Lab No.

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY KARACHI CAMPUS

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Analysis

LAB EXPERIMENT # 4

Load Flow Analysis on Simulink

OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the bus currents, bus power and line flows for power system

THEORY:
Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This analysis
is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under ‘normal’
mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer flows for a given load
condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day operational
planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in investigating the effectiveness of
alternative plans and choosing the ‘best’ plan for system expansion to meet the projected operating
state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing the ‘best’ unit commitment plan and generation
schedules to run the system efficiently for them next day’s load condition without violating the bus
voltage and line flow operating limits.

The Gauss Seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non- linear algebraic equations.
The relationship between network bus voltages and currents may be represented by either loop
equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred because the number of
independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent loop equations.

Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of the
given system under give condition. A large number of numerical algorithms have been developed and
gauss Seidal method is one of such algorithm.

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 Lab No. 4

The network equations in terms of the bus admittance matrix can be written as,

Eq 4.1

Eq 4.2

Eq 4.3

Eq 4.4

Eq 4.5

Eq 4.6

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 Lab No. 4

Bus Classification:
A bus is a point or node in which one or many transmission lines, loads and generators are connected.
In a power system study, every bus is associated with 4 quantities, such as magnitude of voltage (|V|),
phase angle of voltage (δ), active power (P) and reactive power (Q). Two of these bus quantities are
specified and the remaining two are required to be determined through the solution of equation. The
buses are classified depending on the two known quantities that have been specified. Buses are
divided into three categories as

 Slack (swing) Bus: This is used as a reference bus in order to meet the power balance
condition. Slack bus is usually a generating unit that can be adjusted to take up whatever is
needed to ensure power balanced. The effective generator at this bus supplies the losses to the
network, this is necessary because the magnitude of the losses will not be known until the
calculation of the current is complete. Slack bus is usually identified as bus 1. The known variable
on this bus is |V| and δ and the unknown is P and Q.

 Generator (PV) Bus: This is a voltage control bus. The bus is connected to a generator unit
in which output power generated by this bus can be controlled by adjusting the prime mover
and the voltage can be controlled by adjusting the excitation of the generator. Often, limits are
given to the values of the reactive power depending upon the characteristics of individual
machine. The known variable in this bus is P and |V| and the unknown is Q and δ.

 Load (PQ) Bus: This is a non-generator bus which can be obtained from historical data
records, measurement or forecast. The real and reactive power supply to a power system are
defined to be positive, while the power consumed in a power system are defined to be
negative. The consumer power is met at this bus. The known variable for this bus is P and Q
and the unknown variable is |V| and δ.

Figure 4-1: Load Flow Methods

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 Lab No. 4

Exercise:
Figure 4.2: shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at bus 1.
The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The loads at bus 2 and 3 are as marked
on the diagram. Line Impedance are marked as per unit on a 100 MVA base and the line charging are
neglected. Using the Gauss-Seidal method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places and obtain solution using MATLAB
Simulink.

Figure 4-1: 3-Bus Power System

Calculation:

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 Lab No. 4

Results: Calculate and measure the slack bus power, Q at P-V buses and reactive gives flows
real and reactance line losses and print all the results including all the bus voltages and
all the bus angles.

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 Lab No. 4

QUESTIONS:-

1. What are the informations that are obtained from a load flow study?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the iterative methods used for solution of load flow problems? Guass-Seidal (GS)
method and Newton Raphson(NR) method.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load problems?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of GS method?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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 Lab No. 4

Lab Assessment Rubric # 4

Needs Total
Category Excellent 8 Good 6 Satisfactory 4
improvement 2 (40)
Clearly describes the Adequately Describes the Cannot describe
objectives of lab. describes the objectives but the objectives of
Understands possible objectives, but misses some the lab, or what
Objectives and sources of errors and cannot discuss details. Cannot was learnt,
Results their effects. possible sources discuss possible sources of errors
Suggests ways to of errors and their sources of error or and their effects
minimize them. effects their effects

Circuit works Circuit performs Circuit performs Circuit does not

perfectly. All wires most the but output not give any output.
Circuit are attached. / Code functions, gives exactly as Most wires are
implementation works perfectly output./ Code expected. Some not connected/
/ software gives some errors connections not code not
coding done/ code gives compiled/ many
some correct output errors

Can clearly identify Adequately Describe the Cannot describe

the problems and identify the problem but cannot the problem, and
take steps to fix problems and suggest steps on has no effective
Trouble them. Uses an steps taken to fix how to solve them. strategy on how
Shooting effective strategy to them. Uses an Trouble shooting is to solve them.
solve problems effective strategy not consistent.
but misses some
details
Detailed results are Adequate results Some missing Most results are
Measurements shown for each step. are shown. 80% observations. 70% missing. Only
and 100% measurements measurements are results are correct 30%
Observations are correct correct measurements are
correct
Thorough Good Limited Shows incorrect
understanding of the understanding of understanding of understanding of
concepts underlying the concepts, the concepts. the concept.
the lab. Can apply it however cannot Cannot apply to Cannot find any
Conclusions
in real life situations apply them in real life situations usage of the
real life situations and suggest any knowledge.
use of the Cannot describe
knowledge what was learnt.

Lab No: 4 Total Marks: 40 Marks Obtained:

Signature:

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