Sinusoids and Phasors

Chapter 9
George Westinghoues (1946-1914)

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 2

 9.2 Sinusoids

• Consider the sinusoidal voltage

v(t) = Vm sint
where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
 = the angular frequency in radians/s
t = the argument of the sinusoid
2
T


ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 3

 Fig 9.1

 2 
v(t  T )  Vm sin  (t  T )  Vm sin   t  
 
 Vm sin(t  2 )  Vm sin t  v(t )
Hence,
v(t  T )  v(t )

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 4

 Fig 9.2

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 5

 Example 9.1
• Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of
the sinusoid
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 10°)
• Solution:
The amplitude is Vm = 12V.
The phase is  = 10°
2 2
The period T    0.1257 s.
 50
The frequency is f  1  7.958 Hz.
T
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 6
 Example 9.2
• Calculus the phase angle between v1 = -10 cos (t +
50°) and v2 = 12 sin (t - 10°). State which sinusoid is
leading.
• Solution:
v1 = -10 cos (t + 50°) = 10 cos (t + 50° - 180°)
v1 = 10 cos (t - 130°) or v1 = 10 cos (t + 130°)
and
v2 = 12 sin (t - 10°) = 12 cos (t - 10° - 90°)
v2 = 12cos (t - 100°) . The phase difference between
v1 and v2 is 30°. We can write v2 as
v2 = 12 cos (t - 130° + 30°) or v2 = 12 cos (t + 260°)
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 7
 9.3 Phasor

• A phasor is a complex number that represents

the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
z  x  jy
z  r  re j

z  x  jy Rectangular form
z  r Polar form
z  re j Exponential form

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 8

 Fig 9.6

z  x  yj  r
 r (cos   j sin  )

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 9

• Addition:
z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y2 )
• Subtraction:
z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y2 )
• Multiplication:
z1 z2  r1r2(1  2 )
• Division:
z1 r1
 (1  2 )
z2 r2
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 10
• Reciprocal: 1 1
 ( )
z r
• Square Root:
z  r( / 2)
• Complex Conjugate:
 j
z  x  jy  r( )  re
*

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 11

 e j  cos   j sin 
cos  Re(e j )
sin   Im( e j )

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  Re(Vme j (t  ) )

v(t )  Re(Vme j e jt )

v(t )  Re(Ve jt )

where V  Vme j  Vm
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 12
 Fig 9.7

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 13

 (Time-domain Phasor-domain
representation) representation)

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  V  Vm

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 14

 Table 9.1 Sinusoid-phasor
transformation
Time domain Phasor domain
representation representation

Vm cos(t   ) Vm

Vmsin(t   ) Vm(  90)

I m cos(t   ) I m

I m sin(t   ) I m(  90)

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 15

 Example 9.3
• Evaluate these complex numbers:
(a) (4050  20  30) 1/ 2

10  30  (3  j 4)
(b)
(2  j 4)(3  j 5) *
• Solution:
(a) 4050  40(cos 50  j sin 50)  25.71  j 30.64
20  30  20[cos( 30)  j sin(30)]  17.32  j10
4050  20  30  43.03  j 20.64  47.7225.63
(4050  20  30)1/ 2  6.9112.81
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 16
 Example 9.3

10  30  (3  j 4) 8.66  j 5  (3  4 j )

(b) 
(2  j 4)(3  j 5) * (2  j 4)(3  j 5)
11.33  j 9 14.73  37.66
 
 14  j 22 26.08122.47
 0.565  160.13

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 17

 Example 9.4
• Transform these sinusoid to phasors:
(a) i  6 cos(50t  40) A
(b) v  4 sin(30t  50) V
• Solution:
(a) i  6 cos(50t  40) has the phasor
I  6  40 A
(b) Since  sinA  cos( A  90)
v  4 sin(30t  50)  4 cos(30t  50  90)
 4 cos(30t  140) V
The Phasor form of v is V  4140 V
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 18
 Example 9.5
• Find the sinusoid representation by these phasors:
(a) I  3  j 4 A
(b) V  j8e j 20 V
• Solution:
(a) I  3  j 4  5126.87
i (t )  5 cos(t  126.87) A
(b) j  190,
V  j8  20  (190)(8  20)
 890  20  870 V
v(t )  8 cos(t  70) V
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 19
 9.4 Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements

v  iR  RI m cos(t   )

V  RI m

V  RI

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 20

 Fig 9.9

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 21

 Fig 9.10

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 22

 di
v  L  LI m sin(t   )
dt
  sin A  cos( A  90),
 v  LI m cos(t    90)
V  LI me j ( 90)  LI me j e j 90  LI m(  90)
But I m  I, e j 90 j , then V  jLI.

