,22].Like edible vegetable oils bio-based oils are also
biodegradable and non-toxic in nature along with higher flash
point and viscosity index[7]. Further, due to the massive gap in
Table 1
Properties of various vegetable based oils [21].
Cutting oil Kinematic viscosity KinematicViscosityat 100 °C (mm2/s)
at 40 °C (mm2/s)
Edible oils
Canola 41 20
Soybean 28.86 7.55
Sunflower 40.05 8.65
Rapeseed 45.60 10.07
Olive 39.62 8.24
Coconut 24.8 5.5
Non-edible oils
Jatropha oil 40 5.50
Karanja 28.3 8.35
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
demand and supply of edible vegetable oils, non-edible bio-oils
or lubricants like karanja, linseed, and JCO are finding significance
because of their abundant quantity and also, this would save large
quantities of edible oils which are in great demand [23]. Bork et al.
[24] observed that jatropha oil due to its good lubrication charac-
teristics performed better than canola oils, synthetic jatropha ester
and mineral oils during machining of aluminium alloy. They pre-
sented that cutting tool life (30%) higher, surface roughness (12–
18%) was lower than the other cutting fluids used under study.
Talib and Rahim [25] compared the MQL turning performance of
modified jatropha oil with synthetic easter. They established
reduction in cutting force (6%), surface roughness (8%), cutting
temperature (13%), and 50% improvement in cutting tool life.
Similarly, Agrawal and Patil [26] compared performance of Aloe
vera oil with mineral oil under MQL turning of M2 steel with car-
bide tool. They observed surface roughness (6.7%) and tool wear
(0.14%) were lowered than conventional cutting fluid. Talib and
Rahim [27] compared lubrication properties of modified jatropha
oil (MJO) with synthetic ester (SE). MJO exhibited lower coefficient
of friction, 16% lesser tapping torque, and lower thrust load in com-
parison to SE [22]. Paul and Pal [28] used karanja & neem oil as bio-
based cutting fluids to check the turning performance w.r.t. con-
ventional and mineral oils. The results revealed that with the appli-
cation of neem oil less cutting temperature generated in
comparison to karanja as well as conventional oil.In another study,
Jeevan and Jayaram [23] found MJO and Pongamia oils with the aid
of MQL performed better than petroleum based oil in terms of cut-
ting force, surface roughness during turning of aluminium. Niza-
muddina et al. (2017) compared karanja based cutting fluid with
conventional fluid during turning of AISI1045 steel with coated
carbide tool and observed 11% reduction in chip thickness which
directly linked with the enhanced tool life.
3. Nano-solid lubricants
Solid lubricants are environmental friendly, biodegradable, as
well as safe in nature. Nano-particles blended in vegetable oils par-
ticipate a significant role to reduce friction and cutting tempera-
ture at contact interfaces[4].The reduction in temperature is
chiefly because of large thermal conductivity of nano-fluids, which
provide both cooling and lubrication action at the contact inter-
faces. Machinist have used variety of nano-particles as solid-
lubricants (Graphite, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), titanium
dibromide (TiB2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), cerium fluoride, boric
acid (H3BO3) boron nitride, talc, tungsten disulphides (WS2), alu-
minium oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and single or multi
wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) [29]: [30]. Solid lubricants because
of their limited thickness eventually wear out and drop their effec-
tiveness [31]. These lubricants are much susceptible to the working
environment. Thus, the most attractive lubricant is that which is
Viscosityindex Flash point (°C) Density at 15 °C (g/m3) Thermal conductivity
W/m.k(at room temp)
185 290 0.914–0.917 0.188
246 324 0.922–0.934 0.16
203 251 0.920–0.927 0.15
180 239 0.910–0.917 0.15
190 317 0.914–0.925 0.17
169 324 0.919–0.937 0.154
170 273 0.917 1.65
172 220 0.943 –
2
R. Singh
not affected by working environment, extremely robust, and easily
transport to the contact surfaces. Recently, graphene as a solid
lubricant has attracted the attention of scientific community in tri-
bological applications throughout the world.
3.1. Lubricating mechanisms of solid-nano particles
Lubrication mechanism can be classified as: rolling, self-
mending/repairing and tribo-film mechanism.
Rolling mechanism: Nano-particles are generally spherical in
shape, and they can work as ‘‘micro-bearing” throughout the fric-
tion generation. Further nanoparticles will turn into flat due to
high temperature and maximum load among two friction surfaces
and turn into flat shape and form a sliding pair, which eventually
lower down the friction coefficient and tool wear.
Tribo-layer mechanism: This mechanism is based on the most
established theory to explain about reduction in friction as well
anti-wear behaviour of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles during sliding
on the metal surface will form a dense and less sheared layer to
separate the rub surfaces and resulted in lower friction.
Self-repairing/mending mechanism: Nanoparticles during sliding
of chips on the tool surface automatically filled within the micro-
cracks or rough region and develop more flat/smooth surface.
