NAME: SANTOS, KARL C.

GROUP NO: 4
PROFESSOR: MA’AM JENNYBELLE A. BUGAYONG RPh, MPH
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
LEADER: Santos, Karl C.
GROUP MEMBERS: Buenconsejo, Jovelie Q.
Obiefune, Martha
Vinoya, Jocelyn

ACTIVITY NO. 2
COMMON LABORATORY VALUES

I. OBJECTIVES

At the end of of the activity, the students should be able to:

● Provide basic knowledge on the common laboratory values in
relation to diagnostic procedures
● Interpret the laboratory results in association with disease
diagnosis

II. COMMON LABORATORY VALUES

Direction: Interpret the table below. Give the consequences once the value
in each parameter is (a) increased or (b) decreased.

PARAMETER NORMAL INTERPRETATION

VALUES
(RANGE) BELOW ABOVE
NORMAL VALUE NORMAL VALUE

HEMATOLOGIC

RBC Anemia High blood pressure

Female 3.5-5 million/
cubic mm
Male 4.3-5.9 million/
cubic mm

Hematocrit Overhydration Dehydration

Female 42-52% Blood loss Polycythemia vera
IDA Vit. B9 and B12
Male 37-47% Shock

Hemoglobin IDA COPD

Female 12-16 g/dL Chronic hemorrhage Congestive heart
Male 13-18 g/dL Anemia disease
Dehydration
Fluid overload
Polycythemia vera

Mean cell Low amount of High amount of

hemoglobin 26-34 hemoglobin hemoglobin
(MCH) Present per red blood Present per red blood
cell cell

MCH 31-37 Macrocytic anemia Sickle cell anemia

Concentration

Mean cell volume 80-100 Microcytic anemia Macrocytic anemia

(MCV) Pernicious anemia

Reticulocytes 0.1-2.4% Polychromasia Sickle cell anemia

Acute blood loss

Erythrocyte Polycythemia vera Bone marrow cancer

Sedimentation Sickle cell anemia
Rate (ESR)
Female 1-30 mm/hr
Male 1-13 mm/hr

Activated Partial Early stages of Hemophilia

Thromboplastin 24-37 secs disseminated Leukemia
Time (aPTT) intravascular Liver cirrhosis
coagulation Vit. K deficiency
Extensive cancer Over dose
Under dose

Prothrombin 8.8-11.6 secs Blood clots quickly Bile duct obstruction

Time (PT) due to high intake of Hepatitis
foods that contain Vit. Liver cirrhosis
K Vit. K deficiency
Under dose Overdose

WBC 4000-1,100 Leukopenia Severe leukocytosis

WBC/mm3
Neutrophils Increase risk of many Present of infection
type of infection
Polymorpho- 50-70%
nuclear
leukocytes

Bands 3-5%

Basophils 0-1% Low basophils Allergy

Chronic inflammation
in the body

Eosinophils 0-5% Low eosinophils Parasitic infection

Lymphocytes 20-40% Lymphocytopenia

Monocytes 0-7% Malaria

Platelets 150,000- Hemolytic anemia Bone marrow cancer

300,000/mm3

RENAL

Blood urea 8-18 mg/dL Liver failure Renal failure

nitrogen (BUN) Malnutrition GI bleeding
Nephrotic syndrome Dehydration
Kidney dysfunction Congestive heart
failure

Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Severe kidney Kidney failure

disease

Creatinine 80-120 mL/min Kidney inflammation Nephrogenic damage

clearance Renal function
Kidney failure

Creatinine kinase Muscular dystrophy Muscle disease

(CK)
Female 40-150 U/L
Male 60-400 U/L

Lactic 110-210 U/L Body can’t Tissue damage

dehydrogenase breakdown sugar for Leigh syndrome
use

Alkaline Chronic nephritis General worsening of

Hypothyroidism bone abnormality
phosphatase Cystic fibrosis Liver problem
(ALP) Malnutrition Gallbladder problem
Female 30-100 U/L
Male 45-115 U/L