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 23

 Fig 9.11

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 24

 Fig 9.12

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 25

 dv
iC
dt

I
I  jCV  V 
jC

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 26

 Fig 9.13

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 27

 Fig 9.14

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 28

 Table 9.2 Summary of voltage-
current relationships
Frequency
Element Time domain
domain

R V = Ri V =RI

di
L vL V = jLI
dt

dv I
C iC V
dt jC

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 29

 Example 9.8
• The voltage c = 12 cos(60t + 45°) is applied to a 0.1-
H inductor. Find the steady-state current through the
inductor.
• Solution:
V  jLI, where   60rad/s and V  1245 V.
Hence,
V 1245 1245
I    2  45 A
jL j 60  0.1 690
Converting ,
i (t )  2 cos(60t  45) A
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 30
9.5 Impedance and Admittance

V
Z or V  ZI
I

• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the

phasor voltage V to the phasor current I,
measured in ohms (Ω).

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 31

 Table 9.3 Impedance and
admittances of passive elements

Element Impedance Admittances

1
R Z=R Y
R
I
L Z = jL Y
jL

I
C Z Y = jC
jC

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 32

 Fig 9.15

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 33

 Z  R  jX  Z 

where
X 1
Z  R  X ,   tan
2 2
R
and
R  Z cos , X  Z sin 

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 34

 Example 9.9
• Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. 9.16.

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 35

 Example 9.9
• From the voltage source 10 cos 4t,  = 4,
Vs  100 V
• The impedance is
1 1
Z  5  5  5  j 2.5
jC j 4  0.1
• Hence the current
Vs 100 10(5  j 2.5)
I   2
Z 5  j 2.5 5  2.52
 1.6  j 0.8  1.78926.57 A

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 36

 Example 9.9
• The voltage across the capacitor is
1.78926.57
I
V  IZ C  
jC j 4  0.1
1.78926.57
  4.47  63.43 V
0.490
• Converting I and V, we get
i (t )  1.789 cos(4t  26.57) A
v()  4.47 cos(4t  63.43) V

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 37

 9.6 Kirchhoff’s Law in the
Frequency Domain

V1  V2   Vn  0

I1  I 2   I n  0

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 38

 9.7 Impedance Combinations

V  V1  V2    VN  I (Z1  Z 2    Z N )
V
Z eq   Z1  Z 2    Z N
I
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 39
 Fig 9.19

V
I
Z1  Z 2
Since V1  Z1I and V2  Z 2I, then
Z1 Z2
V1  V, V2  V
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 40
 Fig 9.20

1 1 1 
I  I1  I 2    I N  V    
 Z1 Z 2 ZN 
1 I 1 1 1
    
Z eq V Z1 Z 2 ZN
Yeq  Y1  Y2    YN
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 41
 Fig 9.21

1 1 1 Z1Z 2
Z eq    
Yeq Y1  Y2 1/Z1  1 / Z 2 Z1  Z 2
V  IZ eq  I1Z1  I 2 Z 2
Z2 Z1
I1  I, I 2  I
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 42
 Fig 9.22

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 43

• Y-Δ Conversion

Z1Z 2  Z 2 Z3  Z3Z1
Za 
Z1
Z1Z 2  Z 2 Z3  Z3Z1
Zb 
Z2
Z1Z 2  Z 2 Z3  Z3Z1
Zc 
Z3

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 44

• Δ-Y Conversion

Ζb Z c
Z1 
Z a  Zb  Z c
Ζc Za
Z2 
Z a  Zb  Z c
Ζ a Zb
Z3 
Z a  Zb  Z c

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 45

 Example 9.10
• Find the input impedance of the circuit in Fig. 9.23.
Assume that the circuit operations at  = 50 red/s.

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 46

 Example 9.10
Let
Z1 = Impedance of the 2-mF capacitor.
Z2 = Impedance of the 3-Ω resistor in series with the
10-mF capacitor
Z3 = Impedance of the 0.2-H inductor in series with
the 8-Ω resisotr
1 1
Then Z   3
  j10 
jC j 50  2  10
1

1 1
Z2  3   3 3
 (3  j 2) 
jC j 50  10  10
1
Z3  8   8  j 50  0.2  (8  j10) 
jC
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 47
 Example 9.10
The input impedance is
(3  j 2)(8  j10)
Zin  Z1  Z 2 Z3   j10 
11  j8
(44  j14)(11  j8)
  j10    j10  3.22  j1.07 
11  8
2 2

Thus
Zin  3.22  j11.07 

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 48

 Example 9.11
• Determine v0(t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.25.

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 49

 Example 9.11

vs  20 cos( 4t  15)  Vs  20  15 V,   4

1 1
10mF  
jC j 4  10  103
5 H  jL  j 4  5  j 20 
ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 50
 Example 9.11
Let
Z1 = Impedance of the 60-Ω resistor
Z2 = Impedance of the parallel combination of the 10-
mF capacitor and the 5-H inductor
Then Z1 = 60 Ω and
 j 25  j 20
Z 2   j 25 j 20   j100 
 j 25  j 20

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 51

 Example 9.11
By the voltage-division principle,

Z2 j100
Vo  Vz  (20  15)
Z1  Z 2 60  j100
 (0.857530.96)( 20  15)  17.1515.96 V

We converting this to the time domain and obtain

vo (t )  17.15 cos(4t  15.96) V

ch09_Sinusoids and Phasors 52