CIRCUIT DIhaRf 0

Battery

Rhacgtat

Cnkroan tetistaro

ORSERVATIONS
I. Length
leng th DÆ tte resistance wiel= SOom= D.6m
2. Parge
Pange of ta given ammetev = O-2A
Povge of te gien voltmeter = O-2A

3 Least count

Lest count of arotev

LeOst Count of vottmatey O.0sV
4 Zero EnoY
Zeo ero in amnneter,e o

5. 2evo corection
zeio coYYection foy ammete,c, --e, = o
zevo covYection for voltmeter, C -e, = o
b. Table for Alnmeter and voltneter Readings (wire 1)
S. NO. Ammeter Reading I (A) Vottmeter Readirg viv) =R
obsevved torrected observed CoYected
(onw)
V=V,+C2
0.3 0.3 3.3 2

2 0.S O.45 |5 3-3 S2

3. 0.6 0.5 2 3.3 2
2

Mean value of resist anee,R=3-3 ohmns

 eULATIONS
nd tho tatio of y and 1 (or each set of observattos

ghapk between potential diteverce V and cEttYent C, taking Valorg

ans I alorg Y-ais, The graph Conas to be a strou qht line.
Fvom t grapk, resistarce can be calculated SCALE
In ABc tan o AB - 4ifover
oris lem Oi5mA o cument
(ov) (ot
(E)

Sut, R
R tot 9

R=

vaph ttw. Potential dift e»c

Constant xatio qives 1esistai and cuvne nt. It 's stvaigt ine.

4) Resistance e the wive S

6 Finäing tw Diomtlev o uwie 1.

Lineay Seale
c'reular Stale Rea ding Obsnved diameiex coYecteå diamater
6.NO.
N0. of cisoulav Srate Vallu D,: NtnxLc D: Do 4C
Readirg N (mn) (mm)
divisions on re¢. tia (n) ( nn)

D,(a)
(b) D, to) D,6)=
2. (0) D, to) =

3. (a)

Mearn D =

Finding the 1e ngts o4 to wiye 1.

where ave leng ths en wit

L=
 OBSE FVATIONS
I. Length B givon wie, L =
2 Table foY unkrown tesistane (x)

Resistavo fvo ts Unknoun vezistoA nco

os. Teistevo bor R
ten)y

. 1 3.l6
2 2 39 3.12
3 3 52 8 33,2S
1. 55

3 . t count ot tue Seveo gg

of Seve gauge =
Totol

Pitca
NO. divisto on te ciseusay Seale

2evo covvec

4. Tabte for lione10r (D) of tas ut

Sevios o. 0 Lineas sealp civeu Seale Boading Oosevod ciamat a coYeeted
valua iomts
Obs. Roa ding N C
divisio a 1e.(i nx(c)(o)

D, co) D,o)
(5

2. (a) to) D,(a)

D
3. (0) Dat
(

4 (a) )
Da t6)
 CALCULATIONS
I. Caleulati on for X
(o) From positiom 6 D. find en and write tn column Tabe 1
(b) Find length (too -) C ana wnte in olumm 4
(e) Caleulate x and were in otumn 5.

|2. Caleulation for D

on coected diavna te = D ta) + D, (o) +.-.t Da la) t Da Co)

9. aleutation forcitc Rexigtaye

Specitie vesistace Df te matevi ol os the given tite
- X. D
4L

On M-Cm

Stando¢ valu s t Speifc e

Peseontago evor

CIRCUT DinGRAM
R
R.B.

Gatyao tN

4c 79 90

(:o0-)

Leciancine cen (Batterg etirgivoto)

CiRCUIT DIhOPAM
ci) in series

-ttoo )

Sevies cOminalio e reaistos

(ü)pOistavcey i gele

Peistoces in Sevies

OBSERVENICNS
Table oY length () and untnou xeistanca (x)
Resistaes ro to fength Rexistavo
Resistanee
coil
Sevio
no. toistare kox () {evgt DCtoo re (og-)xg
Mean
Paasctonce
(Ch) (c) conm

40 60

I, only 2. SO I.5 1.53

3. 2 55 45 1.6
2 76 3.3
2 29 3,s Y, 3.33
2 40 6o 3.1
8 5.8
Y,and, 2 20 Rs 5.8
3. 24 76
CALCUUATtotS I. Caleulatio fox t, Only, 1, only , , avi , in Serio,
Sane as in exp. 1.
2- Col Culation foy verification o \aws Expevienta! vatue o, R - 5.8S2

DiÇevence i ong) 0..2

C(RC UIT DinGRAM

R R

(a) Resstote o 9odvanomatev tb) Figuie U merit.