Alanine Vit. B6 deficiency Liver damage

aminotransferase Trauma
(ALT) Hepatitis
Female 7-30 U/L Cirrhosis
Male 10-55 U/L

Aspartate Acute renal disease Acute pancreatitis

aminotransferase Chronic renal dialysis Hepatic cirrhosis
(AST) Diabetic ketoacidosis Heart disease
Female 9-25 U/L Hepatitis
Male 10-40 U/L

ELECTROLYTES

Sodium 135-147 mEq/L Renal failure Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Potassium 3.5-5 mEq/L Hypokalemia Renal failure

Hyperkalemia Dehydration
Massive cell damage
Addison disease

Chloride 95-105 mEq/L Hypochloremia Acute renal failure

Hyperchloremia Renal fubular
acidosis
Dehydration

MINERALS

Calcium 8.8-10.3 mEq/L Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia

Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

Magnesium 1.6-2.4 mEq/L Hypomagnesemia hypermagnesemia

Phosphate 1.5-5 mEq/L hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia

OTHERS
Acid phosphatase 0-5.5 U/L

GGT 1-60 U/L

Protein Acute liver failure Dehydration

Cirrhosis Severe diarrhea
Albumin 4-6 g/dL Inflammatory disease Severe vomiting
Globulins 25-35 g/dL Ulcerative colitis
Total 6-8 g/dL

Glucose (Fasting) 80-100 mg/dL Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia

Diabetes
Venous congestion

Cholesterol Total: <200

mg/dL
LDL: <130
md/dL
HDL: >50 mg/dL

Triglycerides 40-150 mg/dL

(Fasting)

Bilirubin Total: 0.1-1 Liver damage Liver will not clear the
md/dL bilirubin properly
Direct: 0-0.2 Jaundice
md/dL
Indirect: 0.1-1.1
mg/dL

Uric acid Wilson’s disease Gout

Female 2.3-6.6 mg/dL Kidney disease
Male 3.6-8.5 mg/dL Cancer

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1) Define ‘laboratory test’.
A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood urine or other
substance from the body. Laboratory tests can help determine a diagnosis,
plan treatment.

2) Is it possible to diagnose or treat any disease or problem with a blood

test alone? Justify your answer.

No, because doctors can’t diagnose many diseases and medical problems
with blood test alone. But doctor may consider other factors to confirm a
diagnosis.

3) Laboratory tests are tools helpful in evaluating the health status of an

individual. It is important to realize that laboratory results may be
outside of the so-called ‘normal range/values’ for many reasons. What
are the possible variations that lead to such evaluation?

The variations may be due to such things as race, dietetic preference, age,
sex, menstrual cycle, degree of physical activity problems with collection and
or handling of specimen non-prescription drug, prescription drugs, alcohol
intake and number of non-illness-related factors.

4) Give the importance of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of diseases.

The laboratory tests have certainly also a role and a responsibility in

providing clinicians with adequate information that can assist them in the
correct interpretation of the data.

5) Can laboratory test results be affected by the drug being taken by the
patient? If yes, how? If no, why?
It depends because not all drugs are affected by laboratory test.
 6) It has been recognized that laboratory error may affect test results.
List the common sources of laboratory error.
Pre-analytical

 Inappropriate test request

 Order entry error
 Misidentification of patient
 Container inappropriate
 Insufficient sample volume
 Labeling errors
Analytical
 Equipment malfunction
 Procedure not followed
 Undetected failure in quality control
Post-analytical
 Failure in reporting
 Erroneous validation of analytical data
 Improper data entry

CONCLUSION:

It is important to know the normal value in each laboratory that in order to

determine what disease associated if there is decrease or increase in their levels.

REFERENCES:
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Blood-and-pathology-tests
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK338593/
http://my.spc.edu.ph:70/diwa/science_03/unit%203%20chap%205b/how%20to%20review
%20your%20blood%20test%20results.htm
https://acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/interpretation-of-laboratory-results
https://academic.oup.com/labmed/article/43/2/41/2505001