4. Advance nano-solid lubricant
In recent time, Graphene as a nano-lubricant demonstrate bet-
ter properties such as excellent mechanical strength, exceptional
lubricity, and superior heat transfer rate [32]. Graphene consists
of 2-dimensional sp2 honeycomb structure, in which very strong
covalent bonds are formed amongst two adjoining carbon atoms.
Samuel et al. [33] reported that graphene mixed in castrol oil per-
formed extremely well in comparison to SWCNT and MWCNT dur-
ing turning of 1018 steel with CBN cutting insert. Furthermore, the
lower values of experimental results in terms of cutting forces as
well as cutting temperature, established the potential of graphene
as a nano-solid lubricant in machining. Sharma et al. [34] investi-
gated the wear of tool and temperature of cutting zone in turning
steel using hybrid cooling system – alumina and graphene mixer.
They have reported positive outcomes in terms of wear, tempera-
ture and friction coefficient. The function of graphene to act as
effective lubricant regarding low temperature generation, decrease
friction coefficient, and reduced tool wear rate has previously been
confirmed by researchers in their experimental works by using tri-
bometer with a ball-on-disc contact geometry and pin-on-disc
apparatus [35,36].
5. Functions of cutting fluids
 Reduce temperature generation at cutting tool/workpiece
interface.
 Lubrication lowers down the amount of heat generated by
friction.
 Cutting fluids also remove chips from tool/workpiece interface
to prevent a finished surface.
 Cutting fluids reduce the adhesion of the workpiece to the cut-
ting tool (reduce to form the built up edge (BUE) on the cutting
tool), protect the workpiece and cutting tool surfaces from cor-
rosion and lower the power required to machine (decreases
friction).
6. Required properties of cutting fluids
 Superior lubricating properties
 Excellent cooling capability
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
 Stumpy viscosity
 Chemically steady
 Non-corrosive
 Large flash point
 Allergy free
 Lesser evaporative
 Cheaper
7. Harmful effects of conventional cutting fluids
 The presence of heterocyclic/ polyaromatic rings in petroleum
based cutting fluids causes severe health related troubles such
as lung diseases, dermatological as well as genetic diseases [17].
 Aqueous based fluids or emulsions enhance fungi as well as bac-
terial growth and exposures to these have harmful impact on
human health and reduce the service-life of fluids.
 Typically discharged cutting fluids contain biocides which have
an effect on the natural decay practice of fluids. Most of these
biocides emit carcinogen formaldehydes to the environment
[37].
8. Conclusions
In this article the critical review of different vegetable oils, bio-
oils, solid-lubricants and carbon based nano-solid lubricants while
turning of hard-to-cut materials has been conducted. From the
review following conclusions are drawn.
 Vegetable oils are made up of triglycerides along with long fatty
acid chains. These long chains of polar charge fatty acids offer
high strength lubrication layer which act together robustly with
metallic contact surfaces and lessen both friction as well as tool
wear.
 Bio-based oils are also biodegradable and non-toxic in nature
along with higher flash point and viscosity index. Because of
their abundant quantity bio-oil would save large quantities of
edible oils which are in great demand.
 Nano-solid lubricants blended in vegetable oils provide a signif-
icant role to reduce friction and cutting temperature at contact
interfaces. The reduction in temperature is chiefly because of
large thermal conductivity of nano-fluids, which provide both
cooling and lubrication action at the contact interfaces by roll-
ing, self-mending/repairing and tribo-film mechanisms.
Graphene 2-dimensional sp2 honeycomb structure along with
very strong covalent bonds demonstrate better properties such as
excellent mechanical strength, exceptional lubricity, and superior
heat transfer rate while turning
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Further Reading
[1] A. Choudhary, M.K. Gupta, M. Kumar, Investigating the effect of electrode
preheating in novel water-cooled advanced submerged arc welding process,
Proceedings of the IMechE 233 (10) (2019) 2015–2029.
[2] M. Nizamuddin, S.M. Agrawal, N. Patil, The Effect of Karanja based Soluble
Cutting Fluid on Chips Formation in Orthogonal Cutting Process of AISI 1045
Steel, Procedia Manufacturing 20 (2018) 12–17.
[3] D.O.A. Carvalho, L.R.R. da Silva, L. Sopchenski, M.J. Jackson, Á.R. Machado,
Performance evaluation of vegetable-based cutting fluids in turning of AISI
1050 steel, Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103 (1-4) (2019) 1603–1619.
[4] R. Singh, J.S. Dureja, M. Dogra, M.K. Gupta, M. Mia, ‘Influence of graphene-
enriched nanofluids and textured tool on machining behavior of Ti-6Al-4V
alloy, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.
(2019), (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04377-8).
[5] R. Singh R. Kumar I.P.S. Ahuja Friction Welding for Functional Prototypes of
PA6 and ABS with Al Powder Reinforcement 10.1007/s40010-020-00659-z
http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40010-020-00659-z.