DBSERVATION AND CAccUCATION
foy Yesistance Of the 9alvanonetex lby lalt -dpteckio we ttuo d
Table
|Caalvaiomwter|
Sevies No-c
Ruistanca Dar tecticn ir t Shunt vesistanot de(tection Ysistaco
obs. (ohm) Chtvooates com) (95)
P-S
(02.4
500
6 101,4
2 7000 12 100

100 190.t

1O3 4 Ioo.4

9- Table tor figuYe 0 mert

No. ca 1S E.fn.f.ot celis ECV)) Resistance (o De tectiov
(Battng elieivoton)YOdig tonl lery Cltmatox R.& P(a) (aivJ

1.
12
2 7000

4. Ii73 0"S
No. divisio, ín tho golvaomtev SealP n lo

) Calcutate a, wing formuta , a and wnte it in column 6 of Talo te 1

() Take moar Ot vales e 6ecovdod in cotuwn b of Tablei

RAY DIn aRAM

tteon)

CBSERVETtONS

Pough foe al lergt of te 9iver Contave miov

Aciua
Obsevved istoro tu nivor oni object Meadte uwon
kaitting needs is place

Kaitting resdle is plaad in hetw en ttes

(nde coTyection (o tue object distavca u, -9

Index covYection (ox t iwage disto vco v,

Tabte oy u,v and v
Sevtal No . Pocition o4 Osevved aigtae coyected dis. foent
Concave Ciect trea ge
tevgth
Obs. MiYYOY c) roate o co)rocAte 7(e)
tnn) tc) (cn) (cw

50 35 22 15 28 15 28
2 34 26 16 24 24

3. 50 37 12.5 13 31.5 13 39.5

13 10.)
33
25 25
CALCULATIONS

calcutatics o¢ foeal tergt by grapnical mathod s

o u-v qaph: Select a suitabie but te sowo Seale to Tepresent u aleng x'- axis and
volong y'-ais, hecording to sign corve mios, in this d and v both axs nagoutive .
Plot tne vaaiou potnts for ditrent Sets os vates o u and V {rom ts obsevation
table, w grap cowes out to be a rectarguias, hyperbota
Draus a tine of making an arngie of 4s° witn eithner axis Cie, bisectina y'ox'y and
neeting ths cuve ot point A. Dau AB and AD ppendi eat lat on Xana y' axts
1espective y The value, e5 u and v totlt lye Sarne for poit A. So te coovaivatC
e, A St e (2 , 2¢) because (o a toneaye wmivor u and v a equa onty
twhen ttu object is pla c0 at the centre of cuvatuie

Hence, uv 2
Explayatior
fom mivvor fov wmula applie & to point A

As, usv, ana

{oeol length o th coneave wivo,

SCALE
x'oxis ; lc
y'axis : lo
(-4,-)

Gvaph betuwlen t andv, tis a yectavgutos ypesvois.

Aso,
. Mean valuw f=- 9,15
RAY DIAGRAM

21

Object
needle

Focal lergt o tDnVex tes

OBSERUATIONS

Rough focct lergth of te given convex les

Petual lengtt o te kvitting nooite
Obsev Aistaweo betwe on tu ojec eeip and tths te
when knittivg Is plaud betueen tuowm
n0e ne d te avd te lew
obaevved igtance b to
whon knitting peedle is placed thom

lndex oNVe Ctfon {oy tho oij0ct distance u,

-y
Cm

Table {ox u,viond

cseved is. CENYeCE ed dis.
Object needte Lens |Iage radte
A
(e Cenn)

42 22 2 22
50 10.4
2. 67.5 24 25 24 lo.1

3 50 23 16.S 24 l6.5 I0-2

4. 68 50 45.3 18 25.3 18 2S.3

b.
OBSERVAUONS AND CALCULATIONS

Vevnier conatant Cieat count) foy veVtical Srode o niCvOSLope =

Table foY Microscspe Reading s
Reading onve Scale onwwon micvgscope Real thick
Seria! s Apporant Reractive (ndex
No. 0sS- raxk CvOSS-mOTk tyeopodiu thickves
without Stab (R) wita stab (,)
Rg -R
Cem)

8.2 .35 l68

2 8.3 8.6s q.8

3. S.85 1.45 1.38

Moan
DIAGRAM

P-n jureton dieae fowu dbiased

p-n junctio doe-vevexge bioue &.

OBSERVATIONS Tabw for forwasd bia, vottage and foywoad cuWer

FoP FOPWARD-Bins Serial t . fovwetd - bías Vottoge Forwasd uirert

Pange o vottmeter =0-3V

Leat cou nt o vott me tex O.0S V

Zevo evYoY { vott meter 2.
O.44
Ravga o witli -ommetev =0-5 mA 2. O.48
0.5
Least count e Milli -ameto 4. 252S
IeNo yYOY O mitli -mvatey 5 0.S4

lo
13

D.62 Ib.S
FoR REVERSE -BIAS
Table fox tevegp- bic voloe aná evege eurent
Rang o vottmetey
Serial No.Peyevse bes vottageReerse uYYent
Vg (v)
2ev eYOY e volt metey
Rorge cy miero -amyatey
2 2
LeSt eount 6 mievo aetev 0.5 u
Zevo eYOY D tvicyo aesatev 3.

5.5

7. b

b,2
9 b225

CALCVLAoNS
foP FowAPD Bns

Plot a groph betwecon (uravd thoi vottage V and fors£ caiert teins xey-ores veipettively.
This qaph s called ovwasd -bias choaactev CUIVe junction diode
SCPLE
Aom gaph, foy cange (vo
X-ayisc4 V
A to B.
yaris jo5A Point

Henc junctrer vesist ance

(ox {ovwad-biay,

Q.4V A0 oh
IOmA

D4
FoRwAPD BiAS VoL TRaE
FOR REVE RSE-BIAS

Plot a qraph be twe en levevse - bias voltage Up and Tevevge uYeng Lo

taking , along X-ayis and I along y-axis

PVEPSE BIs VoLTAtf (v)

-20

s,-25) sCALE
Xos lem 25V

From graph,or charge roM point AtoB,

AV L7.0 -S.o)V 2v,

tHence Junction 1eistana fov revevse -bias

Y Ve