10 8 Ap plie d Th erm ody nam ics

io for a sin gle cy lin de r en gin e op era tin g on du al cycle

18 . Th e co mp res sio n rat su re In the cy cle ls lim ite d to
55 b
is 8. Th e ma xim um pr es
of the cyc le ::~
es su re an d tem pe rat ur e of the air at the be gin nin g Sey.
Th e pr tan t pres~ u~ e pi: oc_e ~!_up to
J ba r an d 27 °C . He at is ad de d
na
du
er-
rin g co ns
cli am efer as 2 .5 cm an d str
ok e as 30 crno
of str ok e. As su mi ng the c yll '
(i) wo rk do ne pe r cy cle
fin d (B .U. Fe b.1 99 7)
en cy of the cy cle
(fi ) the air sta nd ar d eff ici
So lut ion : p
3 _ _ __,

2
5

----4 1
I V
_., Ve ...,.,,,..,__ _ Vs - - -
' I

Fig . 3.3 3
r =8 I P3 = 55 ba r
P1 = l ba r, r, = 21°c
d = 25 cm , L = 30 cm

7t 2
X 0.25 X 0.3
4
3
= 0.01472 m

vs = (r - 1)
v,

v, -
vs 0.01472
- 0.0 02 1037 m
3

(r - 1) (8 - 1)
m3
v, - V2 = V3 = 0. 002103 7
 - - - - - - - -- - Ga s Power Cy cle s
--------- - -- - - --- - -10-9
Cut off ta ke s place at 3%
of stroke
/ ·3 \
V4 -V3 = - V I
( 100 s I
~
V4 = V3 +' 0.03 vs = 0.002
1037 + 0.03 x 0.01472
= 0. 002545 m 3

p = cut off ra tio = -V4 = 0.002545

- - - = 1.2
V3 0.0021037

T2 = 7i ry - l = 300 (8)1. 4 -I = 689.

21 K

P2 = P1 r 1 = 1 (8)1- 4 = 18.37 bar

' I
Process 2-3 is constant
volume process
p~
- - =p
--
~

r3 = P3 x r2 = ~ x 689.21 = 20
P 62.47 K
218 .37

p = -
T4
T3
r4 = pT = 1.2 x 2062 .47
3 = 2474.96 K

T5 =( V4]y - l = ( ~4 X V3]y - l =( v4 X v2Jy -l[ Sin

T4 Vs V3
ce v, = v,.vs = v,1
Vs V3 V1

=(Px ~ r 1

r5 = 2474 .96 (1~2

r- l

= 11 58.78 K

.'I
_,,
,,
1 : odynam ics
110 Applied Th erm

! Head added =
cp (T4 - T3 ) + cl)
('T;i - T2 )
689.25)
6 - 2062.47 ) + 0. 72 (2 062.4 7 -
= 1.005(2474 .9

= 1403.27 kJ/kg
- 300)
Cu (T - 7j) = 0. 72 (1 I 58. 78
Heat rejected = 5

618 . 32
Heat rejected = ed
= H eat a dded - Heat reject
W o rk done
= 1403.27 - 618.32
= 784 .95 kJ/kg
784.95
Work done =---
ciency = 1403.27
Air standard effi Heat added

= 0.5593

11 = 55.93%
n ratio
u st io n cy cl e, the compressio
w o rk s o n th e dual co m b r e ss u r e a n d temperature of
e l p
19. An oil en g in n si o n ratio ls 5.5. The Initia !f ~ t c o n st~ m J!!esiure is
ls 10 and ex p a t liber a t~ -llld
1 b a r a n d 300°C. The h ea t v o lu m e . T h e ex p a n sio_n_
the air a re c o n st a n
e th e h e a t li b e r a te d a t 3 in d th e fo ll o w in g
:
tw ic p y I. = C . F
o li o w s the law at a ll sa li e n t
points.
com~r~;~i~~-f te m p er a tu re
and
(I ) p re ss u re
ctive p re ss u re
(fl) mean effe
(i ii ) air stand
ard ef fi ci en cy le s a re 500/min and :ht
w o rk in g c y c
v ) p o w er d ev el o p ed , if the d st ro k e le n g th
is 40 cm.
(i a n
er is 2 4 cm (B .U.M ay. l~ J .
cylinder diamet
Solution :
p

- - - - -3.3-4 ~ -____V. ,.
Fig .

I ~
) .
._,_

-
 -- -
- -
- •
- -
Gas Power Cy cle s 111
r = co mp res sio n ratio = 10
- - - - - -- - - -
- - - - -
o4 _ _
_

re = ex pa ns ion rat io ::: 5.5

P1= l ba r, r 1 = 300oc
d = 24 cm s,L = 40 cm

r2 = r, ,n·1 = 300 c1o) '-3- 1

T2 = 598.57 K

p2 = P, rn = l (10)1.3 - I = 19. 95 ba r
Pr oc es s 3-4 co ns tan t pr es
su re pr oc es s

T4 = V4 = V4 / Vs = V4/V5
T3 V3 V3 /V5
~
- - - -~·J, V2 / V1
T4
- = VtfV2 =r 10
-=-
T3 V5/V4 5.5 'e
= 1.818

T4 = 1.818 T3
He at ad de d at co ns tan t
pr es su re =2x he at ad de d at co ns tan t vo
lum e

r3 :__ 598.53 = l~~- (1.818 T - T ) = 0.5726

3 3 T3
2
r3 - 0.5726 T3 = 598.53

598. 53
r.3 - --- - -- = 1400.39 K
- 0.42474

L
 __
_ _ __ _ __ _ _
_o
Applied Th__e_rm _i_cs_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_d..:._y_na_m
112
S.92 K
T~ = 1. 8 18 x 1400.39 = 254

I \ '-3 - I
= 1562.3 K
r5 = 2545.39 ( -:-::)
::>.:,

p2 = 19. 95 ba r
lum es pr oc es s
Pr oc ess 2-3 is co ns tan t vo

Tz T3

r3 = 19. 9~_ l, 140 0. 39 'j'1

p3 = P2 - 59 8.53
r2
p3 = 46 .67 ba r
p4 = p3 = 46. 67 ba r

P5 = 46.67 ( - -f
1
5.5 )
= 5.08 ba r

Heat ad de d = CP ( T4 - T3 ) + Cu ( T3 - T2 )
- 598. 23 )
= 1.005 (2545.92 - 1400. 39) + 0. 72 tl4 00 . 39

= 1728.81 kJ/ kg

= 0. 72 (I 562.3 - 30 0)
He at rej ect ed = Cv (T5 - 7j )

= 908. 85 6 kJ/kg

W ork do ne = He at ad de d - He at rej ec ted

= 1728.81 - 908. 856 = 8

19. 95 4 kJ/ kg
 - - - - - - - - - -~
Gas Power Cyc les
Afr sta nda rd effi cie ncy :::: Wo

ll ==: 0.4 742 = 47. 42%

-----.
rk don e
Hea t add ed ---
819 .
-irn,-81
s
9 4
- ---~----11
----3

7t .
Vs == - d'2 l - rr
4 - 4 )( O.2'1 '2 X 0.4 :::: 0.0 )80 95 m 3

VC -- vs 0.018095
(r - I) = (10 - ) = 0.0020106 m 3
1

V1 = Ve + Vs = 0.0020106 + 0.0180
95 = 0.020105 m 3 /cy cle

2
m = Pi V1 = 1 x 10 x 0.020105 = 0.02335 kg/cycle
R1j 0.2 87 x3 00

Wo rk do ne/ Cy cle = Work done/kg of air x m

= 819.954 x 0.02335 = 19.147 kg/cycle

Wo rk don e/c ycl e = 19-147 =

1058.14 kPa
M. E.P = Sw ept volume 0.018095

Po we r = Work done/cycle x Number of cycles/sec

500
= 19.147 X - = 159.55 kW
60